Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): Membrane fouling and membrane material

Water Research

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1489-1512

  Meng, Fangang ^a,c   Chae, So Ryong ^b   Drews, Anja ^c   Kraume, Matthias ^c   Shin, Hang Sik ^d   Yang, Fenglin ^a  

^a MOE   (China)

^b Duke University   (United States)

^c TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^d Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); Membrane bioreactor (MBR); Membrane fouling; Membrane modification; Soluble microbial products (SMP)

Indexed keywords

BIOCONVERSION; BIOREACTORS; COSTS; MEMBRANE FOULING; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

DYNAMIC MEMBRANES; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT; MEMBRANE BIO REACTOR (MBR); MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR; MEMBRANE MATERIAL; MEMBRANE MODIFICATION; SOLUBLE MICROBIAL PRODUCTS;

MEMBRANES;

BIOREACTOR; EXOPOLYMER; FOULING; MEMBRANE; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 62649118197     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.044     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Ahmad A.L., Lau K.K., Bakar M.Z.A., and Shukor S.R.A. Integrated CFD simulation of concentration polarization in narrow membrane channel. Computers and Chemical Engineering 29 10 (2005) 2087-2095
2. Ahmed Z., Cho J., Lim B.-R., Song K.-G., and Ahn K.-H. Effects of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 287 2 (2007) 211-218
3. Akram A., and Stuckey D.C. Flux and performance improvement in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR) using powdered activated carbon (PAC). Process Biochemistry 43 1 (2008) 93-102
4. Al-Amoudi A., and Lovitt R.W. Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency. Journal of Membrane Science 303 1-2 (2007) 4-28
5. Arabi S., and Nakhla G. Impact of protein/carbohydrate ratio in the feed wastewater on the membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science (2008) 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.026
6. Asatekin A., Menniti A., Kang S., Elimelech M., Morgenroth E., and Mayes A.M. Antifouling nanofiltration membranes for membrane bioreactors from self-assembling graft copolymers. Journal of Membrane Science 285 1-2 (2006) 81-89
7. Asou, E., Suzuki, K., Fukunaga, K. and Miyasaka, K., 1998. Characteristics of dynamic filtration system for treating real sewage. In: 35th Conference of Japan Sewage Work Association, Tokyo, Japan.
8. de Amorim M.T.P., and Ramos I.R.A. Control of irreversible fouling by application of dynamic membranes. Desalination 192 1-3 (2006) 63-67
9. Bacchin P., Aimar P., and Field R.W. Critical and sustainable fluxes: theory, experiments and applications. Journal of Membrane Science 281 1-2 (2006) 42-69
10. 2 nanoparticles on fouling mitigation of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science 249 1-2 (2005) 1-8
11. Bae T.-H., and Tak T.-M. Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science 264 1-2 (2005) 151-160
12. 2 self-assembled polymeric nanocomposite membranes and examination of their fouling mitigation effects in a membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science 266 1-2 (2005) 1-5
13. Barker D.J., and Stuckey D.C. A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems. Water Research 33 (1999) 3063-3082
14. Bouhabila E.H., Ben Aim R., and Buisson H. Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology 22-23 (2001) 123-132
15. Brans G., Kromkamp J., Pek N., Gielen J., Heck J., van Rijn C.J.M., van der Sman R.G.M., Schroën C.G.P.H., and Boom R.M. Evaluation of microsieve membrane design. Journal of Membrane Science 278 1-2 (2006) 344-348
16. Caravelli A., Contreras E.M., Giannuzzi L., and Zaritzky N. Modeling of chlorine effect on floc forming and filamentous micro-organisms of activated sludges. Water Research 37 9 (2003) 2097-2105
17. Chae S.-R., Ahn Y.-T., Kang S.-T., and Shin H.-S. Mitigated membrane fouling in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR). Journal of Membrane Science 280 1-2 (2006) 572-581
18. Chang I.-S., Bag S.-O., and Lee C.-H. Effects of membrane fouling on solute rejection during membrane filtration of activated sludge. Process Biochemistry 36 8-9 (2001) 855-860
