메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 30-51

Medica linjury compensation: Beyond 'no-fault'

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPENSATION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; LEGAL LIABILITY; MANAGEMENT; MEDICAL ERROR; UNITED STATES;

EID: 63349083568     PISSN: 09670742     EISSN: 14643790     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwn022     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (133)
  • 1
    • 0009264636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negligence is standardly taken to ground an attribution of fault. Besides negligence, the other major grounds are recklessness and intentional harm. For discussion, see, 6th edn Butterworths, at
    • Negligence is standardly taken to ground an attribution of fault. Besides negligence, the other major grounds are recklessness and intentional harm. For discussion, see P. Cane, Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (Butterworths 1999) at 25-28.
    • (1999) Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law , pp. 25-28
    • Cane, P.1
  • 2
    • 63349097492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Zealand scheme is administered by the Accident Compensation Corporation under the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001. For two excellent analyses of the scheme, see G. W.R. Palmer, New Zealand's Accident Compensation Scheme: Twenty Years On, 1994 44 University of Toronto Law Journal 223
    • The New Zealand scheme is administered by the Accident Compensation Corporation under the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001. For two excellent analyses of the scheme, see G. W.R. Palmer, 'New Zealand's Accident Compensation Scheme: Twenty Years On' (1994) 44 University of Toronto Law Journal 223
  • 3
    • 33644777513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Privatization of Accident Compensation: Policy and Politics in New Zealand
    • S. Todd, 'Privatization of Accident Compensation: Policy and Politics in New Zealand' (2000) 39 Washburn Law Journal 404.
    • (2000) Washburn Law Journal , vol.39 , pp. 404
    • Todd, S.1
  • 4
    • 63349091663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To be eligible for medical injury compensation under the New Zealand scheme, a claimant must establish that her injury was a 'treatment injury': That is, an injury due to treatment that was not 'a necessary part, or ordinary consequence, of the treatment'. See The Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No. 2) 2005 s. 32, esp. s. 32(1)(c).
    • To be eligible for medical injury compensation under the New Zealand scheme, a claimant must establish that her injury was a 'treatment injury': That is, an injury due to treatment that was not 'a necessary part, or ordinary consequence, of the treatment'. See The Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No. 2) 2005 s. 32, esp. s. 32(1)(c).
  • 5
    • 35448971109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion, see K. Oliphant, 'Beyond Misadventure: Compensation for Medical Injuries in New Zealand' (2007) 15 Med. L. R. 357.
    • For discussion, see K. Oliphant, 'Beyond Misadventure: Compensation for Medical Injuries in New Zealand' (2007) 15 Med. L. R. 357.
  • 6
    • 63349086195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accident Compensation Corporation, available at, last accessed 30 December 2007, Some other no-fault schemes are funded by levies on medical professionals
    • Accident Compensation Corporation, 'How ACC is funded' (available at http://www.acc.co.nz/about-acc/WCM000119?ssSourceNodeId=4249&ss- SourceSiteId=1494, last accessed 30 December 2007). Some other no-fault schemes are funded by levies on medical professionals.
    • How ACC is funded
  • 7
    • 63349089384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001, s. 284.
    • Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001, s. 284.
  • 8
    • 0343482788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administrative Performance of "No-Fault" Compensation for Medical Injury
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, R.R. Bovbjerg, F.A. Sloan and P.J. Rankin, 'Administrative Performance of "No-Fault" Compensation for Medical Injury' (1997) 60 Law and Contemporary Problems 71
    • (1997) Law and Contemporary Problems , vol.60 , pp. 71
    • Bovbjerg, R.R.1    Sloan, F.A.2    Rankin, P.J.3
  • 10
    • 0037656219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No-fault Compensation Systems
    • W.J. Gaine, 'No-fault Compensation Systems' (2003) 326 British Medical Journal 997.
