-
1
-
-
0009264636
-
-
Negligence is standardly taken to ground an attribution of fault. Besides negligence, the other major grounds are recklessness and intentional harm. For discussion, see, 6th edn Butterworths, at
-
Negligence is standardly taken to ground an attribution of fault. Besides negligence, the other major grounds are recklessness and intentional harm. For discussion, see P. Cane, Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law, 6th edn (Butterworths 1999) at 25-28.
-
(1999)
Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law
, pp. 25-28
-
-
Cane, P.1
-
2
-
-
63349097492
-
-
The New Zealand scheme is administered by the Accident Compensation Corporation under the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001. For two excellent analyses of the scheme, see G. W.R. Palmer, New Zealand's Accident Compensation Scheme: Twenty Years On, 1994 44 University of Toronto Law Journal 223
-
The New Zealand scheme is administered by the Accident Compensation Corporation under the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001. For two excellent analyses of the scheme, see G. W.R. Palmer, 'New Zealand's Accident Compensation Scheme: Twenty Years On' (1994) 44 University of Toronto Law Journal 223
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
33644777513
-
Privatization of Accident Compensation: Policy and Politics in New Zealand
-
S. Todd, 'Privatization of Accident Compensation: Policy and Politics in New Zealand' (2000) 39 Washburn Law Journal 404.
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(2000)
Washburn Law Journal
, vol.39
, pp. 404
-
-
Todd, S.1
-
4
-
-
63349091663
-
-
To be eligible for medical injury compensation under the New Zealand scheme, a claimant must establish that her injury was a 'treatment injury': That is, an injury due to treatment that was not 'a necessary part, or ordinary consequence, of the treatment'. See The Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No. 2) 2005 s. 32, esp. s. 32(1)(c).
-
To be eligible for medical injury compensation under the New Zealand scheme, a claimant must establish that her injury was a 'treatment injury': That is, an injury due to treatment that was not 'a necessary part, or ordinary consequence, of the treatment'. See The Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No. 2) 2005 s. 32, esp. s. 32(1)(c).
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
35448971109
-
-
For discussion, see K. Oliphant, 'Beyond Misadventure: Compensation for Medical Injuries in New Zealand' (2007) 15 Med. L. R. 357.
-
For discussion, see K. Oliphant, 'Beyond Misadventure: Compensation for Medical Injuries in New Zealand' (2007) 15 Med. L. R. 357.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
63349086195
-
-
Accident Compensation Corporation, available at, last accessed 30 December 2007, Some other no-fault schemes are funded by levies on medical professionals
-
Accident Compensation Corporation, 'How ACC is funded' (available at http://www.acc.co.nz/about-acc/WCM000119?ssSourceNodeId=4249&ss- SourceSiteId=1494, last accessed 30 December 2007). Some other no-fault schemes are funded by levies on medical professionals.
-
How ACC is funded
-
-
-
7
-
-
63349089384
-
-
Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001, s. 284.
-
Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001, s. 284.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
0343482788
-
Administrative Performance of "No-Fault" Compensation for Medical Injury
-
See, for example
-
See, for example, R.R. Bovbjerg, F.A. Sloan and P.J. Rankin, 'Administrative Performance of "No-Fault" Compensation for Medical Injury' (1997) 60 Law and Contemporary Problems 71
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(1997)
Law and Contemporary Problems
, vol.60
, pp. 71
-
-
Bovbjerg, R.R.1
Sloan, F.A.2
Rankin, P.J.3
-
9
-
-
84937265125
-
Can the United States Afford a "No-Fault" System of Compensation for Medical Injury
-
D.M. Studdert, E.J. Thomas, B.I.W. Zbar, J.P. Newhouse, P.C. Weiler, J. Bayuk et al., 'Can the United States Afford a "No-Fault" System of Compensation for Medical Injury' (1997) 60 Law and Contemporary Problems 1
-
(1997)
Law and Contemporary Problems
, vol.60
, pp. 1
-
-
Studdert, D.M.1
Thomas, E.J.2
Zbar, B.I.W.3
Newhouse, J.P.4
Weiler, P.C.5
Bayuk, J.6
-
10
-
-
0037656219
-
No-fault Compensation Systems
-
W.J. Gaine, 'No-fault Compensation Systems' (2003) 326 British Medical Journal 997.
