The first failed empire of the 21st century

Review of International Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 631-653

  Mann, Michael ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6344255308     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210504006266     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands A Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002,
2. The Los Angeles Times, 24 January 24 2004).
3. In two books: Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), and Colossus: The Price of America's Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004),
4. In two books: Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), and Colossus: The Price of America's Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004),
5. In New Perspectives Quarterly, Winter 2002.
6. The Shield of Achilles (New York: Knopf, 2001), pp. 678ff.
7. Michael Ignatieff is the most eloquent 'humanitarian interventionist'. See his Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan (London: Minerva, 2003).
8. The Paradox of American Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). A similar view underlies Andrew Bacevich's American Empire : The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
9. The Paradox of American Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). A similar view underlies Andrew Bacevich's American Empire : The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
10. Perry Anderson, 'Force and Consent', New Left Review, New Series, no. 17 (Sept-October 2002); Robert Wade 'The Invisible Hand of the American Empire', Ethics and International Affairs, 17: 2 (2003).
11. Perry Anderson, 'Force and Consent', New Left Review, New Series, no. 17 (Sept-October 2002); Robert Wade 'The Invisible Hand of the American Empire', Ethics and International Affairs, 17: 2 (2003).
12. After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order (New York: Columbia University Press).
13. 'The Eagle Has Crash-Landed', Foreign Policy (July-August, 2002). See also various essays in Volker Bornschier and Christopher Chase-Dunn (eds.), The Future of Global Conflict (London: Sage, 1999).
14. 'The Eagle Has Crash-Landed', Foreign Policy (July-August, 2002). See also various essays in Volker Bornschier and Christopher Chase-Dunn (eds.), The Future of Global Conflict (London: Sage, 1999).
15. 'The governance of globalisation: the political economy of Anglo-American hegemony, 1793-2003', Working paper no. 1023, Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research (September 2003).
16. The programme is still being vigorously advocated by ex-administration officials David Frum and Richard Perle, in their book An End to Evil: How To Win the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2003). They add Saudi Arabia to the usual list of targets - as well as the US Department of State!
17. Richard Merritt et al., Democracy Imposed: US Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945-1948 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995). John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999). Dower's comparative article on Afghanistan and Iraq appeared in The New York Times, 27 October 2002.
18. Richard Merritt et al., Democracy Imposed: US Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945-1948 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995). John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999). Dower's comparative article on Afghanistan and Iraq appeared in The New York Times, 27 October 2002.
19. Richard Merritt et al., Democracy Imposed: US Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945-1948 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995). John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999). Dower's comparative article on Afghanistan and Iraq appeared in The New York Times, 27 October 2002.
20. Peter Gowan, Global Gamble. Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999). Robert Wade gives a succinct account of these powers in his essay 'The invisible hand . . .'.
21. For example, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), and HaJoon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder (London: Anthem Press, 2002). On inequality effects, see Samuel Morley, The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: CEPAL/ECLAC, 2001); William Easterly, 'The effect of IMF and World Bank programs on poverty', unpublished paper (World Bank: February 2001); and Branko Milanovic, 'Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys', International Trade 0302004, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
22. For example, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), and HaJoon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder (London: Anthem Press, 2002). On inequality effects, see Samuel Morley, The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: CEPAL/ECLAC, 2001); William Easterly, 'The effect of IMF and World Bank programs on poverty', unpublished paper (World Bank: February 2001); and Branko Milanovic, 'Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys', International Trade 0302004, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
23. For example, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), and HaJoon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder (London: Anthem Press, 2002). On inequality effects, see Samuel Morley, The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: CEPAL/ECLAC, 2001); William Easterly, 'The effect of IMF and World Bank programs on poverty', unpublished paper (World Bank: February 2001); and Branko Milanovic, 'Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys', International Trade 0302004, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
24. For example, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), and HaJoon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder (London: Anthem Press, 2002). On inequality effects, see Samuel Morley, The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: CEPAL/ECLAC, 2001); William Easterly, 'The effect of IMF and World Bank programs on poverty', unpublished paper (World Bank: February 2001); and Branko Milanovic, 'Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys', International Trade 0302004, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
25. For example, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), and HaJoon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder (London: Anthem Press, 2002). On inequality effects, see Samuel Morley, The Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile: CEPAL/ECLAC, 2001); William Easterly, 'The effect of IMF and World Bank programs on poverty', unpublished paper (World Bank: February 2001); and Branko Milanovic, 'Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence from household budget surveys', International Trade 0302004, Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL.