    • (2003) British Medical Journal , vol.326 , pp. 997
    • Gaine, W.J.1
  • 13
    • 77954366474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making Amends: A Consultation Paper Setting Out Proposals for Reforming the Approach to Clinical Negligence in the NHS
    • Department of Health 2003, available at, last accessed 30 December
    • Department of Health, Making Amends: A Consultation Paper Setting Out Proposals for Reforming the Approach to Clinical Negligence in the NHS: A Report by the Chief Medical Officer (Department of Health 2003) (available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Closedconsultations/ DH_4072363, last accessed 30 December 2007)
    • (2007) A Report by the Chief Medical Officer
  • 15
    • 63349111494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Banking and Insurance, Report No. 2006-102, The Florida Senate
    • Committee on Banking and Insurance, Florida's Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law (Report No. 2006-102) (The Florida Senate 2005).
    • (2005) Florida's Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law
  • 16
  • 17
    • 0003307378 scopus 로고
    • Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance Regimes: An Analysis of the Experience in Quebec
    • G. Dionne ed, Kluwer
    • R.A. Devlin, 'Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance Regimes: An Analysis of the Experience in Quebec' in G. Dionne (ed.), Contributions to Insurance Economics (Kluwer 1992)
    • (1992) Contributions to Insurance Economics
    • Devlin, R.A.1
  • 19
    • 84925889379 scopus 로고
    • Justice and the Argument for No-Fault
    • J.L. Coleman, 'Justice and the Argument for No-Fault' (1974) 3 Social Theory and Practice 161
    • (1974) Social Theory and Practice , vol.3 , pp. 161
    • Coleman, J.L.1
  • 20
  • 21
    • 63349097859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Credit Suisse First Boston, Accident Compensation: Options for Reform a report prepared for the New Zealand Business Roundtable (New Zealand Business Roundtable 1998).
    • Credit Suisse First Boston, Accident Compensation: Options for Reform a report prepared for the New Zealand Business Roundtable (New Zealand Business Roundtable 1998).
  • 22
    • 63349104549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The full title of the Commission was 'The Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation', however it is normally called after its chairman, the Honourable Justice Owen Woodhouse.
    • The full title of the Commission was 'The Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation', however it is normally called after its chairman, the Honourable Justice Owen Woodhouse.
  • 23
    • 63349108960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand: Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry (1967) (hereafter, 'The Woodhouse Report) at paras 82, 88.
    • Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand: Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry (1967) (hereafter, 'The Woodhouse Report) at paras 82, 88.
  • 24
    • 63349105167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • paras 82
    • Ibid., paras 82, 84-85, 87-88.
    • Ibid
  • 25
    • 63349088944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., para 91.
    • Ibid., para 91.
  • 26
    • 63349093070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also para 90
    • See also para 90.
  • 28
    • 63349105344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 71.
    • See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 71.
  • 29
    • 63349112546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • paras 82, 106-110, 124-125
    • The Woodhouse Report, paras 82, 106-110, 124-125.
    • The Woodhouse Report
  • 30
    • 63349102807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 90-93.
    • See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 90-93.
  • 33
    • 22644447443 scopus 로고
    • Is There a Future for Tort?
    • See also, for example, 1193
    • See also, for example, J.G. Fleming, 'Is There a Future for Tort?' (1984) 44 Louisiana Law Review 1193, 1203-1204.
    • (1984) Louisiana Law Review , vol.44 , pp. 1203-1204
    • Fleming, J.G.1
  • 35
    • 63349110724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also paras 6, 17, 42-46, 55, 84-86
    • See also paras 6, 17, 42-46, 55, 84-86.
  • 36
    • 63349092322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., para 4.
    • Ibid., para 4.
  • 37
    • 38049115218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This conception of fairness, or something very close to it, is adopted by many protagonists in the debate on moral luck. See, for example, D. Enoch, Luck Between Morality, Law, and Justice, 2007 9 Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Article 2
    • This conception of fairness, or something very close to it, is adopted by many protagonists in the debate on moral luck. See, for example, D. Enoch, 'Luck Between Morality, Law, and Justice' (2007) 9 Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Article 2
  • 38
    • 63349089246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes and Free Will: Reflections onWallace's Theory
    • Robert Kane, 'Review: Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes and Free Will: Reflections onWallace's Theory' (2002) 64 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 693, 694, 697
    • (2002) Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , vol.64
    • Kane, R.1
  • 39
    • 0039261355 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • D. Statman ed, State University of New York Press, at
    • D. Statman, 'Introduction' in D. Statman (ed.), Moral Luck (State University of New York Press 1993) at 2-3.