19. Chang I.S., Clech P.L., Jefferson B., and Judd S. Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering 128 11 (2002) 1018-1029
20. Chang S., Fane A.G., and Vigneswaran S. Experimental assessment of filtration of biomass with transverse and axial fibres. Chemical Engineering Journal 87 1 (2002) 121-127
21. Chang I.S., and Judd S.J. Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged MBR (membrane bio-reactor) with enhanced air sparging. Water Science and Technology 47 12 (2003) 149-154
22. Chang I.S., and Kim S.N. Wastewater treatment using membrane filtration - effect of biosolids concentration on cake resistance. Process Biochemistry 40 3-4 (2005) 1307-1314
23. Chang M.-C., Horng R.-Y., Shao H., and Hu Y.-J. Performance and filtration characteristics of non-woven membranes used in a submerged membrane bioreactor for synthetic wastewater treatment. Desalination 191 1-3 (2006) 8-15
24. Chen C.L., Liu W.T., Chong M.L., Wong M.T., Ong S.L., Seah H., and Ng W.J. Community structure of microbial biofilms associated with membrane-based water purification processes as revealed using a polyphasic approach. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 63 4 (2004) 466-473
25. Chen J.-P., Yang C.-Z., Zhou J.-H., and Wang X.-Y. Study of the influence of the electric field on membrane flux of a new type of membrane bioreactor. Chemical Engineering Journal 128 (2007) 177-180
26. Cho B.D., and Fane A.G. Fouling transients in nominally sub-critical flux operation of a membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 209 2 (2002) 391-403
27. Cho J., Song K.-G., Hyup Lee S., and Ahn K.-H. Sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) pilot plant for advanced wastewater treatment. Desalination 178 1-3 (2005) 219-225
28. Cho J., Song K.G., Yun H., Ahn K.H., Kim J.Y., and Chung T.H. Quantitative analysis of biological effect on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology 51 6-7 (2005) 9-18
29. Cho J.W., Song K.G., and Ahn K.H. The activated sludge and microbial substances influences on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor: unstirred batch cell test. Desalination 183 1-3 (2005) 425-429
30. Chu H.P., and Li X.Y. Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR): sludge cake formation and fouling characteristics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 90 3 (2005) 323-331
31. Chu L., and Li S. Filtration capability and operational characteristics of dynamic membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Separation and Purification Technology 51 2 (2006) 173-179
32. Chudoba J., Grau P., and Ottova V. Control of activated-sludge filamentous bulking-II. Selection of microorganisms by means of a selector. Water Research 7 10 (1973) 1389-1398
33. Chudoba J., Ottova V., and Madera V. Control of activated sludge filamentous bulking-I. Effect of the hydraulic regime or degree of mixing in an aeration tank. Water Research 7 8 (1973) 1163-1182
34. Costa A.R., de Pinho M.N., and Elimelech M. Mechanisms of colloidal natural organic matter fouling in ultrafiltration. Journal of Membrane Science 281 1- (2006) 716-725
35. Defrance L., Jaffrin M.Y., Gupta B., Paullier P., and Geaugey V. Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling. Bioresource Technology 73 2 (2000) 105-112
36. Delgado S., Villarroel R., and González E. Effect of the shear intensity on fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science 311 1-2 (2008) 173-181
37. Di Bella G., Durante F., Torregrossa M., Viviani G., Mercurio P., and Cicala A. The role of fouling mechanisms in a membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology 55 (2007) 455-464
38. Drews A., Mante J., Iversen V., Vocks M., Lesjean B., and Kraume M. Impact of ambient conditions on SMP elimination and rejection in MBRs. Water Research 41 17 (2007) 3850-3858
39. Drews A., Vocks M., Bracklow U., Iversen V., and Kraume M. Does fouling in MBRs depend on SMP?. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 141-149
40. Drews A., Vocks M., Iversen V., Lesjean B., and Kraume M. Influence of unsteady membrane bioreactor operation on EPS formation and filtration resistance. Desalination 192 1-3 (2006) 1-9
