Culicoides and the emergence of bluetongue virus in northern Europe

Trends in Microbiology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 172-178

  Carpenter, Simon ^a   Wilson, Anthony ^a   Mellor, Philip S ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLUETONGUE ORBIVIRUS; EPIDEMIC; EUROPE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; BLUETONGUE; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; CERATOPOGONIDAE; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; EUROPE; RUMINANTS;

BLUETONGUE VIRUS;

EID: 63349102082     PISSN: 0966842X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.001     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Hutcheon D. Malaria catarrh fever of sheep. Vet. Rec. 14 (1902) 629-633
2. Hutcheon D. Fever or epizootic catarrh. Rep. Coll. Vet. Surg. 1880 (1881) 12-15
3. Spreull J. Malarial catarrhal fever (bluetongue) of sheep in South Africa. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 18 (1905) 321-337
4. Bekker J.G., et al. The occurance and identification of bluetongue in cattle - the so-called pseudo foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Indus. 2 (1934) 393-507
5. Du Toit R.M. The transmission of blue-tongue and horsesickness by Culicoides. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Indus. 19 (1944) 7-16
6. Venter G.J., et al. Vector competence of Culicoides bolitinos and C. imicola for South African bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3 and 4. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12 (1998) 378-385
7. Dulac G.C., et al. Incursion of bluetongue virus type 11 and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer type 2 for two consecutive years in the Okanagan Valley. Can. Vet. J. 30 (1989) 351
8. MacLachlan N.J. Bluetongue: pathogenesis and duration of viraemia. Vet. Ital. 40 (2004) 462-467
9. Schudel A., et al. Office International des Epizooties international standards for bluetongue. Vet. Ital. 40 (2004) 676-681
10. Purse B.V., et al. Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3 (2005) 171-181
11. Mellor P.S., and Wittmann E.J. Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Vet. J. 164 (2002) 20-37
12. International Society for Infectious Diseases (2006) Bluetongue, ovine - Netherlands: confirmed. ProMED-mail, 20060818.2311 (http://www.promedmail.org)
13. Maan S., et al. Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains. Virology 377 (2008) 308-318
14. Elbers A.R.W., et al. Field observations during the Bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in 2006 - II. Morbidity and mortality rate, case fatality and clinical recovery in sheep and cattle in the Netherlands. Prev. Vet. Med. 87 (2008) 31-40
15. Sellers R.F., and Mellor P.S. Temperature and the persistence of viruses in Culicoides spp. during adverse conditions. Rev. Sci. Tech. 12 (1993) 733-755
16. Mellor P.S., and Pitzolis G. Observations on breeding sites and light-trap collections of Culicoides during an outbreak of bluetongue in Cyprus. Bull. Entomol. Res. 69 (1979) 229-234
17. Mellor P.S. Culicoides as potential orbivirus vectors in Europe. In: Walton E.O., and Osburn B.I. (Eds). Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium (1992), CRC Press 278-283
18. Olbrich S., and Liebisch A. Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen und zum Befall mit Gnitzen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) bei Weiderindern in Norddeutschland. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 6 (1988) 415-420
19. Overgaard Nielsen B. Some observations on biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attacking grazing cattle in Denmark. Entomol. Scand. 2 (1971) 94-98
20. Townley P., et al. Preferential landing and engorging sites of Culicoides species landing on a horse in Ireland. Equine Vet. J. 16 (1984) 117-120
21. Boorman J. British Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): notes of distribution and biology. Entomol. Gaz. 37 (1986) 253-266
22. Skierska B. Faunistic-ecological investigations on blood-sucking midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae equals Heleidae) of the Polish coastal area. Biul. Inst. Med. Morsk. Gdansk. 24 (1973) 113-133
23. Jennings D.M., and Mellor P.S. The vector potential of British Culicoides species for bluetongue virus. Vet. Microbiol. 17 (1988) 1-10
24. Wittmann E.J., and Baylis M. Climate change: effects on Culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK. Vet. J. 160 (2000) 107-117
25. Sellers R.F., and Taylor W.P. Epidemiology of bluetongue and the import and export of livestock, semen and embryos. Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot. 92 (1980) 587-592
26. Sellers R.F. Weather, host and vector - their interplay in the spread of insect-borne animal virus diseases. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 85 (1980) 65-102
27. Sellers R.F., et al. Possible windborne spread of bluetongue to Portugal, June-July 1956. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 81 (1978) 189-196
28. Sellers R.F., et al. Possible origin of the bluetongue epidemic in Cyprus, August 1977. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 83 (1979) 547-555
29. Alba A., et al. Possible introduction of bluetongue into the Balearic Islands, Spain, in 2000, via air streams. Vet. Rec. 155 (2004) 460-461
30. Hendrickx G., et al. A wind density model to quantify the airborne spread of Culicoides species during North-Western Europe bluetongue epidemic, 2006. Prev. Vet. Med. 87 (2008) 162-181
31. Gloster J., et al. Will bluetongue come on the wind to the United Kingdom in 2007?. Vet. Rec. 160 (2007) 422-426
32. Gloster J., et al. Assessing the risk of windborne spread of bluetongue in the 2006 outbreak of disease in northern Europe. Vet. Rec. 160 (2007) 54-56
33. Lounibos L.P. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 (2002) 233-266