-
(2003)
British Medical Journal
, vol.326
, pp. 997
-
-
Gaine, W.J.1
-
13
-
-
77954366474
-
Making Amends: A Consultation Paper Setting Out Proposals for Reforming the Approach to Clinical Negligence in the NHS
-
Department of Health 2003, available at, last accessed 30 December
-
Department of Health, Making Amends: A Consultation Paper Setting Out Proposals for Reforming the Approach to Clinical Negligence in the NHS: A Report by the Chief Medical Officer (Department of Health 2003) (available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Closedconsultations/ DH_4072363, last accessed 30 December 2007)
-
(2007)
A Report by the Chief Medical Officer
-
-
-
15
-
-
63349111494
-
-
Committee on Banking and Insurance, Report No. 2006-102, The Florida Senate
-
Committee on Banking and Insurance, Florida's Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law (Report No. 2006-102) (The Florida Senate 2005).
-
(2005)
Florida's Motor Vehicle No-Fault Law
-
-
-
16
-
-
0007331283
-
-
See, for example, Insurance Research Council, Insurance Research Council
-
See, for example, Insurance Research Council, Compensation for Automobile Injuries in the United States (Insurance Research Council 1989)
-
(1989)
Compensation for Automobile Injuries in the United States
-
-
-
17
-
-
0003307378
-
Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance Regimes: An Analysis of the Experience in Quebec
-
G. Dionne ed, Kluwer
-
R.A. Devlin, 'Some Welfare Implications of No-Fault Automobile Insurance Regimes: An Analysis of the Experience in Quebec' in G. Dionne (ed.), Contributions to Insurance Economics (Kluwer 1992)
-
(1992)
Contributions to Insurance Economics
-
-
Devlin, R.A.1
-
19
-
-
84925889379
-
Justice and the Argument for No-Fault
-
J.L. Coleman, 'Justice and the Argument for No-Fault' (1974) 3 Social Theory and Practice 161
-
(1974)
Social Theory and Practice
, vol.3
, pp. 161
-
-
Coleman, J.L.1
-
20
-
-
63349089808
-
Lord Pearson)
-
Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury Chairman:, Cmnd
-
Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury (Chairman: Lord Pearson), Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury (Cmnd. 7054-1 1978)
-
(1978)
Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury
, pp. 7054-7061
-
-
-
21
-
-
63349097859
-
-
Credit Suisse First Boston, Accident Compensation: Options for Reform a report prepared for the New Zealand Business Roundtable (New Zealand Business Roundtable 1998).
-
Credit Suisse First Boston, Accident Compensation: Options for Reform a report prepared for the New Zealand Business Roundtable (New Zealand Business Roundtable 1998).
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
63349104549
-
-
The full title of the Commission was 'The Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation', however it is normally called after its chairman, the Honourable Justice Owen Woodhouse.
-
The full title of the Commission was 'The Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation', however it is normally called after its chairman, the Honourable Justice Owen Woodhouse.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
63349108960
-
-
Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand: Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry (1967) (hereafter, 'The Woodhouse Report) at paras 82, 88.
-
Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand: Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry (1967) (hereafter, 'The Woodhouse Report) at paras 82, 88.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
63349105167
-
-
paras 82
-
Ibid., paras 82, 84-85, 87-88.
-
Ibid
-
-
-
25
-
-
63349088944
-
-
Ibid., para 91.
-
Ibid., para 91.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
63349093070
-
-
See also para 90
-
See also para 90.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
63349105344
-
-
See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 71.
-
See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 71.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
63349112546
-
-
paras 82, 106-110, 124-125
-
The Woodhouse Report, paras 82, 106-110, 124-125.
-
The Woodhouse Report
-
-
-
30
-
-
63349102807
-
-
See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 90-93.
-
See also Bovbjerg, Sloan and Rankin, op. cit., n. 6, 90-93.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
22644447443
-
Is There a Future for Tort?
-
See also, for example, 1193
-
See also, for example, J.G. Fleming, 'Is There a Future for Tort?' (1984) 44 Louisiana Law Review 1193, 1203-1204.
