Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid revascularization

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1060-1068

  Moulakakis, Konstantinos G ^a   Mylonas, Spyridon N ^a   Sfyroeras, Giorgos S ^a   Andrikopoulos, Vasilios ^a  

^a RED CROSS HOSPITAL   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; DIHYDRALAZINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; MANNITOL; NITRATE; NORPHENAZONE; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; APHASIA; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BREATH HOLDING; CARBON DIOXIDE BREATHING; CAROTID ARTERY; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CEREBRAL HYPERPERFUSION SYNDROME; CEREBRAL REVASCULARIZATION; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC DISCHARGE; FOCAL EPILEPSY; HEADACHE; HEMIANOPIA; HEMIPARESIS; HEMIPLEGIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERVENTILATION; INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN SATURATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEDATION; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STENT; SURGICAL RISK; SYNDROME;

ANGIOPLASTY; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; RISK FACTORS; STENTS; SYNDROME; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 63049087587     PISSN: 07415214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.11.026     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Hobson II R.W., Mackey W.C., Ascher E., Murad M.H., Calligaro K.D., Comerota A.J., et al., Society for Vascular Surgery. Management of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 4 (2008) 480-486
2. van Mook W.N., Rennenberg R.J., Schurink G.W., van Oostenbrugge R.J., Mess W.H., Hofman P.A., and de Leeuw P.W. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Lancet Neurol 4 (2005) 877-888
3. Coutts S.B., Hill M.D., and Hu W.Y. Hyperperfusion syndrome: toward a stricter definition. Neurosurgery 53 (2003) 1053-1060
4. Adhiyaman V., and Alexander S. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy. QJM 100 (2007) 239-244
5. Abou-Chebl A., Reginelli J., Bajzer C.T., and Yadav J.S. Intensive treatment of hypertension decreases the risk of hyperperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid artery stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69 (2007) 690-696
6. Kablak-Ziembicka A., Przewlocki T., Pieniazek P., Musialek P., Motyl R., Moczulski Z., and Tracz W. Assessment of flow changes in the circle of Willis after stenting for severe internal carotid artery stenosis. J Endovasc Ther 13 (2006) 205-213
7. Safian R.D., Bresnahan J.F., Jaff M.R., Foster M., Bacharach J.M., Maini B., et al., CREATE Pivotal Trial Investigators. Protected carotid stenting in high-risk patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006) 2384-2389
8. Solomon R.A., Loftus C.M., Quest D.O., and Correll J.W. Incidence and etiology of intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 64 (1986) 29-34
9. Piepgras D.G., Morgan M.K., Sundt Jr. T.M., Yanagihara T., and Mussman L.M. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 68 (1988) 532-536
10. Pomposelli F.B., Lamparello P.J., Riles T.S., Craighead C.C., Giangola G., and Imparato A.M. Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 7 (1988) 248-255
11. Wilson P.V., and Ammar A.D. The incidence of ischemic stroke versus intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: a review of 2452 cases. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 1-4
12. Abou-Chebl A., Yadav J.S., Reginelli J.P., Bajzer C., Bhatt D., and Krieger D.W. Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1596-1601
13. Sundt T.M., Sandok B.A., and Whisnant J.P. Carotid endarterectomy. Complications and preoperative assessment of risk. Mayo Clin Proc 50 (1975) 301-306
14. Spetzler R.F., Wilson C.B., Weinstein P., Mehdorn M., Townsend J., and Telles D. Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough theory. Clin Neurosurg 25 (1978) 651-672
15. Sundt Jr. T.M., Sharbrough F.W., Piepgras D.G., Kearns T.P., Messick Jr. J.M., and O'Fallon W.M. Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy: with results of surgery and hemodynamics of cerebral ischaemia. Mayo Clin Proc 56 (1981) 533-543
16. Ogasawara K., Inoue T., Kobayashi M., Endo H., Yoshida K., Fukuda T., et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomy: diagnostic utility of intraoperative transcranial Doppler ultrasonography compared with single-photon emission computed tomography study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 252-257
17. Hosoda K., Kawaguchi T., Shibata Y., Kamei M., Kidoguchi K., Koyama J., et al. Cerebral vasoreactivity and internal carotid artery flow help to identify patients at risk for hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 32 (2001) 1567-1573
18. Hosoda K., Kawaguchi T., Ishii K., Minoshima S., Shibata Y., Iwakura M., et al. Prediction of hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy by brain SPECT analysis with semiquantitative statistical mapping method. Stroke 34 (2003) 1187-1193
