The Bretton Woods-GATT system after sixty-five years: A balance sheet of success and failure

Columbia Journal of Transnational Law

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 31-71

  Gardner, Richard N ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 63149153292     PISSN: 00101931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Editorial, International Trade, THE TIMES, Jan. 11, 1941 at 5, available at http://find.galegroup.com (search "The Times Digital Archive" for "international trade"; then go to citations 121-140 and follow hyperlink 140 to article).
2. 389 PARL. DEB., H.C. (5th ser.) (1943) 702.
3. Id.
4. Telegram from Winant to Secretary Morgenthau (Apr. 12, 1944), in HARRY DEXTER WHITE PAPERS, at No. 2990 (Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton Univ. Library).
5. Paul Einzig, Parliamentary Opinion Stiffening Against White Plan, THE FINANCIAL NEWS, May 12, 1943, at 2.
6. 138 PARL. DEB., H.L. (5th ser.) (1945) 754.
7. Id. at 838.
8. 425 PARL. DEB., H.C. (5th ser.) (1946) 1639.
9. See Dictator of the World, WALL ST. J., Mar. 30, 1943, at 6 (discussing that the degree of regimentation necessary for nations to participate in this monetary system would ultimately result in member nations surrendering sovereign powers to the directing board of the new World-bank system).
10. Editorial, A "New" World Currency?, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 30, 1943, at 20.
11. ECONOMIC POLICY COMMISSION, PLACE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE POST-WAR ECONOMY 14-15 (Am. Bankers Ass'n 1943) (emphasis omitted).
12. The Guaranty Survey, Vol. 23, No. 2, May 27, 1943, at 2.
13. 91 CONG. REC. 6, 7573 (1945).
14. Id.
15. AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION, PRACTICAL INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION: THROUGH AMENDMENTS TO BRETTON WOODS PROPOSALS 18 (1945).
16. 19 U.S.C. § 1351 (2008).
17. U.N. Dep't of Pub. Info., Global Progress in Economic and Human Development: 1950-2000, U.N. Doc. DPI/2171/G (June 2001), available at http://www.un.org/reports/financing/progress.htm (updated in DPI communication to author).
18. JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, MAKING GLOBALIZATION WORK 4 (W.W. Norton & Co. 2006).
19. David Dollar & Aart Kraay, Trade, Growth, and Property, 114 ECON. J. F22, F22-F49 (2004).
20. Press Release, Secretary-General, Addressing Participants at Millennium Forum, Calls for Intensified 'NGO Revolution,' U.N. Doc. SG/SM/7411 (May 22, 2000).
21. 386 PARL. DEB., H.C. (5th ser.) (1943) 826.
22. UNITED STATES DEPT. OF STATE, 2 PROCEEDINGS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS MONETARY AND FINANCIAL CONFERENCE, BRETTON WOODS, N.H., July 1-22, 1944, at 1227 (1948) (address of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., U.S. Treas. Sec'y).
23. RICHARD N. GARDNER, STERLING DOLLAR DIPLOMACY 90-91 (McGraw Hill 1969) (1956).
24. 131 PARL. DEB., H.L. (5th ser.) (1944) 845.
25. Second Amendment of Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, art. IV, Apr. 30, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 2203 (effective date Apr. 1, 1978).
26. Press Release, International Monetary Fund, Communiqué of the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, No. 07/236 (Oct. 20, 2007).
27. John Thornhill, Dominique Strauss-Kahn: Socialist Aims to Broaden Political Part of IMF Role, FINANCIAL TIMES, Oct. 17, 2007, http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?ct=0&id=071017000347&nclick-check=1 (last visited Nov. 17, 2008) (alteration in original).
28. See Geoffrey G. B. Brow, The Tobin Tax: Turning Soros into Plowshares?, 9 TRANSNAT'L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS. 345, 369-70 (1999).
29. See, e.g., STIGLITZ, supra note 18, at 153.
30. See, e.g., SANJEEV GUPTA ET AL., THE IMF AND THE POOR (IMF Pamphlet Series No. 52, 1998);
31. INT'L MONETARY FUND, SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE IMF's POLICY DIALOGUE (Mar. 2001), http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/SOCIAL.HTM.
32. Compare Joseph E. Stiglitz, Capital-Market Liberalization, Globalization, and the IMF, 20 OXFORD REV. ECON. POL'Y 63 (2004) (discussing how IMF-backed capital market liberalization led to economic instability) and Stiglitz, supra note 18 (providing a critical view of the impact of the IMF's policies), with Stanley Fischer, First Deputy Managing Director, Int'l Monetary Fund, Remarks at the Institute of Policy Studies, Singapore: Asia and the IMF (June 1, 2001) available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2001/ 060101.htm (contrary view of IMF policies and reforms).
33. Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund art. I, para, v, July 22, 1944, 60 Stat. 1401, 2 U.N.T.S. 39 (1947).
34. See, e.g., Craig W. Mandell, Balance of Powers: Recognizing the Uruguay Round Agreement Act's Anti-Bootlegging Provisions as a Constitutional Exercise of Congress's Commerce Clause Authority, 54 J. COPYRIGHT SOC'Y 673 (2007).
35. EDWARD S. KAPLAN, AMERICAN TRADE POLICY 1923-1995 54 (Greenwood Press 1996).
36. JOHN H. JACKSON, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF GATT AND THE WTO 216 (Cambridge Univ. Press 2000).
37. See Joanne Gowa & Soo Yeon Kim, An Exclusive Country Club: The Effects of the GATT on Trade, 1950-94, 57 WORLD POL. 453, 469 (2005) (stating that GATT exerted "a positive and significant impact on trade between industrial states").
38. See RICHARD N. GARDNER, STERLING- DOLLAR DIPLOMACY 376 (McGraw Hill 1969) (1956).
39. Robert B. Zoellick, President, The World Bank Group, A Challenge of Economic Statecraft (Apr. 2, 2008), http://web.worldbank.org (search "A Challenge of Economic Statecraft" then click first hyperlink).
40. Morgenthau, Jr., supra note 22.
41. Interview with Paul G. Hoffman, Administrator, Economic Cooperation Administration, in N.Y., N.Y. (Oct. 25, 1964).
42. G.A. Res. 60/157, ¶ 17, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/157 (Feb. 23, 2006).
43. James Wolfensohn, President, World Bank, Keynote Address at the Woodrow Wilson International Center: A Partnership for Development and Peace (Mar. 6, 2002), http://go.worldbank.org/HCSIKINXD0.