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Volumn 116, Issue 4 I, 2004, Pages 1995-2003

Extracting coherent wave fronts from acoustic ambient noise in the ocean

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA REDUCTION; GREEN'S FUNCTION; HYDROPHONES; WATER WAVES; WAVE PROPAGATION;

EID: 6344261552     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.1797754     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (298)

References (24)
  • 2
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    • Wenz, G.M.1
  • 3
    • 0002538613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast
    • In this paper, Wenz's results have been compared against more recent data
    • R. K. Andrew, B. M. Howe, J. M. Mercer, and M. Dzieciuch, "Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast," Acoustic Res. Letters Online, 3, 65-70 (2002)]. In this paper, Wenz's results have been compared against more recent data.
    • (2002) Acoustic Res. Letters Online , vol.3 , pp. 65-70
    • Andrew, R.K.1    Howe, B.M.2    Mercer, J.M.3    Dzieciuch, M.4
  • 5
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    • Peninsula, Los Altos, Estimates of shipping densities given extrapolate to a distribution with more than 1 ship per square degree which suggests (and has been confirmed for many years in the field of Underwater Acoustics) that except for nearby specific ship tracks, distant shipping can be considered to be smeared out over the large surface of the ocean, albeit with a directional dependence
    • D. Ross, Mechanics of Underwater Noise (Peninsula, Los Altos, 1987). Estimates of shipping densities given extrapolate to a distribution with more than 1 ship per square degree which suggests (and has been confirmed for many years in the field of Underwater Acoustics) that except for nearby specific ship tracks, distant shipping can be considered to be smeared out over the large surface of the ocean, albeit with a directional dependence.
    • (1987) Mechanics of Underwater Noise
    • Ross, D.1
  • 6
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    • Spatial correlation of surface generated noise in a stratified ocean
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    • (1980) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.67 , pp. 1988-1996
    • Kuperman, W.A.1    Ingenito, F.2
  • 7
    • 0036787630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geoacoustic inversion of ambient noise: A simple method
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    • (2002) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.112 , pp. 1377-1389
    • Harrison, C.H.1    Simons, D.G.2
  • 10
    • 0028094731 scopus 로고
    • Detection of a submerged object insonified by surface noise in an ocean waveguide
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  • 11
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    • Acoustic daylight imaging via spectral factorization: Helioseismology and reservoir monitoring
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  • 12
    • 26144432669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonics without a source: Thermal fluctuation correlations at MHz frequencies
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    • Weaver, R.L.1    Lobkis, O.J.2
  • 13
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    • On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field
    • O. I. Lobkis and R. L. Weaver, "On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 3011-3017 (2001).
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    • Lobkis, O.I.1    Weaver, R.L.2
  • 14
    • 0037462596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda
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  • 17
    • 0003408035 scopus 로고
    • Academic, New York, Of course, the wave fronts also emerge from a ray picture, but the ensuing frequency and bandwidth effect then become an additional complication to compute the complete path structure
    • L. Brekhovskikh, Waves in Layered Media (Academic, New York, 1980). Of course, the wave fronts also emerge from a ray picture, but the ensuing frequency and bandwidth effect then become an additional complication to compute the complete path structure.
    • (1980) Waves in Layered Media
    • Brekhovskikh, L.1
  • 18
    • 42749102960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase
    • R. Snieder, "Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase," Phys. Rev. E 69, 046610 (2004).
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    • Snieder, R.1
  • 19
    • 84957284754 scopus 로고
    • A full wave solution for propagation in multi-layered visco-elastic media with application to Gaussian beam reflection at fluid-solid interfaces
    • See also Ref. 16, pp. 211-263
    • H. Schmidt and F. B. Jensen, "A full wave solution for propagation in multi-layered visco-elastic media with application to Gaussian beam reflection at fluid-solid interfaces," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 813-825 (1985). See also Ref. 16, pp. 211-263.
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    • Schmidt, H.1    Jensen, F.B.2
  • 20
    • 0037334920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green's function estimation using secondary sources in a shallow water environment
    • This theoretical paper actually averages over depth for an inserted source and in a sense yields results closer to the Weaver equipartition results
    • P. Roux and M. Fink, "Green's function estimation using secondary sources in a shallow water environment," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113, 1406-1416 (2003). This theoretical paper actually averages over depth for an inserted source and in a sense yields results closer to the Weaver equipartition results.
    • (2003) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.113 , pp. 1406-1416
    • Roux, P.1    Fink, M.2
  • 21
    • 0032575726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean climate change: Comparison of acoustic tomography, satellite altimetry and modeling
    • The North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) experiments were designed to study coherence of acoustic signal propagating long distances in the ocean. The acoustic source was 3000 km from the arrays. The NPAL group provided us with noise data from their receiver array during times when their source was not transmitting. Their array technology is the same used in the Acoustic Thermometry of the Ocean Climate experiments [ATOC Consortium, "Ocean climate change: comparison of acoustic tomography, satellite altimetry and modeling," Science 281, 1327-1332 (1998)].
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1327-1332
  • 22
    • 33646636514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The data occasionally showed distinct correlation building up over 20 s intervals. A typical ship might have a source level of 165 dB and at 100 Hz, a transmission loss of order 80 dB (see Ref. 5, p. 12). The ambient noise is about 90 db so that the SNR ∼-5 dB. With a time-bandwidth product √50 (Hz) X 20 (s) →30 dB, we definitely should see occasional distinct correlation patterns compressed by the ship bearing projection onto the line between the two receivers.
  • 23
    • 84901359696 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of surface noise source level from low-frequency seismo-acoustic ambient noise measurements
    • H. Schmidt and W. A. Kuperman, "Estimation of surface noise source level from low-frequency seismo-acoustic ambient noise measurements," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 2153-2162 (1988).
    • (1988) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.84 , pp. 2153-2162
    • Schmidt, H.1    Kuperman, W.A.2


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