Free for all lesbians: Lesbian cultural production and consumption in the united states during the 1970s

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 251-275

  Murray, Heather ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOMESTIC CHEMICAL;

ARTICLE; CLOTHING; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; CONSUMER; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; FEMINISM; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; LESBIAN; MASS MEDIUM; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; POLICY; POLITICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC OPINION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED STATES; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

CLOTHING; COMMERCE; CONSUMER PARTICIPATION; CULTURE; FEMALE; FEMINISM; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS; HUMANS; MASS MEDIA; POLITICS; PUBLIC OPINION; PUBLIC POLICY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL PARTNERS; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STEREOTYPING; UNITED STATES; WOMEN; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; WOMEN, WORKING;

EID: 63249093358     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sex.2007.0046     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. On sexism in the gay male movement see Toby Marotta, The Politics of Homosexuality(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 234, 239. Marotta also mentions the somewhat transient attempts to form specific women-only groups within Gay Liberation such as the Gay Women's Liberation Front, a group of twelve women led by Deni Corello in 1971 and 1972 (275).
2. See also Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (1999; New York: Touchstone, 2001), 85 ff.; and Nancy Tucker, "F-- You, 'Brothers'! or Yet Another Woman Leaves the Gay Liberation Movement," Ladder 15, nos. 11-12 (1971): 52-53. For a revision to this thinking see Marc Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945-1972 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), in which he demonstrates that some gay men and lesbians remained strong activist partners; for example, he points out that at times Radicalesbians, authors of the famous The Woman Identified Woman, worked with radical gay-and nongay-men (368). In 1970 Betty Friedan, president of the National Organization of Women (NOW), referred to the lesbian platform as the "lavender menace," suggesting that lesbians would hamper the feminist movement and taint its publicity. On the problems between heterosexual and lesbian women within American women's liberation groups see Dana Heller, Cross Purposes: Lesbians, Feminists, and the Limits of Alliance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); and Nancy Myron and Charlotte Bunch, Lesbianism and the Women's Movement (Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975).
3. See also John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (1988; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 316. Finally, see Charlotte Bunch's essay, originally published in 1975, "Not for Lesbians Only," in Passionate Politics: Feminist Theory in Action, 1968-1986 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), 174-81.
4. See Verta Taylor and Leila Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19, no. 1 (1993): 32-61, at 37.
5. See also Shane Phelan, Identity Politics: Lesbian Feminism and the Limits of Community (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 43. For a discussion on the impetus for 1970s radical lesbianism see Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America (New York: Penguin, 1991), 211 ff., and on lesbians and cultural feminism see 248-49. In her work Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-75 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989) Alice Echols places lesbian feminists within the traditions of both radical and cultural feminism. Finally, for a discussion of different activist traditions and ideological imperatives amongst lesbian feminists see Katherine Arnup, "Lesbian Feminist Theory," Resources for Feminist Research 12, no. 1 (1983): 53, 54.
6. See Arlene Stein, Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 37-39, 121. It should be noted that even nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century sexologists felt confused by the normalcy of emotional and even physical intimacy between women and were not always sure how to categorize it.
7. See George Chauncey's treatment of the sexologist Havelock Ellis in his "From Sexual Inversion to Homosexual," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 87-118. See also Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, 220. Charlotte Bunch declared that "lesbianism is more than a question of civil rights and culture; ⋯ lesbian feminist politics ⋯ is a commitment to women as a political group which is the basis of a political/economic strategy leading to power for women."
8. See Nancy Myron and Charlotte Bunch, eds., Lesbianism and the Women's Movement (Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975), 10.
9. On lesbian separatism see, for example, Charlotte Bunch, "Learning from Lesbian Separatism," in Lavender Culture, ed. Karla Jay and Allen Young (New York: A Jove/HBJ Book, 1978), 435.