19. Yoshimoto T., Shirasaka T., Yoshizumi T., Fujimoto S., Kaneko S., and Kashiwaba T. Evaluation of carotid distal pressure for prevention of hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy. Surg Neurol 63 (2005) 554-558
20. Suga Y., Ogasawara K., Saito H., Komoribayashi N., Kobayashi M., Inoue T., et al. Preoperative cerebral hemodynamic impairment and reactive oxygen species produced during carotid endarterectomy correlate with development of postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion. Stroke 38 (2007) 2712-2717
21. Ascher E., Markevich N., Schutzer R.W., Kallakuri S., Jacob T., and Hingorani A.P. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: predictive factors and haemodynamic changes. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 769-777
22. du Mesnil de Rochemont R., Schneider S., Yan B., Lehr A., Sitzer M., and Berkefeld J. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging lesions after filter-protected stenting of high-grade symptomatic carotid artery stenoses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (2006) 1321-1325
23. Imai K., Mori T., Izumoto H., Watanabe M., and Majima K. Emergency carotid artery stent placement in patients with acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 1249-1258
24. Karapanayiotides T., Meuli R., Devuyst G., Piechowski-Jozwiak B., Dewarrat A., Ruchat P., et al. Postcarotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion or reperfusion syndrome. Stroke 36 (2005) 21-26
25. Aslid R. Cerebral hemodynamics, pulsatility and resistant indices. In: David W., Newell D.W., and Aslid R. (Eds). Transcranial Doppler (1992), Raven Press, New York 51-52
26. Sfyroeras G., Karkos C.D., Liasidis C., Spyridis C., Dimitriadis A.S., Kouskouras K., and Gerassimidis T.S. The impact of carotid stenting on the hemodynamic parameters and cerebrovascular reactivity of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. J Vasc Surg 44 (2006) 1016-1022
27. Reigel M.M., Hollier L.H., Sundt Jr. T.M., Piepgras D.G., Sharbrough F.W., and Cherry K.J. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome: a cause of neurologic dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 5 (1987) 628-634
28. Sbarigia E., Speziale F., Giannoni M.F., Colonna M., Panico M.A., and Fiorani P. Post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion syndrome: preliminary observations for identifying at-risk patients by transcranial Doppler sonography and the acetazolamide test. Eur J Vasc Surg 7 (1993) 252-256
29. Jansen C., Sprengers A.M., Moll F.L., Vermeulen F.E., Hamerlijnck R.P., van Gijn J., and Ackerstaff R.G. Prediction of intracerebral haemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy by clinical criteria and intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring: results of 233 operations. Eur J Vasc Surg 8 (1994) 220-225
30. Tang S.C., Huang Y.W., Shieh J.S., Huang S.J., Yip P.K., and Jeng J.S. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in carotid stenosis before and after carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg 48 (2008) 88-92
31. Soong C.V., Young I.S., Hood J.M., Rowlands B.J., Trimble E.R., and Barros D'Sa A.A. The generation of byproducts of lipid peroxidation following carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 12 (1996) 455-458
32. Weigand M.A., Laipple A., Plaschke K., Eckstein H.H., Martin E., and Bardenheuer H.J. Concentration changes of malondialdehyde across the cerebral vascular bed and shedding of L-selectin during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 30 (1999) 306-311
33. Bove E.L., Fry W.J., Gross W.S., and Stanley J.C. Hypotension and hypertension as consequences of baroreceptor dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 85 (1979) 633-637
34. Ahn S.S., Marcus D.R., and Moore W.S. Post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension: association with elevated cranial norepinephrine. J Vasc Surg 9 (1989) 351-360
35. Timmers H.J., Wieling W., Karemaker J.M., and Lenders J.W. Baroreflex failure: a neglected type of secondary hypertension. Neth J Med 62 (2004) 151-155
36. Skydell J.L., Machleder H.I., Baker J.D., Busuttil R.W., and Moore W.S. Incidence and mechanism of post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension. Arch Surg 122 (1987) 1153-1155
37. Skudlarick J.L., and Mooring S.L. Systolic hypertension and complications of carotid endarterectomy. South Med J 75 (1982) 1563-1565 1567
38. Benzel E.C., and Hoppens K.D. Factors associated with postoperative hypertension complicating carotid endarterectomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 112 (1991) 8-12
39. Bajardi G., Ricevuto G., Grassi N., and Latteri M. Arterial hypertension after carotid endarterectomy. Minerva Chir 15 (1989) 1115-1117 44
40. Macfarlane R., Moskowitz M.A., Sakas D.E., Tasdemiroglu E., Wei E.P., and Kontos H.A. The role of neuroeffector mechanisms in cerebral hyperperfusion syndromes. J Neurosurg 75 (1991) 845-855