41. Fan B., and Huang X. Characteristics of a self-forming dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology 36 23 (2002) 5245-5251
42. Fan F., Zhou H., and Husain H. Identification of wastewater sludge characteristics to predict critical flux for membrane bioreactor processes. Water Research 40 2 (2006) 205-212
43. Fan F.S., and Zhou H.D. Interrelated effects of aeration and mixed liquor fractions on membrane fouling for submerged membrane bioreactor process in wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology 41 (2007) 2523-2528
44. Fane A.G., Yeo A., Law A., Parameshwaran K., Wicaksana F., and Chen V. Low pressure membrane processes - doing more with less energy. Desalination 185 1-3 (2005) 159-165
45. Field R.W., Wu D., and Howell J.A. Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling. Journal of Membrane Science (1995) 100259-100272
46. Flemming H.C., Schaule G., Griebe T., Schmitt J., and Tamachkiarowa A. Biofouling - the Achilles heel of membrane processes. Desalination 113 2-3 (1997) 215-225
47. Fuchs W., Resch C., Kernstock M., Mayer M., Schoeberl P., and Braun R. Influence of operational conditions on the performance of a mesh filter activated sludge process. Water Research 39 5 (2005) 803-810
48. Geng Z., and Hall E.R. A comparative study of fouling-related properties of sludge from conventional and membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes. Water Research 41 19 (2007) 4329-4338
49. Germain E., Stephenson T., and Pearce P. Biomass characteristics and membrane aeration: toward a better understanding of membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Biotechnology and Bioengineering 90 3 (2005) 316-322
50. Grelier P., Rosenberger S., and Tazi-Pain A. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane bioreactor hydraulic performance. Desalination 192 1-3 (2006) 10-17
51. Guglielmi G., Chiarani D., Judd S.J., and Andreottola G. Flux criticality and sustainability in a hollow fibre submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science 289 1-2 (2007) 241-248
52. Guglielmi G., Saroj D.P., Chiarani D., and Andreottola G. Sub-critical fouling in a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment: experimental investigation and mathematical modelling. Water Research 41 17 (2007) 3903-3914
53. Guo W.S., Vigneswaran S., Ngo H.H., Kandasamy J., and Yoon S. The role of a membrane performance enhancer in a membrane bioreactor: a comparison with other submerged membrane hybrid systems. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 305-313
54. Guo W.S., Vigneswaran S., Ngo H.H., and Xing W. Experimental investigation on acclimatized wastewater for membrane bioreactors. Desalination 207 (2007) 383-391
55. Han S.-S., Bae T.-H., Jang G.-G., and Tak T.-M. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemistry 40 7 (2005) 2393-2400
56. Hong S.P., Bae T.H., Tak T.M., Hong S., and Randall A. Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination 143 3 (2002) 219-228
57. Hu A.Y., and Stuckey D.C. Activated carbon addition to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor: effect on performance, transmembrane pressure, and flux. Journal of Environmental Engineering - ASCE 133 1 (2007) 73-80
58. Huang X., and Wu J. Improvement of membrane filterability of the mixed liquor in a membrane bioreactor by ozonation. Journal of Membrane Science 318 1-2 (2008) 210-216
59. Hughes D., Tirlapur U.K., Field R., and Cui Z.F. In situ 3D characterization of membrane fouling by yeast suspensions using two-photon femtosecond near infrared non-linear optical imaging. Journal of Membrane Science 280 1-2 (2006) 124-133
60. Hughes D.J., Cui Z.F., Field R.W., and Tirlapur U.K. Membrane fouling by cell-protein mixtures: in situ characterisation using multi-photon microscopy. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96 6 (2007) 1083-1091
61. Huyskens C., Brauns E., Van Hoof E., and De Wever H. A new method for the evaluation of the reversible and irreversible fouling propensity of MBR mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science 323 1 (2008) 185-192
62. Hwang B.-K., Lee W.-N., Park P.-K., Lee C.-H., and Chang I.-S. Effect of membrane fouling reducer on cake structure and membrane permeability in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 288 1-2 (2007) 149-156
