A simultaneous discovery: The case of Johannes Stark and Antonino Lo Surdo

Physics in Perspective

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 271-294

  Leone, Matteo ^a   Paoletti, Alessandro ^b   Robotti, Nadia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antonino Lo Surdo; Antonio Garbasso; Canal rays; Doppler effect; Johannes Stark; Lo Surdo method; Retrograde rays; Stark effect; Stark Lo Surdo phenomenon; Woldemar Voigt

Indexed keywords

EID: 6344230203     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00016-003-0170-2     Document Type: Review

References (76)

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4. Stark, Elektrizität in Gasen (ref. 1), p. 457.
5. Johannes Stark, "Der Doppler-Effekt bei den Kanalstrahlen und die Spektra der positiven Atomionen," Physikalische Zeitschrift 6 (1905), 892-897.
6. Johannes Stark, "On the Radiation of Canal Rays in Hydrogen," Astrophysical Journal 25 (1906), 23-44, 170-194; on 31.
7. Johannes Stark, "Beziehung des Doppler-Effektes bei Kanalstrahlen zur Planckschen Strahlungstheorie," Phys. Zeit. 8 (1907), 913-919.
8. For the physical phenomena Stark took to confirm the quantum hypothesis, see Armin Hermann, The Genesis of Quantum Theory (1899-1913) (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1971), pp. 72-86.
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10. Notes by Stark quoted in Armin Hermann, "Die Entdeckung des Stark-Effektes," in Armin Hermann, ed., Der Stark-Effekt (Stuttgart: Ernst Battenberg, 1965), pp. 9-11.
11. Quoted in Armin Hermann, "Stark, Johannes," in Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 12 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), p. 614.
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18. Rutherford to Bohr, December 11, 1913, AHQP; reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2, p. 589.
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23. J. Stark and H. Kirschbaum, "Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spekrallinien. IV. Linienarten, Verbreiterung," Ann. d. Phys. 43 (1914), 1017-1047; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 69-99.
24. J. Stark and H. Kirschbaum, "Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spekrallinien. IV. Linienarten, Verbreiterung," Ann. d. Phys. 43 (1914), 1017-1047; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 69-99.
25. Stark, "Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spekrallinien. V. Feinzerlegung der Wasserstoffe," Ann. d. Phys. 48 (1915), 193-209; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 101-117.
26. Stark, "Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spekrallinien. V. Feinzerlegung der Wasserstoffe," Ann. d. Phys. 48 (1915), 193-209; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 101-117.
27. Goldstein, "Strahlungsform" (ref. 2).
28. For Garbasso's life and work, see R. Brunetti, "Antonio Garbasso: la vita, il pensiero e l'opera scientifica," Nuovo Cimento 10 (1933), 129-152 and G. Bernardini, "Antonio Garbasso," Ricerca Scientifica, anno IV, 1 (1933), 441-444.
29. For Garbasso's life and work, see R. Brunetti, "Antonio Garbasso: la vita, il pensiero e l'opera scientifica," Nuovo Cimento 10 (1933), 129-152 and G. Bernardini, "Antonio Garbasso," Ricerca Scientifica, anno IV, 1 (1933), 441-444.
30. Anonymous, "Prof. A. Lo Surdo," Nature 164 (1949), 398.
31. A. Lo Surdo, "L'analogo elettrico del fenomeno di Zeeman e la costituzione dell'atomo," L'elettrotecnica 1 (1914), 624-634; on 626.
32. Antonino Lo Surdo, "Sul fenomeno analogo a quello di Zeeman nel campo elettrico," Rendiconti delta Reale Accademia dei Lincei 22 (December 21, 1913), 664-666; on 664; "Über das elektrische Analogon des Zeeman-Phänomens," Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 122.
33. Antonino Lo Surdo, "Sul fenomeno analogo a quello di Zeeman nel campo elettrico," Rendiconti delta Reale Accademia dei Lincei 22 (December 21, 1913), 664-666; on 664; "Über das elektrische Analogon des Zeeman-Phänomens," Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 122.
34. Stark, "Observation" (ref. 12).
35. Lo Surdo, "Sul fenomeno analogo" (ref. 24), p. 664.
36. Antonio Garbasso, "Sopra il fenomeno di Stark-Lo Surdo," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 22 (December 21, 1913), 635-639; on 635; "Theoretisches über das elektrische Analogon des Zeemanphänomens, " Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 123.
37. Antonio Garbasso, "Sopra il fenomeno di Stark-Lo Surdo," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 22 (December 21, 1913), 635-639; on 635; "Theoretisches über das elektrische Analogon des Zeemanphänomens, " Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 123.
38. J. Stark, "Bemerkung zu einer Mitteilung des Herrn A. Lo Surdo," Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 215.
39. Antonino Lo Surdo, "Su l'analogo elettrico del fenomeno di Zeeman. Effetto longitudinale," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 23 (January 4, 1914), 82-84; "Über das elektrische Analogon" (ref. 24).
40. Antonino Lo Surdo, "Su l'analogo elettrico del fenomeno di Zeeman. Effetto longitudinale," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 23 (January 4, 1914), 82-84; "Über das elektrische Analogon" (ref. 24).
41. Stark and Wendt, "Beobachtungen.... II. Längseffekt" (ref. 17).
42. Antonino Lo Surdo, "Su l'analogo elettrico del fenomeno di Zeeman: le varie righe della serie di Balmer presentano diverse forme di scomposizione," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 23 (January 18, 1914), 143-144.
