Quantifying the risks of unexploded ordnance at closed military bases

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 259-265

  MacDonald, Jacqueline A ^a   Small, Mitchell J ^b   Granger Morgan, M ^b  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEFORE AND AFTER; CALIFORNIA; CONSTRUCTION WORKERS; EXPLOSION RISKS; HAZARD ASSESSMENTS; LIVE FIRES; MILITARY TRAININGS; MODEL ASSUMPTIONS; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATIONS; QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES; RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS; RISK LEVELS; RISK REDUCTIONS; STUDY SITES; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES; UNEXPLODED ORDNANCES; WEAPONS TRAININGS; WORK GROUPS;

CRACK INITIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; EXPLOSIONS; EXPLOSIVES; HEALTH RISKS; LAND RECLAMATION; MILITARY BASES; NITRATION; ORDNANCE; PROJECTILES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK PERCEPTION; STOCHASTIC MODELS; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;

OCCUPATIONAL RISKS;

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT; EXPLOSIVE;

CONTAMINATED LAND; EXPLOSION; HEALTH AND SAFETY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; STOCHASTICITY;

ARTICLE; CONSTRUCTION WORK; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EXPLOSION RISK; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; SOLDIER; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DANGEROUS GOODS; EXPLOSION; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CALIFORNIA; FORT ORD; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EXPLOSIONS; EXPLOSIVE AGENTS; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; MILITARY PERSONNEL; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 62749184332     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es8014106     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Defense Science Board. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance; Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics: Washington, DC, 2003.
2. DOD. Defense Environmental Restoration Program Annual Report to Congress, Fiscal Year 2005; Department of Defense: Washington, DC, 2006; https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/ Public/News/OSD/DEP2005/deparc2005.html.
3. GAO. Environmental Liabilities: DOD Training Range Cleanup Cost Estimates Are Likely Understated; GAO-01 479; GAO: Washington, DC, 2001.
4. McKay, R. Dangers of Orlando's buried bombs ignored for decades: munitions that litter a World War II-era practice range threaten a community's future. Orlando Sentinel, January 13, 2008.
5. Jacobson, S.; Ramos, V. M. Worker hurt as device ignites at Odyssey: device ignites, raising questions about munitions cleanup. Orlando Sentinel, January 28, 2008.
6. MacDonald, J. A. Cleaning up unexploded ordnance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (17), 372A-376A.
7. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Draft Handbook on the Management of Ordnance and Explosives at Closed, Transferred, and Transferring Ranges, EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response: Washington, DC, 2001.
8. Bracken, M. C.; Morehouse, E. T., Jr.; Rubin, R. R. Issues and Alternatives for Cleanup and Property Transfer of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Sites, IDA paper P-3538; Institute for Defense Analyses: Alexandria, VA, 2000.
9. Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission. Final Report to the President; Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission: Arlington, VA, 2005; http://www.brac.gov/final-report.asp.
10. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Cleanup Actions at Formerly Used Defense Sites; GAO-01-557; GAO: Washington, DC, 2001.
11. DPRA, Inc. UXO Incident Report (Revision 1); for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, Permits and State Programs Division; Contract No. 68-W-98-215; DPRA, Inc.: Arlington, VA, 2001.
12. Heberlein, D. C. Progress in Metal-Detection Techniques for Detecting and Identifying Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance, IDA Document D-2431; Institute for Defense Analyses: Alexandria, VA, 2000.
13. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ES-TCP), Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, and Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. Survey of Munitions Response Technologies; 2006; available from www.estcp.org.
14. Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. Ordnance Detection and Discrimination Study (ODDS), Final Report; Prepared for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District: Ord Military Community, CA, 2002; http://www.fortordcleanup.com/ ar-pdfs/AR-OE-0310C.
15. QuantiTech. Ordnance and Explosives Cost Effectiveness Risk Tool (OECert), Final Report (Version E); QuantiTech, Inc., and Army Corps of Engineers Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center for Excellence: Huntsville, AL, 1995.
16. U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center. Interim Guidance: Ordnance and Explosives Risk Impact Assessment; Army Engineering and Support Center: Huntsville, AL, 2001.
17. DOD. Interim R3M Range Rule Risk Methodology: A Process for Managing, Assessing, and Communicating Risk on Closed, Transferred, or Transferring U.S. Ranges; DOD: Washington, DC, 2000.
18. EPA. Munitions and Explosives of Concern Hazard Assessment Guidance: Public Review Draft v; EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office: Washington, DC, 2006; http://www.epa.gov/ fedfac/documents/hazard-assess-wrkgrp. htm.
19. Mac Donald, J. A.; Knopman, D. K.; Lockwood, J. R.; Cecchine, G.; Willis, H. Unexploded Ordnance: A Critical Review of Risk Assessment Methods; MR-1674-A; RAND: Santa Monica, CA, 2003.
20. MacDonald, J. A.Risks of Unexploded Ordnance at Former Military Training Ranges: Mathematical Modeling and Assessment. Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Engineering and Public Policy and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 2007.
21. Diggle P. J. Statistical Analysts of Spatial Point Patterns; Oxford University Press, Inc.: New York, 2003.
22. Cressie, N. A. C. Statistics for Spatial Data; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1993.
23. Lawson A. B., Denison, D. G. T., Eds. Spatial Cluster Modeling Chapman & Hall/CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002.
24. MacDonald, J. A.; Small, M. J. Assessing sites contaminated with unexploded ordnance: statistical modeling of ordnance spatial distribution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (3), 931-938.
25. Kaluzny, S. P.;Vego, S. C.; Cardoso, T. P.; Shelly, A. A. S+ Spatial Stats: User's Manual for Windows and UNIX; Insightful Corp.: Seattle, WA, 1998.
26. Crull, M.; Taylor, L.; Tipton, J. Estimating ordnance penetration into earth. Presented at UXO/Countermine Forum 1999, Orlando, FL, 1999; https://www.denk.osd.mil/denix/Public/ News/OSD/UXO/Conferences/Forum99/CS- Crull.pdf.
27. MacDonald, J. A.; Small, M. J.; Morgan, M. G. Explosion probability of unexploded ordnance: expert beliefs. Risk Anal. 2008, 28 (4), 825-841.
28. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Revised Archives Search Report, Former Fort Ord, California; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Huntsville Division: Huntsville, AL, 1997.
29. EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (Part A); EPA: Washington, DC, 1989; http://www.epa.gov/oswer/ riskaassessment/ragsa/index.htm.
30. Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute et al. 448 US607 [1980].
31. National Research Council. Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2004.
32. Fosbroke, D. E.; Kisner, S. M.; Myers, J. R. Working lifetime risk of occupational fatal injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1997, 31 (4), 459-467.
33. DOD and EPA. Management Principles for Implementing Response Actions at Closed, Transferred, and Transferring (CTT) Ranges (Interim Final); EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and DOD Office of Environmental Security: Washington, DC, 2000.
34. 40 CFR sec. 300.430 para(e)(2)(i)(A)(9)(iii).
35. EPA. Estimate of probabilistic risk of exposure or death. Issue Paper 4 in Hazard Assessment for Munitions and Explosives of Concern: Workgroup Briefing Book; EPA Office of Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse: Washington, DC, 2004; http:// www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/hazard-assess-wrkgrp. htm.
36. Keeney, R. L. Siting Energy Facilities; Academic Press: New York, 1980.
37. Clemen, R. T., Reilly, T. Making Hard Decisions with Decision Tools, Thomson Leaming/Duxbury: Stamford, CT, 2001.