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1
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84892337855
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In US patent law, the cor respondin requirement is called 'non-obviousness'.
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In US patent law, the cor respondin requirement is called 'non-obviousness'.
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2
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84892212781
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See Art. 56 of the European Patent Convention (EPC): http://www.european- patent-office.org/legal/epc/e/ar56.html#A56.
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3
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84892195438
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Trademarks as an innovation indicator are discussed in Schmoch 2003b or Mendonca et al. 2004.
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Trademarks as an innovation indicator are discussed in Schmoch (2003b) or Mendonca et al. (2004).
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4
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84892265848
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As to the appropriateness of patents as a technology indicator, see Schmoch and Hinze 2004 and the references cited there.
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As to the appropriateness of patents as a technology indicator, see Schmoch and Hinze (2004) and the references cited there.
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5
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84892303795
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Sometimes the definition of Europe does not only include applications at the EPO, but at any national patent office within Europe as well. For reasons of simplicity and as the statistical effect is restricted, we focus on parallel applications at USPTO, JPO and EPO only. While non-European applicants almost always use the path of the EPO to get a European application, this might not be the case for all European applicants, who may submit make a national filing in their home country and subsequent filings at the JPO and USPTO - for example using the PCT path - without any EPO application, if they do not intend to file in any further European country. From an empirical perspective, this is only seldom the case, though especially the European applicants have a small 'disadvantage' with the approach used here and so their number of triadic patents might be underestimated in this respect.
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Sometimes the definition of Europe does not only include applications at the EPO, but at any national patent office within Europe as well. For reasons of simplicity and as the statistical effect is restricted, we focus on parallel applications at USPTO, JPO and EPO only. While non-European applicants almost always use the path of the EPO to get a European application, this might not be the case for all European applicants, who may submit make a national filing in their home country and subsequent filings at the JPO and USPTO - for example using the PCT path - without any EPO application, if they do not intend to file in any further European country. From an empirical perspective, this is only seldom the case, though especially the European applicants have a small 'disadvantage' with the approach used here and so their number of triadic patents might be underestimated in this respect.
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6
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84892230814
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Direct comparisons of our results with the results published by the OECD 2005b reveal that our approach leads to 50-80 per cent higher numbers of triadic patent applications for most European countries and about 140-160 per cent more filings for those countries, where the US data play a very prominent role except US inventor s themselves e.g. GBR, CAN, SWE, FIN.
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Direct comparisons of our results with the results published by the OECD (2005b) reveal that our approach leads to 50-80 per cent higher numbers of triadic patent applications for most European countries and about 140-160 per cent more filings for those countries, where the US data play a very prominent role (except US inventor s themselves) e.g. GBR, CAN, SWE, FIN.
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7
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84892221150
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Cf. Amable and Verspagen 1995, Boskin and Lau 1992, Cur zio et al. 1994, Dosi et al 1990, Fagerberg 1988; 1997, Freeman and Soete 1997, Gomulka 1990, Gustavsso et al. 1997, Mowery and Rosenberg 1989, Porter 1998, Wakelin 1997.
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Cf. Amable and Verspagen (1995), Boskin and Lau (1992), Cur zio et al. (1994), Dosi et al (1990), Fagerberg (1988; 1997), Freeman and Soete (1997), Gomulka (1990), Gustavsso et al. (1997), Mowery and Rosenberg (1989), Porter (1998), Wakelin (1997).
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8
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84892293433
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With the definition or scope of this study, we focus on technical innovations. This does not mean that innovations only take place in the industrial sector; the opposite is true. Especially in the service sector, many creative and innovative novelties are invented and brought to the market. By definition and as a matter of fact, patents and patent statistics aim at technological inventions and innovations. The number of technical innovations originating in the service sector is restricted. For example, only 3-5 per cent of all patents are filed by service companies Blind et al. 2003b; Blind & Frietsch 2003; Frietsch 2004a.
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With the definition or scope of this study, we focus on technical innovations. This does not mean that innovations only take place in the industrial sector; the opposite is true. Especially in the service sector, many creative and innovative novelties are invented and brought to the market. By definition and as a matter of fact, patents and patent statistics aim at technological inventions and innovations. The number of technical innovations originating in the service sector is restricted. For example, only 3-5 per cent of all patents are filed by service companies (Blind et al. 2003b; Blind & Frietsch 2003; Frietsch 2004a).
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9
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84892314924
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kj indicating the number of patent applications of country k in the technology field j for further details cf. Nesta & Patel 2004 and Chapter 1.
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kj indicating the number of patent applications of country k in the technology field j (for further details cf. Nesta & Patel 2004 and Chapter 1).
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