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(1984)
Louisiana Law Review
, vol.44
, pp. 1203-1204
-
-
Fleming, J.G.1
-
35
-
-
63349110724
-
-
See also paras 6, 17, 42-46, 55, 84-86
-
See also paras 6, 17, 42-46, 55, 84-86.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
63349092322
-
-
Ibid., para 4.
-
Ibid., para 4.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
38049115218
-
-
This conception of fairness, or something very close to it, is adopted by many protagonists in the debate on moral luck. See, for example, D. Enoch, Luck Between Morality, Law, and Justice, 2007 9 Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Article 2
-
This conception of fairness, or something very close to it, is adopted by many protagonists in the debate on moral luck. See, for example, D. Enoch, 'Luck Between Morality, Law, and Justice' (2007) 9 Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Article 2
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
63349089246
-
Review: Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes and Free Will: Reflections onWallace's Theory
-
Robert Kane, 'Review: Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes and Free Will: Reflections onWallace's Theory' (2002) 64 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 693, 694, 697
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(2002)
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
, vol.64
-
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Kane, R.1
-
39
-
-
0039261355
-
Introduction
-
D. Statman ed, State University of New York Press, at
-
D. Statman, 'Introduction' in D. Statman (ed.), Moral Luck (State University of New York Press 1993) at 2-3.
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(1993)
Moral Luck
, pp. 2-3
-
-
Statman, D.1
-
40
-
-
0002431297
-
-
Luck egalitarians develop this conception of fairness into a comprehensive theory of distributive justice. See, for example, R.J. Arneson, Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare, 1989 56 Philosophical Studies 77
-
Luck egalitarians develop this conception of fairness into a comprehensive theory of distributive justice. See, for example, R.J. Arneson, 'Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare' (1989) 56 Philosophical Studies 77
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
63349085186
-
-
G.A. Cohen, 'On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice' (1989) 99 Ethics 906, or, for a predecessor to these theories, H. Spiegelberg, 'A Defense of Human Equality' (1944) 53 Philosophical Review 101.
-
G.A. Cohen, 'On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice' (1989) 99 Ethics 906, or, for a predecessor to these theories, H. Spiegelberg, 'A Defense of Human Equality' (1944) 53 Philosophical Review 101.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
63349102444
-
-
I henceforth use 'incapacity' as an umbrella term for injury and illness
-
I henceforth use 'incapacity' as an umbrella term for injury and illness.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
63349105023
-
-
I assume here that self-inflicted injuries are within the control of their victims, in fact, some may not be
-
I assume here that self-inflicted injuries are within the control of their victims - in fact, some may not be.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
0041516527
-
Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement
-
See
-
See M.A. Franklin, 'Replacing the Negligence Lottery: Compensation and Selective Reimbursement' (1967) 53 Virginia Law Review 774
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(1967)
Virginia Law Review
, vol.53
, pp. 774
-
-
Franklin, M.A.1
-
45
-
-
63349110497
-
-
Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 418-422
-
Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 418-422
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
33644974813
-
Causation, Compensation and Moral Responsibility
-
D. Owen ed, Oxford University Press, at, esp. at 350, 355
-
C.H. Schroeder, 'Causation, Compensation and Moral Responsibility' in D. Owen (ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press 1995) at 347, esp. at 350, 355
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(1995)
Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law
, pp. 347
-
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Schroeder, C.H.1
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47
-
-
0030924258
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The Injustice of Compensation for Victims of Medical Accidents
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J. Harris, 'The Injustice of Compensation for Victims of Medical Accidents' (1997) 314 British Medical Journal 1821
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(1997)
British Medical Journal 1821
, vol.314
-
-
Harris, J.1
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48
-
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63349100422
-
Accident Law for Egalitarians
-
esp. at 204-213
-
R. Avraham and I. Kohler-Hausmann, 'Accident Law for Egalitarians' (2006) 12 Legal Theory 181, esp. at 204-213.
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(2006)
Legal Theory
, vol.12
, pp. 181
-
-
Avraham, R.1
Kohler-Hausmann, I.2
-
49
-
-
84972172658
-
Should Social Insurance Pay Compensation for Pain and Suffering?