63. Hwang B.K., Lee W.N., Yeon K.M., Park P.K., Lee C.H., Chang I.S., Drews A., and Kraume M. Correlating TMP increases with microbial characteristics in the bio-cake on the membrane surface in a membrane bioreactor. Environmental Science and Technology 42 11 (2008) 3963-3968
64. Iritani E., Katagiri N., Sengoku T., Yoo K.M., Kawasaki K., and Matsuda A. Flux decline behaviors in dead-end microfiltration of activated sludge and its supernatant. Journal of Membrane Science 300 (2007) 36-44
65. Ishiguro K., Imai K., and Sawada S. Effects of biological treatment conditions on permeate flux of UF membrane in a membrane/activated-sludge wastewater treatment system. Desalination 98 1-3 (1994) 119-126
66. Iversen V., Drews A., and Schmidt T. Textile filter medium for the use in membrane vitalization plant. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 79 (2007) 1945-1950
67. Iversen V., Koseoglu H., Yigit N.O., Drews A., Kitis M., Lesjean B., and Kraume M. Impacts of membrane flux enhancers on activated sludge respiration and nutrient removal in MBRs. Water Research 43 3 (2009) 822-830
68. Iversen V., Mohaupt J., Drews A., Kraume M., and Lesjean B. Side effects of flux enhancing chemicals in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): study on their biological toxicity and their residual fouling propensity. Water Science and Technology 57 1 (2008) 117-123
69. Jang N., Ren X., Cho J., and Kim I.S. Steady-state modeling of bio-fouling potentials with respect to the biological kinetics in the submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). Journal of Membrane Science 284 1-2 (2006) 352-360
70. Jeison D., and van Lier J.B. Cake formation and consolidation: main factors governing the applicable flux in anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactors (AnSMBR) treating acidified wastewaters. Separation and Purification Technology 56 1 (2007) 71-78
71. Jeong T.-Y., Cha G.-C., Yoo I.-K., and Kim D.-J. Characteristics of bio-fouling in a submerged MBR. Desalination 207 1-3 (2007) 107-113
72. Ji J., Qiu J., Wong F.-s., and Li Y. Enhancement of filterability in MBR achieved by improvement of supernatant and floc characteristics via filter aids addition. Water Research 42 14 (2008) 3611-3622
73. Ji L., and Zhou J. Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science 276 1-2 (2006) 168-177
74. Jin Y.-L., Lee W.-N., Lee C.-H., Chang I.-S., Huang X., and Swaminathan T. Effect of DO concentration on biofilm structure and membrane filterability in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research 40 15 (2006) 2829-2836
75. Jinhua P., Fukushi K., and Yamamoto K. Bacterial community structure on membrane surface and characteristics of strains isolated from membrane surface in submerged membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1527-1549
76. Judd S. The MBR Book (2006), Elsevier
77. Judd S. The status of membrane bioreactor technology. Trends in Biotechnology 26 2 (2008) 109-116
78. Judd S., and Jefferson B. Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-Use (2003), Elsevier
79. Kang I.J., Lee C.H., and Kim K.J. Characteristics of microfiltration membranes in a membrane coupled sequencing batch reactor system. Water Research 37 5 (2003) 1192-1197
80. Kang I.J., Yoon S.H., and Lee C.H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics of organic and inorganic membranes in a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Research 36 7 (2002) 1803-1813
81. Kim I.S., and Jang N. The effect of calcium on the membrane biofouling in the membrane bioreactor (MBR). Water Research 40 14 (2006) 2756-2764
82. Kim J.O., Jung J.T., Yeom I.T., and Aoh G.H. Effect of fouling reduciton by ozone backwashing in a microfiltration system with advanced new membrane material. Desalination 202 (2007) 361-368
83. Kimura K., Yamato N., Yamamura H., and Watanabe Y. Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology 39 16 (2005) 6293-6299
84. Kiso Y., Jung Y.J., Park M.S., Wang W.H., Shimase M., Yamada T., and Min K.S. Coupling of sequencing batch reactor and mesh filtration: operational parameters and wastewater treatment performance. Water Research 39 20 (2005) 4887-4898