34. Gratz N.G., et al. Why aircraft disinsection?. Bull. World Health Organ. 78 (2000) 995-1004
35. Wilson M.E. Travel and the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1 (1995) 39-46
36. Pillai J.S.R.S. Recent introductions of some medically important Diptera in the Northwest, Central, and South Pacific (including New Zealand). In: Laird M. (Ed). Commerce and the Spread of Pests and Disease Vectors (1984), Praeger 81-101
37. Nie W., et al. Notes on foreign species and a new species of biting midges from Qinhuangdao port, China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica 10 (2003) 236-242
38. Nie W.-Z., et al. A preliminary report of introduced living biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) found on entry ships arriving at Qinhuangdao Port, China. Medical Entomology and Zoology 56 (2005) 359-361
39. Tatem A.J., et al. Global transport networks and infectious disease spread. Adv. Parasitol. 62 (2006) 293-343
40. Kilpatrick A.M., et al. Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus spread to Galapagos. Conserv. Biol. 20 (2006) 1224-1231
41. Alexander K.A., et al. Evidence of natural bluetongue virus-infection among African carnivores. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51 (1994) 568-576
42. Akita G.Y., et al. Bluetongue disease in dogs associated with contaminated vaccine. Vet. Rec. 134 (1994) 283-284
43. Lanciotti R.S., et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286 (1999) 2333-2337
44. Purse B.V., et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of bluetongue and its Culicoides vectors in Bulgaria. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20 (2006) 335-344
45. Torina A., et al. Spatial distribution of bluetongue virus and its Culicoides vectors in Sicily. Med. Vet. Entomol. 18 (2004) 81-89
46. Carpenter S., et al. Oral susceptibility to bluetongue virus of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom. J. Med. Entomol. 43 (2006) 73-78
47. Savini G., et al. Vaccines against bluetongue in Europe. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31 (2008) 101-120
48. Saegerman C., et al. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14 (2008) 539-544
49. Carpenter S., et al. Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U. K. and northwestern Palaearctic. Med. Vet. Entomol. 22 (2008) 175-187
50. Koumbati M., et al. Duration of bluetongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected European breeds of sheep and goats. Vet. Microbiol. 64 (1999) 277-285
51. Bonneau K.R., et al. Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep. Vet. Microbiol. 88 (2002) 115-125
52. Wittmann E.J., et al. Effect of temperature on the transmission of orbiviruses by the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16 (2002) 147-156
53. Wilson A., et al. Re-emergence of bluetongue in northern Europe in 2007. Vet. Rec. 161 (2007) 487-489
54. EFSA. Bluetongue: scientific opinion of the panel on animal health and welfare. EFSA Journal 735 (2008) 1-70
55. Baldet T., et al. Indoor activity of Culicoides associated with livestock in the bluetongue virus (BTV) affected region of Northern France during autumn 2006. Prev. Vet. Med. 87 (2008) 84-97
56. Meiswinkel R., et al. Endophily in Culicoides associated with BTV-infected cattle in the province of Limburg, South-Eastern Netherlands, 2006. Prev. Vet. Med. 87 (2008) 182-195
57. Carpenter S., et al. An assessment of Culicoides surveillance techniques in northern Europe: have we underestimated a potential bluetongue virus vector?. J. Appl. Ecol. 45 (2008) 1237-1245
58. Carpenter S., et al. Experimental infection studies of UK Culicoides species midges with bluetongue virus serotypes 8 and 9. Vet. Rec. 163 (2008) 589-592
59. Mackay D.K.J. Authorisation within the European Union of vaccines against antigenically variable viruses responsible for major epizootic diseases. Rev. Sci. Tech. 26 (2007) 421-428
60. Batten C.A., et al. Bluetongue virus: European Community inter-laboratory comparison tests to evaluate ELISA and RT-PCR detection methods. Vet. Microbiol. 129 (2008) 80-88
61. Savini G., et al. Bluetongue virus isolations from midges belonging to the Obsoletus complex (Culicoides, Diptera: ceratopogonidae) in Italy. Vet. Rec. 157 (2005) 133-139
62. De Liberato C., et al. Identification of Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a vector of bluetongue virus in central Italy. Vet. Rec. 156 (2005) 301-304
63. Caracappa S., et al. Identification of a novel bluetongue virus vector species of Culicoides in Sicily. Vet. Rec. 153 (2003) 71-74
64. Ferrari G., et al. Active circulation of bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2 among unvaccinated cattle in central Italy. Prev. Vet. Med. 68 (2005) 103-113
65. Mehlhorn H., et al. First occurrence of Culicoides obsoletus-transmitted Bluetongue virus epidemic in Central Europe. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 219-228
66. Mitchell, T.D. et al. (2004) A comprehensive set of high-resolution grids of monthly climate for Europe and the globe: the observed record (1901-2000) and 16 scenarios (2001-2100). Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp55.pdf)
67. Gomulski L.M., et al. Phylogeny of the subgenus Culicoides and related species in Italy, inferred from internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA sequences. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20 (2006) 229-238
68. Nolan D.V., et al. Rapid diagnostic PCR assays for members of the Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides pulicaris species complexes, implicated vectors of bluetongue virus in Europe. Vet. Microbiol. 124 (2007) 82-94
69. Mathieu B., et al. Molecular identification of western European species of Obsoletus complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by an internal transcribed spacer-1 rDNA multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Med. Entomol. 44 (2007) 1019-1025