    • (1993) Moral Luck , pp. 2-3
    • Statman, D.1
  • 40
    • 0002431297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luck egalitarians develop this conception of fairness into a comprehensive theory of distributive justice. See, for example, R.J. Arneson, Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare, 1989 56 Philosophical Studies 77
    • Luck egalitarians develop this conception of fairness into a comprehensive theory of distributive justice. See, for example, R.J. Arneson, 'Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare' (1989) 56 Philosophical Studies 77
  • 41
    • 63349085186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G.A. Cohen, 'On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice' (1989) 99 Ethics 906, or, for a predecessor to these theories, H. Spiegelberg, 'A Defense of Human Equality' (1944) 53 Philosophical Review 101.
    • G.A. Cohen, 'On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice' (1989) 99 Ethics 906, or, for a predecessor to these theories, H. Spiegelberg, 'A Defense of Human Equality' (1944) 53 Philosophical Review 101.
  • 42
    • 63349102444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I henceforth use 'incapacity' as an umbrella term for injury and illness
    • I henceforth use 'incapacity' as an umbrella term for injury and illness.
  • 43
    • 63349105023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I assume here that self-inflicted injuries are within the control of their victims, in fact, some may not be
    • I assume here that self-inflicted injuries are within the control of their victims - in fact, some may not be.
  • 44
    • 0041516527 scopus 로고
    • Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement
    • See
    • See M.A. Franklin, 'Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement' (1967) 53 Virginia Law Review 774
    • (1967) Virginia Law Review , vol.53 , pp. 774
    • Franklin, M.A.1
  • 45
    • 63349110497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 418-422
    • Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 418-422
  • 46
    • 33644974813 scopus 로고
    • Causation, Compensation and Moral Responsibility
    • D. Owen ed, Oxford University Press, at, esp. at 350, 355
    • C.H. Schroeder, 'Causation, Compensation and Moral Responsibility' in D. Owen (ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press 1995) at 347, esp. at 350, 355
    • (1995) Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law , pp. 347
    • Schroeder, C.H.1
  • 47
    • 0030924258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Injustice of Compensation for Victims of Medical Accidents
    • J. Harris, 'The Injustice of Compensation for Victims of Medical Accidents' (1997) 314 British Medical Journal 1821
    • (1997) British Medical Journal 1821 , vol.314
    • Harris, J.1
  • 48
    • 63349100422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accident Law for Egalitarians
    • esp. at 204-213
    • R. Avraham and I. Kohler-Hausmann, 'Accident Law for Egalitarians' (2006) 12 Legal Theory 181, esp. at 204-213.
    • (2006) Legal Theory , vol.12 , pp. 181
    • Avraham, R.1    Kohler-Hausmann, I.2
  • 49
    • 84972172658 scopus 로고
    • Should Social Insurance Pay Compensation for Pain and Suffering?
    • A.L. Miller, 'Should Social Insurance Pay Compensation for Pain and Suffering?' (1982) 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 550
    • (1982) International and Comparative Law Quarterly , vol.31 , pp. 550
    • Miller, A.L.1
  • 50
    • 63349086869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Law Commission (New Zealand), Personal Injury: Prevention and Recovery - Report on the Accident Compensation Scheme (Report No. 4, Law Commission, 1988)
    • Law Commission (New Zealand), Personal Injury: Prevention and Recovery - Report on the Accident Compensation Scheme (Report No. 4, Law Commission, 1988)
  • 51
    • 63349086582 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy: Future
    • Royal Commission on Social Policy New Zealand
    • Royal Commission on Social Policy (New Zealand), Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy: Future Directions (1988), 757
    • (1988) Directions , pp. 757
  • 52
    • 63349088177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 234
    • Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 234
  • 53
    • 63349099975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris, op. cit. n. 22
    • Harris, op. cit. n. 22
  • 55
    • 63349108721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Law Commission, op. cit. n. 23
    • See, for example, Law Commission, op. cit. n. 23
  • 56
    • 84957360115 scopus 로고
    • Private Insurance, Social Insurance, and Tort Reform: Toward a New Vision of Compensation for Illness and Injury
    • 75, esp. at 107ff
    • K.S. Abraham and L. Liebman, 'Private Insurance, Social Insurance, and Tort Reform: Toward a New Vision of Compensation for Illness and Injury' (1993) 93 Columbia Law Review 75, esp. at 107ff.