26. Data from Stockholm Peace Research Institute, Center for Defense Information, and International Institute of Strategic Studies web-sites.
27. The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Metropolitan, 2004).
28. Andrew W. Marshall, 'Some Thoughts on Military Revolutions', Memorandum for the Record, OSD Office of Net Assessment, 27 July 1993. It was hoped that the precision of 'smart' bombs would also bring low civilian casualties. Marshall himself claimed 'only the bad guys get hurt'. The claim proved only partly true. Around 10,000 civilians dead in Afghanistan, perhaps 15,000 in Iraq. This is a lot of corpses, though low by most historical conquest comparisons. The most comprehensive estimates of casualties have been provided on two web-sites: 〈http://pubpages.unh.edu?~mwherold and www. iraqbodycount.org〉. I discuss them and rival estimates in Incoherent Empire, pp. 129-31 and 227-8.
29. This is what Michael Ignatieff called 'empire lite', in his Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan.
30. Phyllis Bennis, Calling the Shots: How Washington Dominates Today's UN (New York: Interlink Publishing, 1996).
31. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
32. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
33. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
34. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
35. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
36. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
37. M. Hasan, John Company to the Republic (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2001), pp. 107-8, 120; P.S. Gupta and A. Deshpande (eds.), The British Raj and its Armed Forces, 1857-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. x, xx, 8; T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp. 117, 127; T. Royle, The Last Days of the Raj (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 34. L.H. Gann and P. Duignan, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 5-8, 316. Michael Crowder, West Africa Under Colonial Rule (London: Hutchinson, 1968), and Colonial West Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
38. Figures given in 〈http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/ iraq_casualties.htm〉.
39. Conservative critics of the new imperialism agree. See Gary T. Dempsey, 'Old Folly in a New Guise. Nation Building to Combat Terrorism', Policy Analysis, no. 429, 21 March 2002.
40. Suzanne Kapner, 'Pax Americana? Not in world TV market', The Straits Times (Singapore), 3 January 2003; 'Faiblit la domination de l'Internet de la part des US', 〈www.GSMBOX.fr〉, 8 June 2000.
41. Suzanne Kapner, 'Pax Americana? Not in world TV market', The Straits Times (Singapore), 3 January 2003; 'Faiblit la domination de l'Internet de la part des US', 〈www.GSMBOX.fr〉, 8 June 2000.
42. The Pew Global Attitudes Project, What the World Thinks in 2002 (Washington, DC: The Pew Center for the People and the Press), Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2002 and Views of a Changing World, 2003, both found at 〈www.astridonline.it/Cartella-p/What-the-W/〉; cf. also The German Marshall Fund/Council on Foreign Relations poll, 〈www.worldviews.org/ 〉; 'How the Japanese, South Koreans and Chinese view the post 9-11 world and US military action', The Harris Poll # 63, 26 December 2001.
43. The Pew Global Attitudes Project, What the World Thinks in 2002 (Washington, DC: The Pew Center for the People and the Press), Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2002 and Views of a Changing World, 2003, both found at 〈www.astridonline.it/Cartella-p/What-the-W/〉; cf. also The German Marshall Fund/Council on Foreign Relations poll, 〈www.worldviews.org/ 〉; 'How the Japanese, South Koreans and Chinese view the post 9-11 world and US military action', The Harris Poll # 63, 26 December 2001.
44. 'Strategic Energy Policy Challenges for the 21st Century', Report of an Independent Task Force, 〈www.rice.edu/projects/baker/Pubs/workingpapers/ cfrbipp_energy/ energytf.htm〉.
45. In his testimony to Congress on 25 February 2004, CIA Director George Tenet admitted that the terrorist threat to the United States had broadened since a year ago, involving many more terrorist organisations and a new generation of young recruits.
46. In Colossus, pp. 198-9
47. Talon News, 24 October 2003, 'Text of Rumsfeld Memo to Senior Pentagon Officials', 〈www.gopusa. com/news/2003/october/1024_memo_textp.shtml〉.