41. Towne J.B., and Bernhard V.M. The relationship of postoperative hypertension to complications following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 88 (1980) 575-580
42. Schwartz R.B. Hyperperfusion encephalopathies: hypertensive encephalopathy and related conditions. Neurolog 8 (2002) 22-34
43. Vaughan C.J., and Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet 356 (2000) 411-417
44. Mansoor G.A., White W.B., Grunnet M., and Ruby S.T. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy associated with ipsilateral fibrinoid necrosis: a consequence of the hyperperfusion syndrome?. J Vasc Surg 23 (1996) 147-151
45. Bernstein M., Ross Fleming J.F., and Deck J.H. Cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy: a cause of cerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 15 (1984) 50-56
46. Meyers P.M., Higashida R.T., Phatouros C.C., Malek A.M., Lempert T.E., Dowd C.F., and Halbach V.V. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 47 (2000) 335-343
47. Ogasawara K., Sakai N., Kuroiwa T., Hosoda K., Iihara K., Toyoda K., et al., Japanese Society for Treatment at Neck in Cerebrovascular Disease Study Group. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting: retrospective review of 4494 patients. J Neurosurg 107 (2007) 1130-1136
48. Roh H.G., Byun H.S., Ryoo J.W., Na D.G., Moon W.J., Lee B.B., and Kim D.I. Prospective analysis of cerebral infarction after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stent placement by using diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 376-384
49. Ogasawara K., Yamadate K., Kobayashi M., Endo H., Fukuda T., Yoshida K., et al. Postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion associated with impaired cognitive function in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 102 (2005) 38-44
50. Buhk J.H., Cepek L., and Knauth M. Hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage complicating carotid stenting should be distinguished from hyperperfusion syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (2006) 1508-1513
51. Ko N.U., Achrol A.S., Chopra M., Saha M., Gupta D., Smith W.S., et al. Cerebral blood flow changes after endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular stenoses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 538-542
52. Ko N.U., Achrol A.S., Martin A.J., Chopra M., Saloner D.A., Higashida R.T., and Young W.L. Magnetic resonance perfusion tracks 133Xe cerebral blood flow changes after carotid stenting. Stroke 36 (2005) 676-678
53. Kaku Y., Yoshimura S., and Kokuzawa J. Factors predictive of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid angioplasty and stent placement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 (2004) 1403-1408
54. Hosoda K., Kawaguchi T., Ishii K., Minoshima S., and Kohmura E. Comparison of conventional region of interest and statistical mapping method in brain single photon emission computed tomography for prediction of hypeperfusion after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 57 (2005) 32-41
55. D'Angelo V., Catapano G., Bozzini V., Catapano D., De Vivo P., Ciritella P., and Parlatore L. Cerebrovascular reactivity before and after carotid endarterectomy. Surg Neurol 51 (1999) 321-326
56. Hingorani A., Ascher E., Tsemekhim B., Markevich N., Kallakuri S., Schutzer R., and Jacob T. Causes of early post carotid endartectomy stroke in a recent series: the increasing importance of hyperperfusion syndrome. Acta Chir Belg 102 (2002) 435-438
57. Naylor A.R., Evans J., Thompson M.M., London N.J., Abbott R.J., Cherryman G., and Bell P.R. Seizures after carotid endarterectomy: hyperperfusion, dysautoregulation or hypertensive encephalopathy?. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26 (2003) 39-44
58. Ouriel K., Shortell C.K., Illig K.A., Greenberg R.K., and Green R.M. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: incidence, contribution to neurologic morbidity, and predictive factors. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 82-87
59. Markus H.S., and Harrison M.J.G. Estimation of cerebrovascular reactivity using transcranial Doppler, including the use of breath-holding as the vasodilatory stimulus. Stroke 23 (1992) 668-673
60. Widder B., Paulat K., Hackspacher J., and Mayr E. Transcranial Doppler CO2-test for the detection of hemodynamically critical carotid artery stenoses and occlusions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 236 (1986) 162-168
61. Ringelstein E.B., Sievers C., Ecker S., Schneider P.A., and Otis S.M. Noninvasive assessment of CO2-induced cerebral vasomotor response in normal individuals and in patients with internal carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 19 (1988) 963-969
62. Piepgras A., Schmiedek P., Leinsinger G., Haberl R.L., Kirsch C.M., and Einhäupl K.M. A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide. Stroke 21 (1990) 1306-1311
63. Keunen R., Nijmeijer H.W., Tavy D., Stam K., Edelenbosch R., Muskens E., et al. An observational study of pre-operative transcranial Doppler examinations to predict cerebral hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomies. Neurol Res 23 (2001) 593-598