    • (1993) Columbia Law Review , vol.93
    • Abraham, K.S.1    Liebman, L.2
  • 57
    • 63349099760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Woodhouse Commission appears to have excluded victims out of caution (or perhaps, strategy) rather than principle. It hoped that the boundaries of the New Zealand scheme would be expanded to include natural incapacity at a later date: See The Woodhouse Report, para 290(a):
    • The Woodhouse Commission appears to have excluded victims out of caution (or perhaps, strategy) rather than principle. It hoped that the boundaries of the New Zealand scheme would be expanded to include natural incapacity at a later date: See The Woodhouse Report, para 290(a):
  • 58
    • 63349111180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'It is possible to argue that if incapacity arising from accident injury is to be the subject of comprehensive community insurance, then interruption of work for reasons of sickness or unemployment, or other causes which cannot be guarded against should equally be included'. See also para 290(b)
    • 'It is possible to argue that if incapacity arising from accident injury is to be the subject of comprehensive community insurance, then interruption of work for reasons of sickness or unemployment, or other causes which cannot be guarded against should equally be included'. See also para 290(b)
  • 59
    • 63349105669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493. An Australian Committee, also chaired by Justice Woodhouse, did recommend the introduction of a no-fault scheme including both injury and illness. See, The National Committee of Inquiry on Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia, Report (1974), 1, paras 39, 226, 347.
    • and Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493. An Australian Committee, also chaired by Justice Woodhouse, did recommend the introduction of a no-fault scheme including both injury and illness. See, The National Committee of Inquiry on Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia, Report (1974), vol. 1, paras 39, 226, 347.
  • 60
    • 63349097183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 3, 414, 493
    • See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 3, 414, 493
  • 62
    • 63349109873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 416-418, 425.
    • See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 416-418, 425.
  • 63
    • 63349087368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One difference in coverage might be that an expanded compensation scheme, justified by the fairness-based argument, would presumably exclude the victims of self-caused or avoidable incapacity, whereas social security and public healthcare systems typically include such persons. See supra n. 20.
    • One difference in coverage might be that an expanded compensation scheme, justified by the fairness-based argument, would presumably exclude the victims of self-caused or avoidable incapacity, whereas social security and public healthcare systems typically include such persons. See supra n. 20.
  • 64
    • 63349089091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One possibility is that injurers could be required to bear the costs of benefits provided to their victims, even if considerations of fairness would require that those benefits be no more generous than those available to the naturally incapacitated. For a similar proposal, see Harris, op. cit. n. 22.
    • One possibility is that injurers could be required to bear the costs of benefits provided to their victims, even if considerations of fairness would require that those benefits be no more generous than those available to the naturally incapacitated. For a similar proposal, see Harris, op. cit. n. 22.
  • 65
    • 63349088341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stephen Sugarman and Terrence Ison have defended similar conclusions in the context of the wider debate between no-fault and tort law, though not explicitly on fairness-related grounds. See S.D. Sugarman, Doing Away with Tort Law, 1985 73 California Law Review 555
    • Stephen Sugarman and Terrence Ison have defended similar conclusions in the context of the wider debate between no-fault and tort law, though not explicitly on fairness-related grounds. See S.D. Sugarman, 'Doing Away with Tort Law' (1985) 73 California Law Review 555
  • 66
    • 63349102962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. Ison, The Forensic Lottery (Staples Press 1967), esp. at chapter 4.
    • T. Ison, The Forensic Lottery (Staples Press 1967), esp. at chapter 4.
  • 67
    • 63349089092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 495:
    • See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 495:
  • 68
    • 63349094430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '[t]he boundaries to the [New Zealand] accident compensation scheme as they presently exist may be hard to defend, but there is no natural limit upon which all can agree. A line has to be drawn somewhere, and wherever it is it will create difficulties and anomalies in relation to cases that are excluded'. See also Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 334-336.