10. See also Jill Johnston, Lesbian Nation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973). For more contemporary accounts see Lisa Ransdell, "Lesbian Feminism and the Feminist Movement," in Women: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Jo Freeman (Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1995), 641-53, at 648; or Bonnie Zimmerman, The Safe Sea of Women: Lesbian Fiction, 1969-1989 (Boston: Beacon, 1990), 119 ff. On the broader impetus for utopian separation in this period
11. see Timothy Miller, The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1999), esp. 138 ff. It is estimated that there were over three thousand separatist communities in the United States in 1971; see Mary Isabelle Kilchenstein, "Extremes of the Contemporary Communal Frontier," in Utopias: The American Experience, ed. Gairdner B. Moment and Otto F. Kraushaar (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1980), 153-78.
12. See also the Alternatives Foundation's publication Modern Man in Search of Utopia (San Francisco: Alternatives Foundation, 1971) for the utopian projects of green communities, urban gardens, alternative nonbiological families, Gestalt communes, and growth centers. On the nineteenth-century flavor of these communities see, for example, Dolores Hayden, The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighborhoods, and Cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981).
13. On this particular community and lesbian back-to-the-land movements in general see Catriona Sandilands, "Rainbow's End? Lesbian Separatism and the Ongoing Politics of Ecotopia," in Feminist Utopias: Re-visioning Our Futures, ed. Margrit Eichler et al. (Toronto: Inanna, 2002), 37-50.
14. Stein, Sex and Sensibility, 117.
15. See, for example, Nancy Groschwitz, "Practical Economics for a Women's Community," in Jay and Young, Lavender Culture, 481.
16. See Jean Bradford, "Imaginings and Dreams for the Future: A Psychologist Looks at Possibilities for Communal Consciousness and Communes," in Moment and Kraushaar, Utopias, 140-52.
17. On the countercultural revision of materialism see Miller, The 60s Communes, 171.
18. See also David E. Shi, The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). A copy of the Port Huron statement can be found online at http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/ sixties/HTML-docs/Resources/Primary/ Manifestos/SDS-Port-Huron.html.
19. Charles A. Reich, The Greening of America (New York: Random House, 1970), 204.
20. Heinz Kohut, The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders (New York: International Universities Press, 1971), 128. Kohut suggests that narcissistic patients, whom he sees as characteristic of contemporary life, may lose themselves in particular consumption pursuits.
21. See also Donald K. Freedheim, A History of Psychotherapy: A Century of Change (Arlington, Va.: American Psychological Association, 1992), 52-54.
22. This comment was quoted in Rodger Streitmatter, Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 245.
23. See, for example, John D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. Ann Snitow et al. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 107, and reprinted in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove et al. (New York: Routledge, 1993), 474. On gay and lesbian institutions in Philadelphia see Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 57-81. More mainstream periodicals, such as the Advocate, which started in 1967, catered to a gay sensibility rooted in consumerism, including reports on movies, fashion, furniture, and the bar scene. On the history of the Advocate
24. see Rodger Streitmatter, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995), 83.
25. See M. V. Lee Badgett, Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 108-9.
26. On the psychological importance and meaning of objects see Leora Auslander, "Beyond Words," American Historical Review 110, no. 4 (2005): 1015-45.
27. I find Nancy Walker's definition of domesticity particularly helpful. Beyond housekeeping and the physical aspects of the home, Walker defines domesticity as "social relationships, child rearing practices, personal well being, purchasing habits, recreation, neighborhoods, gardening, civic involvement, food preferences, health, and personal appearances." See her Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000), viii.
28. Kay Silk, "Lesbian Novels in the Fifties," Focus, August 1973, 1-5, at 4.
29. See Hayden, The Grand Domestic Revolution, 23. On the proliferation of single family homes and cars in the 1950s
30. see Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 122.
31. See, for example, Gary Cross, Kids' Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997). On the exclusivity of youth culture in the postwar period see Kenn Plummer, "Intimate Citizenship and the Culture of Sexual Story Telling," in Sexual Cultures: Community, Values and Intimacy, ed. Jeffrey Weeks and Janet Holland (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996), 34-52, at 40.
32. Joan Larkin, "Rhyme of My Inheritance," from her Housework (1975), reprinted in Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time: An Anthology, ed. Carl Morse and Joan Larkin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), 219.
