Clinical respiratory physiology of the neonate and infant with congenital heart disease

International Anesthesiology Clinics

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 29-43

  Melo, Marcos F Vidal ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN F; NITRIC OXIDE;

ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLOOD OXYGENATION; BREATHING MECHANICS; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; FONTAN PROCEDURE; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; HEART RIGHT LEFT SHUNT; HUMAN; INFANT; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; LUNG INJURY; LUNG PERFUSION; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; LUNG VENTILATION PERFUSION RATIO; NEWBORN; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; THORAX PRESSURE;

CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; FETAL HEMOGLOBIN; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; OXYGEN; PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES;

EID: 6344258102     PISSN: 00205907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004311-200404240-00005     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Gaultier C, Boule M, Thibert M, et al. Resting lung function in children after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Chest. 1986;89:561-567.
2. Hoffman JI, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Pulmonary vascular disease with congenital heart lesions: pathologic features and causes. Circulation. 1981;64:873-877.
3. Laffey JG, Boylan JF, Cheng DC. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:215-252.
4. Laver MB, Hallowell P, Goldblatt A. Pulmonary dysfunction secondary to heart disease: aspects relevant to anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology. 1970;33:161-192.
5. Mead J, Takishima T, Leith D, Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity, J Appl Physiol. 1970;28;596-608.
6. Thorsteinsson A, Jonmarker C, Larsson A, et al. Functional residual capacity in anesthetized children: normal values and values in children with cardiac anomalies. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:876-881.
7. Hogg JC, Williams J, Richardson JB, et al. Age as a factor in the distribution of lower-airway conductance and in the pathologic anatomy of obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1970;282:1283-1287.
8. Hogg JC. The effect of lung growth on the distribution of airways resistance. Ciba Found Study Group. 1971;38:47-62.
9. Kotecha S. Lung growth: implications for the newborn infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;82:F69-F74.
10. Doershuk CF, Fisher BJ, Matthews LW. Specific airway resistance from the perinatal period into adulthood. Alterations in childhood pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974;109:452-457.
11. Thorsteinsson A, Werner O, Jonmarker C, et al. Airway closure in anesthetized infants and children: influence of inspiratory pressures and volumes. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:529-536.
12. Teculescu DB, Varona-Lopez W, Bruant A, et al. Determinants of alveolar nitrogen slope and closing volumes in healthy adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142:607-615.
13. Dueck R, Prutow RJ, Davies NJ, et al. The lung volume at which shunting occurs with inhalation anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:854-861.
14. Melo MF, Giannella Neto A. Automatization of the single-breath nitrogen washout test. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1989;27:137-146.
15. Dong SH, Liu HM, Song GW, et al. Arterialized capillary blood gases and acid-base studies in normal individuals from 29 days to 24 years of age. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:1019-1022.
16. Choe KH, Kim YT, Shim TS, et al. Closing volume influences the postural effect on oxygenation in unilateral lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1957-1962.
17. Lanteri CJ, Kano S, Duncan AW, et al. Changes in respiratory mechanics in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1893-1900.
18. Baraldi E, Filippone M, Milanesi O, et al. Respiratory mechanics in infants and young children before and after repair of left-to-right shunts. Pediatr Res. 1993;34:329-333.
19. DiCarlo JV, Raphaely RC, Steven JM, et al. Pulmonary mechanics in infants after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:22-27.
20. Bancalari E, Jesse MJ, Gelband H, et al. Lung mechanics in congenital heart disease with increased and decreased pulmonary blood flow. J Pediatr. 1977;90:192-195.
21. Freezer NJ, Lanteri CJ, Sly PD. Effect of pulmonary blood flow on measurements of respiratory mechanics using the interrupter technique. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:1083-1088.
22. Howlett G. Lung mechanics in normal infants and infants with congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child. 1972;47:707-715.
23. Naulty CM, Horn S, Conry J, et al. Improved lung compliance after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in hyaline membrane disease. J Pediatr. 1978;93:682-684.