    • '[t]he boundaries to the [New Zealand] accident compensation scheme as they presently exist may be hard to defend, but there is no natural limit upon which all can agree. A line has to be drawn somewhere, and wherever it is it will create difficulties and anomalies in relation to cases that are excluded'. See also Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 334-336.
  • 69
    • 63349105828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 412-414, 493-495
    • See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 412-414, 493-495
  • 70
    • 63349091661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 10-13
    • Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 10-13
  • 71
    • 63349112374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oliphant, op. cit., n. 3.
    • Oliphant, op. cit., n. 3.
  • 72
    • 27844589093 scopus 로고
    • Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss
    • D.G. Owen ed, Oxford University Press
    • J.Waldron, 'Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss' in D.G. Owen (ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press 1995).
    • (1995) Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law
    • Waldron, J.1
  • 73
    • 63349109109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also The Woodhouse Report, para 85: 'it is a curious fact that ... the extent of liability is not measured by the quality of the defendant's conduct, but by its results. Reprehensible conduct can be followed by feather blows while a moment's inadvertence could call down the heavens'.
    • See also The Woodhouse Report, para 85: 'it is a curious fact that ... the extent of liability is not measured by the quality of the defendant's conduct, but by its results. Reprehensible conduct can be followed by feather blows while a moment's inadvertence could call down the heavens'.
  • 74
    • 63349109715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Waldron, op. cit., n. 34, 407-408.
    • See Waldron, op. cit., n. 34, 407-408.
  • 75
    • 0347563472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents
    • See, for example, 193
    • See, for example, G.C. Keating, 'Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents' (2000) 74 Southern California Law Review 193, 193-194.
    • (2000) Southern California Law Review , vol.74 , pp. 193-194
    • Keating, G.C.1
  • 76
    • 63349087365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keating claims that 'ordinary morality links responsibility for harm done with the duty to repair that harm, at 193 and that the justice-based justifications for tort law 'acknowledge a prima facie link between responsibility for having inflicted injury and responsibility for repairing the injury inflicted, at 193-194
    • Keating claims that 'ordinary morality links responsibility for harm done with the duty to repair that harm' (at 193) and that the justice-based justifications for tort law 'acknowledge a prima facie link between responsibility for having inflicted injury and responsibility for repairing the injury inflicted' (at 193-194).
  • 77
    • 63349111039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The special relationship between the injurer and his victim is also emphasised, and adduced in support of tort law, in J.J. Thomson, 'Remarks on Causation and Liability' (1984) 13 Philosophy and Public Affairs 101
    • The special relationship between the injurer and his victim is also emphasised, and adduced in support of tort law, in J.J. Thomson, 'Remarks on Causation and Liability' (1984) 13 Philosophy and Public Affairs 101
  • 78
    • 63349111641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. Honoré, 'Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability' (1988) 104 L.Q.R. 530
    • T. Honoré, 'Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability' (1988) 104 L.Q.R. 530
  • 80
    • 21144462352 scopus 로고
    • The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice
    • 427, esp. at 433-438
    • J. Coleman, 'The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice' (1992) 77 Iowa Law Review 427, esp. at 433-438
    • (1992) Iowa Law Review , vol.77
    • Coleman, J.1
  • 81
    • 21144478652 scopus 로고
    • The Moral Foundations of Tort Law
    • 449, esp. at 497ff
    • S.R. Perry, 'The Moral Foundations of Tort Law' (1992) 77 Iowa Law Review 449, esp. at 497ff.
    • (1992) Iowa Law Review , vol.77
    • Perry, S.R.1
  • 82
    • 0004153161 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, at
    • J.L. Coleman, Risks and Wrongs (Cambridge University Press 1992) at 354
    • (1992) Risks and Wrongs , pp. 354
    • Coleman, J.L.1
  • 83
    • 0004106103 scopus 로고
    • Harvard University Press, esp. at
    • E.J. Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (Harvard University Press 1995), esp. at 75-76, 80-83, 114-144
    • (1995) The Idea of Private Law
    • Weinrib, E.J.1
  • 85
    • 63349089240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the two-function view, see Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 254-255
    • For the two-function view, see Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 254-255
  • 86
    • 63349099974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avraham and Kohler-Hausmann, op. cit., n. 22
    • Avraham and Kohler-Hausmann, op. cit., n. 22
  • 87
    • 0041516527 scopus 로고
    • Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement
    • 774
    • M.A. Franklin, 'Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement' (1967) 53 Virginia Law Review 774, 795.