33. "Correspondence, Autobiography re. Lesbian/Woman, 1972-79," "Dear Del and Phyl," 29 October 1973, 1-4, at 3, box 22, file 22, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon Papers (93-13), Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Historical Society, San Francisco.
34. On the stock theme of the tomboy in lesbian memoirs see Lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, eds., Tomboys: Tales of Dyke Derring-Do (Los Angeles: Alyson, 1992).
35. See also "Correspondence, Autobiography re. Lesbian/Woman, 1972-79," and "Correspondence, Young Women, 1972-79," box 24, file 5, Martin and Lyon Papers.
36. See Lavender Woman 3, no. 1 (1974): 15.
37. See Erika Doss, Twentieth-Century American Art (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 187-89
38. Badgett, Money, Myths and Change, 109.
39. On a broader feminist anticonsumption stance see Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, 316
40. On lesbian feminist periodicals see Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 160 ff.; see also Lynne D. Shapiro, ed., Write on, Woman! A Writers' Guide to U.S. Women's/Feminist/Lesbian Alternate Press Periodicals (New York: Privately published, 1978), 14-16.
41. Focus, March 1971, 8.
42. Lesbian Tide, March 1974, 16. For details on the Tide see Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 160 ff., 180.
43. See Susan Brownmiller, Femininity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 93; Becki Ross, The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 85-111; and Deborah Goleman Wolf, The Lesbian Community (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 85. On the popularization of the notion of the "male gaze" during this period and the feminist art that rejected it see Doss, Twentieth-Century American Art, 184 ff. Here she discusses the noted 1975 essay of film maker Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," an essay that circulated the notion of the "male gaze" widely and "linked acts of looking and representation with the construction of male and female identity." Finally, on African American lesbian style see Vivienne Louise, "Crossing that Bridge," in The Original Coming out Stories, ed. Julia Penelope and Susan J. Wolfe (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing, 1980), 250-67. Louise moved from Washington, D.C., to Oakland, California, during the mid-1970s to participate in the lesbian movement there. She emphasized that the black lesbians she had known were more likely to wear a range in attire from pants and sweaters to dresses, high heels, and makeup; for them, "dress-up was the creed, with an accent on either 'standard prep' or 'in vogue,'" in sharp contrast to the white lesbians she had met, who were more likely to wear "jeans, flannel shirts, and soft-soled shoes" (265).
44. See Elizabeth Wilson, Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 234.
45. See Wolf, The Lesbian Community, 85. I should note that at times this unisexual look could overlap with a butch look, including shorter hair, jeans, work boots, etc.
46. See "No More Miss America! 10 Points of Protest," in Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Movement, ed. Robin Morgan (New York: Random House, 1970), 521-24.
47. See Tom Kemp, The Climax of Capitalism: The U.S. Economy in the Twentieth Century(London: Longman, 1990); and Leonard Silk, ed., The U.S. and the World Economy: The Postwar Years (New York: Arno, 1976).
48. In her book on the Arts and Crafts movement in Britain and the United States Eileen Boris argues that the British movement, as characterized by John Ruskin and William Morris, was most centrally committed to a condemnation of industrial capitalism and the idea of art as a stage for the social struggle. The American movement, on the other hand, was not as oppositional but more an alternative way of life within the existing system, one that prized the cultivation of art in daily life.
49. See Eileen Boris, Art and Labor: Ruskin, Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
50. Reich, The Greening of America, 8, which includes the Port Huron statement.
51. On consumer culture, leisure, and time see Gary Cross, Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1993).
52. Pat Mainardi, "The Politics of Housework," in Morgan, Sisterhood Is Powerful, 447-55, at 451
53. Kady Van Deurs, The Notebooks that Emma Gave Me: The Autobiography of a Lesbian(Youngsville, N.Y.: Privately published, 1978), 135.