-
A.L. Miller, 'Should Social Insurance Pay Compensation for Pain and Suffering?' (1982) 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 550
-
(1982)
International and Comparative Law Quarterly
, vol.31
, pp. 550
-
-
Miller, A.L.1
-
50
-
-
63349086869
-
-
Law Commission (New Zealand), Personal Injury: Prevention and Recovery - Report on the Accident Compensation Scheme (Report No. 4, Law Commission, 1988)
-
Law Commission (New Zealand), Personal Injury: Prevention and Recovery - Report on the Accident Compensation Scheme (Report No. 4, Law Commission, 1988)
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
63349086582
-
Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy: Future
-
Royal Commission on Social Policy New Zealand
-
Royal Commission on Social Policy (New Zealand), Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy: Future Directions (1988), 757
-
(1988)
Directions
, pp. 757
-
-
-
52
-
-
63349088177
-
-
Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 234
-
Palmer, op. cit., n. 2, 234
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
63349099975
-
-
Harris, op. cit. n. 22
-
Harris, op. cit. n. 22
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
63349108721
-
-
See, for example, Law Commission, op. cit. n. 23
-
See, for example, Law Commission, op. cit. n. 23
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
84957360115
-
Private Insurance, Social Insurance, and Tort Reform: Toward a New Vision of Compensation for Illness and Injury
-
75, esp. at 107ff
-
K.S. Abraham and L. Liebman, 'Private Insurance, Social Insurance, and Tort Reform: Toward a New Vision of Compensation for Illness and Injury' (1993) 93 Columbia Law Review 75, esp. at 107ff.
-
(1993)
Columbia Law Review
, vol.93
-
-
Abraham, K.S.1
Liebman, L.2
-
57
-
-
63349099760
-
-
The Woodhouse Commission appears to have excluded victims out of caution (or perhaps, strategy) rather than principle. It hoped that the boundaries of the New Zealand scheme would be expanded to include natural incapacity at a later date: See The Woodhouse Report, para 290(a):
-
The Woodhouse Commission appears to have excluded victims out of caution (or perhaps, strategy) rather than principle. It hoped that the boundaries of the New Zealand scheme would be expanded to include natural incapacity at a later date: See The Woodhouse Report, para 290(a):
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
63349111180
-
-
'It is possible to argue that if incapacity arising from accident injury is to be the subject of comprehensive community insurance, then interruption of work for reasons of sickness or unemployment, or other causes which cannot be guarded against should equally be included'. See also para 290(b)
-
'It is possible to argue that if incapacity arising from accident injury is to be the subject of comprehensive community insurance, then interruption of work for reasons of sickness or unemployment, or other causes which cannot be guarded against should equally be included'. See also para 290(b)
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
63349105669
-
-
and Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493. An Australian Committee, also chaired by Justice Woodhouse, did recommend the introduction of a no-fault scheme including both injury and illness. See, The National Committee of Inquiry on Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia, Report (1974), 1, paras 39, 226, 347.
-
and Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 493. An Australian Committee, also chaired by Justice Woodhouse, did recommend the introduction of a no-fault scheme including both injury and illness. See, The National Committee of Inquiry on Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia, Report (1974), vol. 1, paras 39, 226, 347.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
63349097183
-
-
See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 3, 414, 493
-
See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 3, 414, 493
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
63349109873
-
-
See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 416-418, 425.
-
See, for example, Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 416-418, 425.
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
63349087368
-
-
One difference in coverage might be that an expanded compensation scheme, justified by the fairness-based argument, would presumably exclude the victims of self-caused or avoidable incapacity, whereas social security and public healthcare systems typically include such persons. See supra n. 20.
-
One difference in coverage might be that an expanded compensation scheme, justified by the fairness-based argument, would presumably exclude the victims of self-caused or avoidable incapacity, whereas social security and public healthcare systems typically include such persons. See supra n. 20.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
63349089091
-
-
One possibility is that injurers could be required to bear the costs of benefits provided to their victims, even if considerations of fairness would require that those benefits be no more generous than those available to the naturally incapacitated. For a similar proposal, see Harris, op. cit. n. 22.