    • (1967) Virginia Law Review , vol.53 , pp. 795
    • Franklin, M.A.1
  • 88
    • 63349094917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some would argue that deterrence is the raison d'être of tort law. See, for example, R.A. Posner, 'A Theory of Negligence' (1972) 1 Journal of Legal Studies 29.
    • Some would argue that deterrence is the raison d'être of tort law. See, for example, R.A. Posner, 'A Theory of Negligence' (1972) 1 Journal of Legal Studies 29.
  • 89
    • 63349084111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gaine, op. cit., n. 6, 998.
    • Gaine, op. cit., n. 6, 998.
  • 90
    • 21844521574 scopus 로고
    • Reality in the Economic Analysis of Tort Law: Does Tort Law Really Deter?
    • See, 377
    • See G.T. Schwarz, 'Reality in the Economic Analysis of Tort Law: Does Tort Law Really Deter?' (1994) 42 UCLA Law Review 377, 401-403
    • (1994) UCLA Law Review , vol.42 , pp. 401-403
    • Schwarz, G.T.1
  • 91
    • 63349089244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 366-367
    • Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 366-367
  • 92
    • 63349097338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 215-216.
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 215-216.
  • 93
    • 63349098524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Gaine, op. cit., n. 6
    • See Gaine, op. cit., n. 6
  • 94
    • 0033066236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error in Medicine: Legal Impediments to US Reform
    • esp. at 33-35
    • B.A. Liang, 'Error in Medicine: Legal Impediments to US Reform' (1999) 24 Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 27, esp. at 33-35, 39-44
    • (1999) Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law , vol.24
    • Liang, B.A.1
  • 95
    • 0035965339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Compensation Perspective on Error Prevention: Is the ACC Medical Misadventure Scheme Compensating the Right Sort of Injury?
    • J. Fitzjohn and D.M. Studdert, 'A Compensation Perspective on Error Prevention: Is the ACC Medical Misadventure Scheme Compensating the Right Sort of Injury?' (2001) 114 New Zealand Medical Journal 432.
    • (2001) New Zealand Medical Journal , vol.114 , pp. 432
    • Fitzjohn, J.1    Studdert, D.M.2
  • 96
    • 84881863575 scopus 로고
    • The Efficacy of the Tort System and its Alternatives: A Review of the Empirical Evidence
    • See
    • See D. Dewees and M. Trebilcock, 'The Efficacy of the Tort System and its Alternatives: A Review of the Empirical Evidence' (1992) 30 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 58
    • (1992) Osgoode Hall Law Journal , vol.30 , pp. 58
    • Dewees, D.1    Trebilcock, M.2
  • 97
    • 63349111179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schwarz, op. cit., n. 40
    • Schwarz, op. cit., n. 40
  • 98
    • 63349084413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 213-214
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 213-214
  • 99
    • 0012707105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deterrence of Medical Errors: Theory and Evidence for Malpractice Reform
    • 1595
    • M.M. Mello and T.A. Brennan, 'Deterrence of Medical Errors: Theory and Evidence for Malpractice Reform' (2002) 80 Texas Law Review 1595.
    • (2002) Texas Law Review , vol.80
    • Mello, M.M.1    Brennan, T.A.2
  • 100
    • 84928220390 scopus 로고
    • Deterrence in Tort and No-Fault: The New Zealand Experience
    • See, 976, esp. at
    • See C. Brown, 'Deterrence in Tort and No-Fault: The New Zealand Experience' (1985) 73 California Law Review 976, esp. at 984-1002
    • (1985) California Law Review , vol.73 , pp. 984-1002
    • Brown, C.1
  • 101
    • 63349093961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mello and Brennan, op. cit., n. 42
    • Mello and Brennan, op. cit., n. 42
  • 102
    • 63349090919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gaine, op. cit., n. 6, 998
    • , vol.998 , Issue.6
    • Gaine1    op2    cit3
  • 104
    • 0007333836 scopus 로고
    • Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance
    • Compare R.A. Devlin, 'Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance' (1990) 10 International Review of Law and Economics 193
    • (1990) International Review of Law and Economics , vol.10 , pp. 193
    • Devlin, C.R.A.1
  • 106
    • 63349089559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See P.C. Weiler, H.H. Hiatt, J.P. Newhouse, W.G. Johnson, T.A. Brennan, L.L. Leape et al., A Measure of Malpractice: Medical Injury, Malpractice Litigation, and Patient Compensation (Harvard University Press 1993) at 106.