64. Ackerstaff R.G., Moons K.G., van de Vlasakker C.J., Moll F.L., Vermeulen F.E., Algra A., and Spencer M.P. Association of intraoperative transcranial doppler monitoring variables with stroke from carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 31 (2000) 1817-1823
65. Maltezos C.K., Papanas N., Papas T.T., Georgiadis G.S., Dragoumanis C.K., Marakis J., et al. Changes in blood flow of anterior and middle cerebral arteries following carotid endarterectomy: a transcranial Doppler study. Vasc Endovascular Surg 41 (2007) 389-396
66. de Nie A.J., Blankensteijn J.D., Visser G.H., van der Grond J., and Eikelboom B.C. Cerebral blood flow in relation to contralateral carotid disease, an MRA and TCD study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21 (2001) 220-226
67. Sfyroeras G.S., Arsos G., Karkos C.D., Liasidis C., Spyridis C., Boundas D., et al. Interhemispheric asymmetry in brain perfusion before and after carotid stenting: a 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT study. J Endovasc Ther 13 (2006) 729-737
68. Sfyroeras G.S., Karkos C.D., Arsos G., Liasidis C., Dimitriadis A.S., Papazoglou K.O., and Gerassimidis T.S. Cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid stenting: a transcranial Doppler and SPECT study. Vasc Endovasc Surg (2008) [Epub ahead of print]
69. Ogasawara K., Yukawa H., Kobayashi M., Mikami C., Konno H., Terasaki K., et al. Prediction and monitoring of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy by using single-photon emission computerized tomography scanning. J Neurosurg 99 (2003) 504-510
70. Wiart M., Berthezène Y., Adeleine P., Feugier P., Trouillas P., Froment J.C., and Nighoghossian N. Vasodilatory response of border zones to acetazolamide before and after endarterectomy: an echo planar imaging-dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI study in patients with high-grade unilateral internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 31 (2000) 1561-1565
71. Fukuda T., Ogasawara K., Kobayashi M., Komoribayashi N., Endo H., Inoue T., et al. Prediction of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy using cerebral blood volume measured by perfusion-weighted MR imaging compared with single-photon emission CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (2007) 737-742
72. Nicholas G.G., Hashemi H., Gee W., and Reed III J.F. The cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome: diagnostic value of ocular pneumoplethysmography. J Vasc Surg 17 (1993) 690-695
73. Fujimoto S., Toyoda K., Inoue T., Hirai Y., Uwatoko T., Kishikawa K., et al. Diagnostic impact of transcranial color-coded real-time sonography with echo contrast agents for hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 35 (2004) 1852-1856
74. Ogasawara K., Konno H., Yukawa H., Endo H., Inoue T., and Ogawa A. Transcranial regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring during carotid endarterectomy as a predictor of postoperative hyperperfusion. Neurosurgery 53 (2003) 309-314
75. Komoribayashi N., Ogasawara K., Kobayashi M., Saitoh H., Terasaki K., Inoue T., and Ogawa A. Cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy is associated with preoperative hemodynamic impairment and intraoperative cerebral ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26 (2006) 878-884
76. Naylor A.R., and Ruckley C.V. The post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion syndrome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 9 (1995) 365-367
77. Beard J.D., Mountney J., Wilkinson J.M., Payne A., Dicks J., and Mitton D. Prevention of postoperative wound haematomas and hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21 (2001) 490-493
78. Haisa T., Kondo T., Shimpo T., and Hara T. Post-carotid endarterectomy cerebral hyperperfusion leading to intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67 (1999) 546
79. Dalman J.E., Beenakkers I.C., Moll F.L., Leusink J.A., and Ackerstaff R.G. Transcranial doppler monitoring during carotid endarterectomy helps to identify patients at risk of post-operative hyperperfusion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 18 (1999) 222-227
80. Haug M. Hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid revascularization-a subject for the family doctor. Zentralbl Chir 132 (2007) 187-192
81. Silverman I.E., Restrepo L., and Mathews G.C. Poststroke seizures. Arch Neurol 59 (2002) 195-201
82. Ogasawara K., Inoue T., Kobayashi M., Endo H., Fukuda T., and Ogawa A. Pretreatment with the free radical scavenger edaravone prevents cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 55 (2004) 1060-1067
83. Kusmic C., Petersen C., Picano E., Busceti C., Parenti G., Panisi F.L., and Barsacchi R. Antioxidant effect of oral dipyridamole during cerebral hypoperfusion with human carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36 (2000) 141-145
84. Wagner W.H., Cossman D.V., Farber A., Levin P.M., and Cohen J.L. Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 479-486