-
One possibility is that injurers could be required to bear the costs of benefits provided to their victims, even if considerations of fairness would require that those benefits be no more generous than those available to the naturally incapacitated. For a similar proposal, see Harris, op. cit. n. 22.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
63349088341
-
-
Stephen Sugarman and Terrence Ison have defended similar conclusions in the context of the wider debate between no-fault and tort law, though not explicitly on fairness-related grounds. See S.D. Sugarman, Doing Away with Tort Law, 1985 73 California Law Review 555
-
Stephen Sugarman and Terrence Ison have defended similar conclusions in the context of the wider debate between no-fault and tort law, though not explicitly on fairness-related grounds. See S.D. Sugarman, 'Doing Away with Tort Law' (1985) 73 California Law Review 555
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
63349102962
-
-
T. Ison, The Forensic Lottery (Staples Press 1967), esp. at chapter 4.
-
T. Ison, The Forensic Lottery (Staples Press 1967), esp. at chapter 4.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
63349089092
-
-
See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 495:
-
See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 495:
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
63349094430
-
-
'[t]he boundaries to the [New Zealand] accident compensation scheme as they presently exist may be hard to defend, but there is no natural limit upon which all can agree. A line has to be drawn somewhere, and wherever it is it will create difficulties and anomalies in relation to cases that are excluded'. See also Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 334-336.
-
'[t]he boundaries to the [New Zealand] accident compensation scheme as they presently exist may be hard to defend, but there is no natural limit upon which all can agree. A line has to be drawn somewhere, and wherever it is it will create difficulties and anomalies in relation to cases that are excluded'. See also Cane, op. cit., n. 1, 334-336.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
63349105828
-
-
See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 412-414, 493-495
-
See Todd, op. cit., n. 2, 412-414, 493-495
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
63349091661
-
-
Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 10-13
-
Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 10-13
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
63349112374
-
-
Oliphant, op. cit., n. 3.
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Oliphant, op. cit., n. 3.
-
-
-
-
72
-
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27844589093
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Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss
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D.G. Owen ed, Oxford University Press
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J.Waldron, 'Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss' in D.G. Owen (ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press 1995).
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(1995)
Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law
-
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Waldron, J.1
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73
-
-
63349109109
-
-
See also The Woodhouse Report, para 85: 'it is a curious fact that ... the extent of liability is not measured by the quality of the defendant's conduct, but by its results. Reprehensible conduct can be followed by feather blows while a moment's inadvertence could call down the heavens'.
-
See also The Woodhouse Report, para 85: 'it is a curious fact that ... the extent of liability is not measured by the quality of the defendant's conduct, but by its results. Reprehensible conduct can be followed by feather blows while a moment's inadvertence could call down the heavens'.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
63349109715
-
-
See Waldron, op. cit., n. 34, 407-408.
-
See Waldron, op. cit., n. 34, 407-408.
-
-
-
-
75
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0347563472
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Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents
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See, for example, 193
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See, for example, G.C. Keating, 'Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents' (2000) 74 Southern California Law Review 193, 193-194.
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, vol.74
, pp. 193-194
-
-
Keating, G.C.1
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76
-
-
63349087365
-
-
Keating claims that 'ordinary morality links responsibility for harm done with the duty to repair that harm, at 193 and that the justice-based justifications for tort law 'acknowledge a prima facie link between responsibility for having inflicted injury and responsibility for repairing the injury inflicted, at 193-194
-
Keating claims that 'ordinary morality links responsibility for harm done with the duty to repair that harm' (at 193) and that the justice-based justifications for tort law 'acknowledge a prima facie link between responsibility for having inflicted injury and responsibility for repairing the injury inflicted' (at 193-194).
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
63349111039
-
-
The special relationship between the injurer and his victim is also emphasised, and adduced in support of tort law, in J.J. Thomson, 'Remarks on Causation and Liability' (1984) 13 Philosophy and Public Affairs 101
-
The special relationship between the injurer and his victim is also emphasised, and adduced in support of tort law, in J.J. Thomson, 'Remarks on Causation and Liability' (1984) 13 Philosophy and Public Affairs 101
-
-
-
-
78
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63349111641
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T. Honoré, 'Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability' (1988) 104 L.Q.R. 530
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T. Honoré, 'Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability' (1988) 104 L.Q.R. 530
-
-
-
-
80
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21144462352
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The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice
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427, esp. at 433-438
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J. Coleman, 'The Mixed Conception of Corrective Justice' (1992) 77 Iowa Law Review 427, esp. at 433-438
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(1992)
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, vol.77
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Coleman, J.1
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81
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21144478652
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The Moral Foundations of Tort Law
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107
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63349106985
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Studdert and collaborators conservatively estimate that even a highly restrictive no-fault system (of the sort existing in Sweden) would pay compensation to at least two to three times as many people as existing tort law schemes. See Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 32.