    • See P.C. Weiler, H.H. Hiatt, J.P. Newhouse, W.G. Johnson, T.A. Brennan, L.L. Leape et al., A Measure of Malpractice: Medical Injury, Malpractice Litigation, and Patient Compensation (Harvard University Press 1993) at 106.
  • 107
    • 63349106985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studdert and collaborators conservatively estimate that even a highly restrictive no-fault system (of the sort existing in Sweden) would pay compensation to at least two to three times as many people as existing tort law schemes. See Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 32.
    • Studdert and collaborators conservatively estimate that even a highly restrictive no-fault system (of the sort existing in Sweden) would pay compensation to at least two to three times as many people as existing tort law schemes. See Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 32.
  • 108
    • 0034146021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from a large retrospective study conducted in Utah and Colorado during the 1990s indicated that only 2.5% of patients eligible for compensatory damages in those states filed claims at tort law. This figure increased to 3.8% when patients whose injuries caused no significant or serious disability were excluded. See D.M. Studdert, E.J. Thomas, H.R. Burstin, B.I.W. Zbar, E.J. Orav and T.A. Brennan, 'Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado' (2000) 38 Medical Care 250.
    • Results from a large retrospective study conducted in Utah and Colorado during the 1990s indicated that only 2.5% of patients eligible for compensatory damages in those states filed claims at tort law. This figure increased to 3.8% when patients whose injuries caused no significant or serious disability were excluded. See D.M. Studdert, E.J. Thomas, H.R. Burstin, B.I.W. Zbar, E.J. Orav and T.A. Brennan, 'Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado' (2000) 38 Medical Care 250.
  • 109
    • 0025776837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from an earlier study in New York State indicated that at most 13% of those eligible for compensation in that state filed suits. See A.R. Localio, A.G. Lawthers, T.A. Brennan, N.M. Laird, L.E. Hebert, L.M. Peterson et al., 'Relation between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events Due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III' (1991) 325 New England Journal of Medicine 245.
    • Results from an earlier study in New York State indicated that at most 13% of those eligible for compensation in that state filed suits. See A.R. Localio, A.G. Lawthers, T.A. Brennan, N.M. Laird, L.E. Hebert, L.M. Peterson et al., 'Relation between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events Due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III' (1991) 325 New England Journal of Medicine 245.
  • 110
    • 63349108720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 333-334
    • See Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 333-334
  • 111
    • 63349108385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493-495
    • Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493-495
  • 112
    • 63349105195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 209-211.
    • Merry and McCall Smith, op. cit., n. 23, 209-211.
  • 113
    • 63349101279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas Pogge explicitly draws an analogy between the special obligations of individuals and the special obligations of societies. He claims that 'your moral reason to mitigate the injuries of an accident victim is stronger if you were materially involved in causing his or her accident, then continuing 'I assert an analogous point also in regard to any social institutions that agents are materially involved in upholding, we should design any institutional order so that it prioritises the mitigation of medical conditions whose incidence it substantially contributes to, See T. Pogge, Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes' in S. Anand, F. Peter and A. Sen (eds, Public Health, Ethics and Equity (Clarendon 2004) at 135
    • Thomas Pogge explicitly draws an analogy between the special obligations of individuals and the special obligations of societies. He claims that 'your moral reason to mitigate the injuries of an accident victim is stronger if you were materially involved in causing his or her accident', then continuing 'I assert an analogous point also in regard to any social institutions that agents are materially involved in upholding... we should design any institutional order so that it prioritises the mitigation of medical conditions whose incidence it substantially contributes to'. See T. Pogge, 'Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes' in S. Anand, F. Peter and A. Sen (eds), Public Health, Ethics and Equity (Clarendon 2004) at 135.