24. Uhlig T, Wildhaber JH, Eber E, et al. Vagal reflex is not responsible for changes in airway and lung tissue mechanics due to vascular engorgement in young piglets. Pediatr Res. 1997;42:533-538.
25. Takeuchi M, Kinouchi K, Fukumitsu K, et al. Postbypass pulmonary artery pressure influences respiratory system compliance after ventricular septal defect closure. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10:407-411.
26. Stefano JL, Abbasi S, Pearlman SA, et al. Closure of the ductus arteriosus with indomethacin in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Effects of pulmonary compliance and ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:236-239.
27. Schulze-Neick I, Penny DJ, Derrick GP, et al. Pulmonary vascular-bronchial interactions: acute reduction in pulmonary blood flow alters lung mechanics. Heart. 2000;84:284-289.
28. McGowan FX Jr, Ikegami M, del Nido PJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass significantly reduces surfactant activity in children, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;106:968-977.
29. LeVine AM, Lotze A, Stanley S, et al. Surfactant content in children with inflammatory lung disease, Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1062-1067.
30. Schindler MB, Bohn DJ, Bryan AC, et al. Increased respiratory system resistance and bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy in children with acute postoperative pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1347-1352.
31. Escourrou PJ, Teisseire BP, Herigault RA, et al. Mechanism of improvement in pulmonary gas exchange during growth in awake piglets. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65:1055-1061.
32. Escourrou P, Qi X, Weiss M, et al. Influence of pulmonary blood flow on gas exchange in piglets. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:2478-2483.
33. Hjalmarson O, Sandberg K. Abnormal lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:83-87.
34. Nicodemus HF, Downes JJ. Ventilatory alterations associated with operation for tetralogy of Fallot. Anesthesiology. 1969;31:265-271.
35. Reid LM. The pulmonary circulation: remodeling in growth and disease. The 1978 J. Burns Amberson lecture. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;119:531-546.
36. Reich JD, Miller S, Brogdon B, et al. The use of pulse oximetry to detect congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2003;142:268-272.
37. Levin DL, Heymann MA, Kitterman JA, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1976;89:626-630.
38. Burri PH. Development and growth of the human lung. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System. Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Physiology; 1986:1-45.
39. Zeltner TB, Burri PH. The postnatal development and growth of the human lung. II. Morphology. Respir Physiol. 1987;67:269-282.
40. Zeltner TB, Caduff JH, Gehr P, et al. The postnatal development and growth of the human lung. I. Morphometry. Respir Physiol. 1987;67:247-267.
41. Vidal Melo MF. Effect of cardiac output on pulmonary gas exchange: role of diffusion limitation and VA/Q mismatch. Respir Physiol. 1998;113:23-32.
42. Oski FA, Clinical implications of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in the neonatal period. Crit Care Med. 1979;7:412-418.
43. Oski FA, Gottlieb AJ, Miller WW, et al. The effects of deoxygenation of adult and fetal hemoglobin on the synthesis of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and its in vivo consequences. J Clin Invest. 1970;49:400-407.
44. von Mandach U, Tuchschmid P, Huch A, et al. A simple method for HbF analysis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1987;220:201-205.
45. Vreman HJ, Stevenson DK. Carboxyhemoglobin determined in neonatal blood with a CO-oximeter unaffected by fetal oxyhemoglobin. Clin Chem. 1994;40:1522-1527.
46. Ralston AC, Webb RK, Runciman WB, Potential errors in pulse oximetry. III: Effects of interferences, dyes, dyshemoglobins and other pigments. Anaesthesia. 1991;46:291-295.
47. Veyckemans F, Baele P, Guillaume JE, et al. Hyperbilirubinemia does not interfere with hemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:118-122.
48. Rajadurai VS, Walker AM, Yu VY, et al. Effect of fetal haemoglobin on the accuracy of pulse oximetry in preterm infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992;28:43-46.
49. Mendelson Y, Kent JC. Variations in optical absorption spectra of adult and fetal hemoglobins and its effect on pulse oximetry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989;36:844-848.
50. Pick MJ, Hatch DJ, Kerr AA. The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on lung mechanics and arterial oxygenation after open heart surgery in young children. Br J Anaesth. 1976;48:983-987.
51. Rea HH, Harris EA, Seelye ER, et al. The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass upon pulmonary gas exchange. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;75:104-120.
52. Burrows FA. Physiologic dead space, venous admixture, and the arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:219-225.