-
Studdert and collaborators conservatively estimate that even a highly restrictive no-fault system (of the sort existing in Sweden) would pay compensation to at least two to three times as many people as existing tort law schemes. See Studdert, Thomas, Zbar, Newhouse, Weiler, Bayuk et al., op. cit., n. 6, 32.
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108
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Results from a large retrospective study conducted in Utah and Colorado during the 1990s indicated that only 2.5% of patients eligible for compensatory damages in those states filed claims at tort law. This figure increased to 3.8% when patients whose injuries caused no significant or serious disability were excluded. See D.M. Studdert, E.J. Thomas, H.R. Burstin, B.I.W. Zbar, E.J. Orav and T.A. Brennan, 'Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado' (2000) 38 Medical Care 250.
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Results from a large retrospective study conducted in Utah and Colorado during the 1990s indicated that only 2.5% of patients eligible for compensatory damages in those states filed claims at tort law. This figure increased to 3.8% when patients whose injuries caused no significant or serious disability were excluded. See D.M. Studdert, E.J. Thomas, H.R. Burstin, B.I.W. Zbar, E.J. Orav and T.A. Brennan, 'Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado' (2000) 38 Medical Care 250.
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Results from an earlier study in New York State indicated that at most 13% of those eligible for compensation in that state filed suits. See A.R. Localio, A.G. Lawthers, T.A. Brennan, N.M. Laird, L.E. Hebert, L.M. Peterson et al., 'Relation between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events Due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III' (1991) 325 New England Journal of Medicine 245.
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Results from an earlier study in New York State indicated that at most 13% of those eligible for compensation in that state filed suits. See A.R. Localio, A.G. Lawthers, T.A. Brennan, N.M. Laird, L.E. Hebert, L.M. Peterson et al., 'Relation between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events Due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III' (1991) 325 New England Journal of Medicine 245.
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Thomas Pogge explicitly draws an analogy between the special obligations of individuals and the special obligations of societies. He claims that 'your moral reason to mitigate the injuries of an accident victim is stronger if you were materially involved in causing his or her accident, then continuing 'I assert an analogous point also in regard to any social institutions that agents are materially involved in upholding, we should design any institutional order so that it prioritises the mitigation of medical conditions whose incidence it substantially contributes to, See T. Pogge, Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes' in S. Anand, F. Peter and A. Sen (eds, Public Health, Ethics and Equity (Clarendon 2004) at 135
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Thomas Pogge explicitly draws an analogy between the special obligations of individuals and the special obligations of societies. He claims that 'your moral reason to mitigate the injuries of an accident victim is stronger if you were materially involved in causing his or her accident', then continuing 'I assert an analogous point also in regard to any social institutions that agents are materially involved in upholding... we should design any institutional order so that it prioritises the mitigation of medical conditions whose incidence it substantially contributes to'. See T. Pogge, 'Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes' in S. Anand, F. Peter and A. Sen (eds), Public Health, Ethics and Equity (Clarendon 2004) at 135.
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Corrective justice' is, in these theories, understood as a realm of justice that is distinct from distributive or retributive justice
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For criticism of some theoretical arguments for the existence of such special obligations to compensate, see Avraham and Kohler-Hausmann, op. cit., n. 22
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For example, in the United States, tort law was not recognisable as a distinct branch of the law until the late nineteenth century. Nor had the nowdominant concept of negligence been delineated before that time. See, for example, G.E. White, Tort Law in America (Oxford University Press 1980) esp. at 3, 13-19.
-
For example, in the United States, tort law was not recognisable as a distinct branch of the law until the late nineteenth century. Nor had the nowdominant concept of negligence been delineated before that time. See, for example, G.E. White, Tort Law in America (Oxford University Press 1980) esp. at 3, 13-19.
-
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