  • 114
    • 0011038661 scopus 로고
    • Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory
    • See
    • See G.P. Fletcher, 'Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory' (1972) 85 Harvard Law Review 537
    • (1972) Harvard Law Review , vol.85 , pp. 537
    • Fletcher, G.P.1
  • 115
    • 63349106680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keating, op. cit., n. 36.
    • Keating, op. cit., n. 36.
  • 116
    • 63349112692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Honoré, op. cit., n. 36, 537-543
    • See also Honoré, op. cit., n. 36, 537-543
  • 117
    • 63349103408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, 2, 10, 30-31, 42-93.
    • Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, 2, 10, 30-31, 42-93.
  • 118
    • 63349098856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, 6-9, 55-63.
    • See Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, 6-9, 55-63.
  • 119
    • 63349101943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Posner, op. cit., n. 38
    • See Posner, op. cit., n. 38
  • 120
    • 0000241518 scopus 로고
    • Toward an Economic Theory of Liability
    • J.P. Brown, 'Toward an Economic Theory of Liability' (1973) 2 Journal of Legal Studies 323
    • (1973) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.2 , pp. 323
    • Brown, J.P.1
  • 121
    • 0002775690 scopus 로고
    • Strict Liability versus Negligence
    • S. Shavell, 'Strict Liability versus Negligence' (1980) 9 Journal of Legal Studies 1
    • (1980) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.9 , pp. 1
    • Shavell, S.1
  • 122
    • 17444378677 scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering Efficient Tort Rules for Personal Injury: The Case of Single Activity Accidents
    • 41
    • J.H. Arlen, 'Reconsidering Efficient Tort Rules for Personal Injury: The Case of Single Activity Accidents' (1990) 32 William and Mary Law Review 41.
    • (1990) William and Mary Law Review , vol.32
    • Arlen, J.H.1
  • 123
    • 63349109563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Honoré, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 543-545
    • See Honoré, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 543-545
  • 124
    • 63349086350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coleman, 'The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice', op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 442-443
    • Coleman, 'The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice', op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 442-443
  • 125
    • 63349083396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perry, op. cit., n. 36, 497ff.
    • Perry, op. cit., n. 36, 497ff.
  • 126
    • 63349096514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corrective justice' is, in these theories, understood as a realm of justice that is distinct from distributive or retributive justice
    • Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law, op. cit., n. 36, 83-144. 'Corrective justice' is, in these theories, understood as a realm of justice that is distinct from distributive or retributive justice.
    • The Idea of Private Law, op. cit , Issue.36 , pp. 83-144
    • Weinrib1
  • 127
    • 63349101743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Honoré, op. cit., n. 36
    • See, for example, Honoré, op. cit., n. 36
  • 128
    • 63349089245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perry, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 497ff.
    • Perry, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 497ff.
  • 129
    • 63349112545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 75-76, 80-83, 114-144
    • Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 75-76, 80-83, 114-144
  • 130
    • 63349101283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 56-57, 65, 80-84.
    • Ripstein, op. cit., n. 36, esp. at 56-57, 65, 80-84.
  • 131
    • 63349110644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For criticism of some theoretical arguments for the existence of such special obligations to compensate, see Avraham and Kohler-Hausmann, op. cit., n. 22
    • For criticism of some theoretical arguments for the existence of such special obligations to compensate, see Avraham and Kohler-Hausmann, op. cit., n. 22
  • 132
    • 63349098702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schroeder, op. cit., n. 22.
    • Schroeder, op. cit., n. 22.
  • 133
    • 63349092927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, in the United States, tort law was not recognisable as a distinct branch of the law until the late nineteenth century. Nor had the nowdominant concept of negligence been delineated before that time. See, for example, G.E. White, Tort Law in America (Oxford University Press 1980) esp. at 3, 13-19.
    • For example, in the United States, tort law was not recognisable as a distinct branch of the law until the late nineteenth century. Nor had the nowdominant concept of negligence been delineated before that time. See, for example, G.E. White, Tort Law in America (Oxford University Press 1980) esp. at 3, 13-19.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.