53. Heneghan CP, Scallan MJ, Branthwaite MA. End-tidal carbon dioxide during thoracotomy. Its relation to blood level in adults and children. Anaesthesia. 1981;36:1017-1021.
54. Ryan CA, Soder CM. Hemodynamic responses to PaCO2 in children after open heart surgery. Crit Care Med. 1989;17:874-878.
55. Fletcher R, Larsson A. Gas exchange in the partially atelectatic lung. Anaesthesia. 1985;40:1186-1188.
56. Fletcher R. The relationship between the arterial to end-tidal PCO2 difference and hemoglobin saturation in patients with congenital heart disease. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:210-216.
57. Alderson PO, Boonvisut S, McKnight RC, et al. Pulmonary perfusion abnormalities and ventilation-perfusion imbalance in children after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 1976;53:332-337.
58. Matsushita T, Matsuda H, Ogawa M, et al. Assessment of the intrapulmonary ventilation-perfusion distribution after the Fontan procedure for complex cardiac anomalies: relation to pulmonary hemodynamics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:842-848.
59. Tamir A, Melloul M, Berant M, et al. Lung perfusion scans in patients with congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:383-388.
60. Sade RM, Williams RG, Castaneda AR, et al. Abnormalities of regional lung function associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery band. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976;71:572-580.
61. Rabinovitch M, Haworth SG, Castaneda AR, et al. Lung biopsy in congenital heart disease: a morphometric approach to pulmonary vascular disease. Circulation. 1978;58:1107-1122.
62. Lane JR, Siwik E, Preminger T, et al. Prospective diagnosis of alveolar capillary dysplasia in infants with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:618-620, A9-A10.
63. Rabah R, Poulik JM. Congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001;4:167-174.
64. Taeed R, Schwartz SM, Pearl JM, et al. Unrecognized pulmonary venous desaturation early after Norwood palliation confounds Gp:Gs assessment and compromises oxygen delivery. Circulation. 2001;103:2699-2704.
65. Redington AN, Penny D, Shinebourne EA. Pulmonary blood flow after total cavopulmonary shunt. Br Heart J 1991;65:213-217.
66. Shekerdemian LS, Bush A, Lincoln C, et al. Cardiopulmonary interactions in healthy children and children after simple cardiac surgery: the effects of positive and negative pressure ventilation. Heart. 1997;78:587-593.
67. Morray JP, Lynn AM, Mansfield PB. Effect of pH and PCO2 on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics after surgery in children with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr. 1988;113:474-479.
68. Drummond WH, Gregory GA, Heymann MA, et al. The independent effects of hyperventilation, tolazoline, and dopamine on infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr. 1981;98:603-611.
69. Kinsella JP, Abman SH. Recent developments in the pathophysiology and treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Pediatr. 1995;126:853-864.
70. Roberts JD Jr, Fineman JR, Morin FC 3rd, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:605-610.
71. Tusman G, Bohm SH, Tempra A, et al. Effects of recruitment maneuver on atelectasis in anesthetized children. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:14-22.
72. Slutsky AS, Tremblay LN. Multiple system organ failure. Is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1721-1725.
73. Slutsky AS. Basic science in ventilator-induced lung injury: implications for the bedside. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:599-600.
74. Osborn DA, Evans N. Randomized trial of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation: effect on systemic blood flow in very preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2003;143:192-198.
75. Courtney SE, Durand DJ, Asselin JM, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation for very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:643-652.
76. Barash PG, Berman MA, Stansel HC Jr, et al. Markedly improved pulmonary function after open heart surgery in infancy utilizing surface cooling, profound hypothermia, and circulatory arrest. Am J Surg. 1976;131:499-503.
77. Hislop AA, Wigglesworth JS, Desai R, et al. The effects of preterm delivery and mechanical ventilation on human lung growth. Early Hum Dev. 1987;15:147-164.
78. Suzuki T, Fukuda T, Ito T, et al. Continuous pulmonary perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass prevents lung injury in infants. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:602-606.
79. Keenan HT, Thiagarajan R, Stephens KE, et al. Pulmonary function after modified venovenous ultrafiltration in infants: a prospective, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119:501-505; discussion 506-507.
80. Huang H, Yao T, Wang W, et al. Continuous ultrafiltration attenuates the pulmonary injury that follows open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:136-140.