54. Ibid., 138.
55. On the difficulties of lesbians in the 1970s labor economy see Badgett, Money, Myths and Change, 111.
56. Shapiro, Write on, Woman, 15.
57. Lesbian Connection 3, no. 4 (1977): 4.
58. On the commitment to "buy black" and race loyalty and solidarity in consumption see Cheryl Greenberg, "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work," in Consumer Society in American History, ed. Lawrence Glickman (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999), 241-73, at 245. On African American boycotts and protests and the "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" campaign of the 1930s see Robert E. Weems, Jr., Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumption in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 56-69.
59. See also Douglas J. Goodman and Mirelle Cohen, Consumer Culture: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2004), 78 ff.; and Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, 44 ff., 383.
60. Lesbian Connection 1, no. 7 (1977): 26.
61. Lesbian Connection 4, no. 4 (1978): 15.
62. Rodger Streitmatter tells the story of this pledge from Jeanne Cordova, the founder of the Lesbian Tide (Unspeakable, 161).
63. See Elizabeth Kennedy and Madeline Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (1993; New York: Penguin, 1994).
64. Lesbian Tide, June 1972, 9. For other similar lesbian bar ads see Lesbian Tide, June 1973, 44.
65. See Stein, Sex and Sensibility, 100-103.
66. Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, 237.
67. On butch-femme articulations and rejections during this period see Joan Nestle, "The Femme Question," in The Persistent Desire: A Butch-Fem Reader (Boston: Allyson, 1992), 64 ff.
68. See also Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, 210. The rejection of butch-femme roles was also a white lesbian feminist strategy. Lillian Faderman found in her study of the revival of butch-femme roles in the 1980s and 1990s that a study of black lesbians in Harlem in the 1970s revealed that only 17 percent of those interviewed would not have identified themselves as butch or femme, and she speculates that many black lesbians felt alienated from lesbian feminism accordingly.
69. See Faderman, "The Return of Butch and Fem: A Phenomenon of Lesbian Sexuality in the 1980s and 90s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, no. 4 (1992): 578-96.
70. On "treating" and other details of lesbian courtship
71. see Kennedy and Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold, 237 ff.
72. On the sense of decontextualized, boundless markets that emerged in the consumer culture of the twentieth century
73. see Timothy B. Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995).
74. See also Jean-Christophe Agnew, Worlds Apart: The Market and the Theater in Anglo-American Thought, 1550-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 9, 25 ff., and 97 on the emergence of a "placeless market."
75. Lesbian Connection 1, no. 8 (1975): 24.
76. Lesbian Connection 2, no. 1 (1976): 26.
77. Lesbian Connection 2, no. 2 (1976): 21.
78. Lesbian Connection 3, no. 3 (1977): 23.
79. Lesbian Connection 4, no. 4 (1978): 15.
80. Lesbian Connection 3, no. 3 (1977): 23.
81. See Doss, Twentieth-Century American Art, 151; she discusses Bruce Conner's collage box Looking Glass, 1964.
82. Here I am thinking of Canadian women writers whose works had received some international recognition during these years, particularly Margaret Atwood's The Edible Woman(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1969) and Alice Munro's short story collections, such as her Dance of the Happy Shades (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1968) and her Lives of Girls and Women (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1971). In the American context I think of the poetry of Adrienne Rich, such as her 1967 collection Snapshots of a Daughter in Law (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), and Anne Sexton's "Housewife," in Complete Poems (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 77.
83. On the idea of gifting see Lewis Hyde, The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (New York: Random House, 1979), 66 ff.
84. Lesbian Connection 3, no. 8 (1978): 16.
85. Lesbian Connection 2, no. 2 (1976): 22.
86. The Port Huron statement, for example, denounced the subordination of the arts to the commercial market. For the nineteenth-century perspective see Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Literature and Art: Selections from Their Writings (New York: International Publishers, 1947), 63.
87. See also Spears, 100 Years on the Road, xiv; and Agnew, Worlds Apart, 6. Finally, see Hyde's discussion of Walt Whitman in The Gift, 199 ff., and T. J. Jackson Lears's discussion of the Emersonian ideal of the artist, set apart from the marketplace and the American mainstream, in his Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 264 ff.
88. See Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).
89. See Hazel G. Warlaumont, Advertising in the 60s: Turncoats, Traditionalists, and Wastemakers in America's Turbulent Decade (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001), 63 (on Peter Max) and 76, 98 (on the "Young Turks" of the advertising industry).