43. Garbasso to Bohr, January 19, 1914, AHQP; reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2 (ref. 13), p. 511.
44. Garbasso to Bohr, January 19, 1914, AHQP; reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2 (ref. 13), p. 511.
45. Johannes Stark, "Weitere Resultate über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spektrallinien," Die Naturwissenschaften 7 (1914), 145-148.
46. Luigi Puccianti, "La decomposizione della riga rossa dell'idrogeno nel primo strato catodico," Rendiconti R. Accad. Lincei 23 (February 15, 1914), 329-330.
47. Toshio Takamine and Noboru Kokubu, "The Effect of an Electric Field on the Spectrum Lines of Hydrogen - Part III," Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University 3 (1918), 271-273.
48. E. Warburg, "Bemerkung zu der Aufspaltung der Spektrallinien im elektrischen Feld," Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 15 (1913), 1259-1266.
49. For some details on Warburg's work, see Jagdish Mehra and Helmut Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Vol. 1, Part 1. The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties 1900-1925 (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982), pp. 204-205.
50. N. Bohr, "On the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Spectral Lines," Phil. Mag. 27 (1914), 506-524; on 506, fourth footnote;
51. reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2 (ref. 10), pp. 350-368; on 350, fourth footnote.
52. Ibid. p. 506; 350.
53. Bohr to Stark, March 31, 1914, Bohr Scientific Correspondence (7,3), AHQP.
54. Bohr, "Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields" (ref. 38), p. 514; 358.
55. N. Bohr, "Atomic Models and X-Ray Spectra," Nature 92 (1914), 553-554, on 554; reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2 (ref. 13), p. 304.
56. N. Bohr, "Atomic Models and X-Ray Spectra," Nature 92 (1914), 553-554, on 554; reprinted in Hoyer, Bohr Collected Works, Vol. 2 (ref. 13), p. 304.
57. Garbasso to Bohr, January 19, 1914 (ref. 32).
58. Bohr to Garbasso, February 7, 1914, Bohr Scientific Correspondence (2,5), AHQP.
59. E. Gehrcke, "Über ein Modell zur Erklärung der Lichtemission," Phys. Zeit. 15 (1914), 123-127;
60. "Ein Modell zur Erklärung der Lichtemission. III," ibid., pp. 344-348.
61. Bohr, "Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields" (ref. 38), Note added during the proof, pp. 511; 355, 516; 360.
62. Paul S. Epstein, "Zur Theorie des Starkeffektes," Ann. d. Phys. 50 (1916), 489-520; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 145-176. For a discussion, see Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (New York: Tomash and American Institute of Physics, 1989), pp. 107-110.
63. Paul S. Epstein, "Zur Theorie des Starkeffektes," Ann. d. Phys. 50 (1916), 489-520; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 145-176. For a discussion, see Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (New York: Tomash and American Institute of Physics, 1989), pp. 107-110.
64. Paul S. Epstein, "Zur Theorie des Starkeffektes," Ann. d. Phys. 50 (1916), 489-520; reprinted in Hermann, Stark-Effekt (ref. 10), pp. 145-176. For a discussion, see Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (New York: Tomash and American Institute of Physics, 1989), pp. 107-110.
65. K. Schwarzschild, "Zur Quantenhypothese," Sitz. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wissen. 26 (1916), 548-568.
66. Takamine and Kokubu, "Effect of an Electric Field" (ref. 35).
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68. H.A. Kramers, Intensities of Spectral Lines (København: Andr. Fred. Høst & Søn, 1919) [Ph.D. Thesis]; reprinted in Collected Scientific Papers (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1956), pp. 3-108. For a discussion, see Max Dresden, H.A. Kramers: Between Tradition and Revolution (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987), pp. 107-110, 124-132.
69. H.A. Kramers, Intensities of Spectral Lines (København: Andr. Fred. Høst & Søn, 1919) [Ph.D. Thesis]; reprinted in Collected Scientific Papers (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1956), pp. 3-108. For a discussion, see Max Dresden, H.A. Kramers: Between Tradition and Revolution (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987), pp. 107-110, 124-132.
70. Arnold Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, Dritte umgearbeitete Auflage (Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1922), p. 361; translated by Henry L. Brose, Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines (London: Methuen, 1923), p. 293.
71. Arnold Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien, Dritte umgearbeitete Auflage (Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1922), p. 361; translated by Henry L. Brose, Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines (London: Methuen, 1923), p. 293.
72. Società Italiana di Fisica (Sezione Romana), Minutes of the Meeting of April 4, 1914, reported in "Cronace - Società scientifiche, esposizioni e congressi," L'elettrotecnica 1 (1914), 267-268.
73. Paul S. Epstein, "Zur Theorie des Starkeffektes," Phys. Zeit. 17 (1916), 148-150; on 150.
74. Paul S. Epstein, "The Stark Effect from the Point of View of Schrödinger's Quantum Theory," Physical Review 28 (1926), 695-710; on 695.
75. Emilio Segrè, Enrico Fermi Physicist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 48.
76. Ibid., p. 49.