90. On this theme of countercultural co-optation see Patrick Brantlinger, Bread and Circuses: Theories of Mass Culture as Social Decay (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 32.
91. See also Goodman and Cohen, Consumer Culture: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2004), 51 ff.
92. See Thomas Frank, The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 60 ff. (for his discussion of the Volkswagen Beetle).
93. Lesbian Connection 4, no. 4 (1978): 15.
94. Hyde, The Gift, 168.
95. Lesbian Connection 1, no. 8 (1975): 24.
96. For a discussion on the outpouring of women's creativity in the 1970s
97. see Gayle Kimball, ed., Women's Culture: The Women's Renaissance of the Seventies (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1981). Writing of the self had gained some broader credence during the 1970s. As Marlene Schiwy notes, the 1970s saw the publication of Anaïs Nin's diary as well as the introduction of Journal Workshops at universities offered by psychologist Ira Progoff, among others.
98. See Marlene A. Schiwy, A Voice of Her Own: Women and the Journal Writing Journey (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 20. For lesbians specifically
99. see Karla Jay and Allen Young, After You're Out: Personal Experiences of Gay Men and Lesbian Women (New York: Quick Fox, 1975).
100. See Karin Quimby, "Notes for a Musical History of Lesbian Consciousness," in Cross- Purposes: Lesbians, Feminists, and the Limits of Alliance, ed. Dana Heller (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 187, 189. The overwhelming amount of fan mail that Holly Near received containing personal testimony speaks to the emotional and ideational wallop of lesbian folk music during this period. See the boxes and boxes of fan mail to Holly Near in her manuscript collection, series 2, folders 216-344, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University.
101. Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 165.
102. Among the founders of Olivia Records was Ginny Berson, who also started her own lesbian periodical, the Furies (ibid., 166).
103. See "Olivia," series 2, folder 162, Near Papers.
104. See Jerry L. Rodnitzky, Feminist Phoenix: The Rise and Fall of a Feminist Counterculture(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999), 70.
105. Lesbian Connection 2, no. 1 (1976): 26
106. "Olivia," series 2, folder 162, Near Papers.
107. Esther Newton believes that the rejection of lesbian bar cultures reflected class-related condescension. For a discussion of working-class alienation from lesbian feminism see Newton's collection of essays and personal reflections, Margaret Mead Made Me Gay: Personal Essays, Public Ideas (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000), 205 ff. On this point see also Kate Brandt's interview with Dorothy Allison, "Telling Tales, Telling Truths," in Happy Endings: Lesbian Writers Talk about Their Lives and Work (Tallahassee, Fl.: Naiad, 1993), 9-18.
108. For her analysis of Norman Rockwell in particular see Michele Bogart, Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 72 ff.
109. See, for example, the interview with Barbara Smith entitled "Where Has Gay Liberation Gone?" in Homo-Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life, ed. Amy Gluckman and Betsy Reed (New York: Routledge, 1997), 195 ff.
110. Two books from this period shed light on what a besieged identity lesbianism could be during the 1970s: Susan Krieger, The Mirror Dance: Identity in a Women's Community(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), for which seventy-eight women in a lesbian community in a midwestern town were interviewed; and Barbara Ponse, Identities in the Lesbian World: The Social Construction of Self (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1978), which features interviews with seventy-five lesbians.
111. Hyde, The Gift, 273.
112. Joe Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), 221.
113. On the print of human activity on products see Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 34. For a summary of Lasch's arguments see Michael Schudson, "Delectable Materialism: Second Thoughts on Consumer Culture," in Glickman, Consumer Society in American History, 341-58, at 345.
114. T. J. Jackson Lears, "Reconsidering Abundance: A Plea for Ambiguity," in Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, ed. Susan Strasser et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 449-66, at 466
115. Doug Rossinow, "The Revolution Is about Our Lives," in Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and 70s, ed. Peter Braunstein and Michael William Doyle (New York: Routledge, 2002), 99-124; see also his The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity and the New Lef in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).