85. Koseoglu H., Yigit N.O., Iversen V., Drews A., Kitis M., Lesjean B., and Kraume M. Effects of several different flux enhancing chemicals on filterability and fouling reduction of membrane bioreactor (MBR) mixed liquors. Journal of Membrane Science 320 1-2 (2008) 57-64
86. Kraume, M., Wedi, D., Schaller, J., Iversen, V., Drews, A., 2009. Fouling in MBR - what use are lab investigations for full scale operation? Desalination, 236, 94-103.
87. Krauth K., and Staab K.F. Pressurized bioreactor with membrane filtration for wastewater treatment. Water Research 27 3 (1993) 405-411
88. Laspidou C.S., and Rittmann B.E. A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. Water Research 36 11 (2002) 2711-2720
89. Le-Clech P., Chen V., and Fane T.A.G. Fouling in membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science 284 1-2 (2006) 17-53
90. Le-Clech P., Jefferson B., and Judd S.J. A comparison of submerged and sidestream tubular membrane bioreactor configurations. Desalination 173 2 (2005) 113-122
91. Lebegue J., Heran M., and Grasmick A. Membrane bioreactor: distribution of critical flux throughout an immersed HF bundle. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 245-252
92. Lee C.H., Park P.K., Lee W.N., Hwang B.K., Hong S.H., Yeon K.M., Oh H.S., and Chang I.S. Correlation of biofouling with the bio-cake architecture in an MBR. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 115-123
93. Lee J., Ahn W.-Y., and Lee C.-H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research 35 10 (2001) 2435-2445
94. Lee W.-N., Chang I.-S., Hwang B.-K., Park P.-K., Lee C.-H., and Huang X. Changes in biofilm architecture with addition of membrane fouling reducer in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry 42 4 (2007) 655-661
95. Lee W., Kang S., and Shin H. Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science 216 1-2 (2003) 217-227
96. Lee Y., Cho J., Seo Y., Lee J.W., and Ahn K.-H. Modeling of submerged membrane bioreactor process for wastewater treatment. Desalination 146 1-3 (2002) 451-457
97. Lesjean B., Rosenberger S., Laabs C., Jekel M., Gnirss R., and Amy G. Correlation between membrane fouling and soluble/colloidal organic substances in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology 51 6-7 (2005) 1-8
98. Li F., Chen J., and Deng C. The kinetics of crossflow dynamic membrane bioreactor. Water SA 32 (2005) 199-204
99. Li X., Gao F., Hua Z., Du G., and Chen J. Treatment of synthetic wastewater by a novel MBR with granular sludge developed for controlling membrane fouling. Separation and Purification Technology 46 1-2 (2005) 19-25
100. Li H., Fane A.G., Coster H.G.L., and Vigneswaran S. Observation of deposition and removal behaviour of submicron bacteria on the membrane surface during crossflow microfiltration. Journal of Membrane Science 217 1-2 (2003) 29-41
101. Li M.S., Zhao Y.J., Zhou S.Y., Xing W.H., and Wong F.S. Resistance analysis for ceramic membrane microfiltration of raw soy sauce. Journal of Membrane Science 299 (2007) 122-129
102. Li X.Y., and Yang S.F. Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge. Water Research 41 5 (2007) 1022-1030
103. Li Y.-L., Chang T.-H., Wu C.-Y., Chuang C.-J., and Tung K.-L. CFD analysis of particle deposition in the spacer-filled membrane module. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA 55 7-8 (2006) 589-601
104. Liang S., Liu C., and Song L. Soluble microbial products in membrane bioreactor operation: behaviors, characteristics, and fouling potential. Water Research 41 1 (2007) 95-101
105. Liao B.-Q., Kraemer J.T., and Bagley D.M. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors: applications and research directions. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 36 6 (2006) 489-530
106. Liao B.Q., Bagley D.M., Kraemer H.E., Leppard G.G., and Liss S.N. A review of biofouling and its control in membrane separation bioreactors. Water Environment Research 76 5 (2004) 425-436
107. Liu R., Huang X., Sun Y.F., and Qian Y. Hydrodynamic effect on sludge accumulation over membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry 39 2 (2003) 157-163
108. Liu Y., and Liu Q.-S. Causes and control of filamentous growth in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors. Biotechnology Advances 24 1 (2006) 115-127
109. Lyko S., Al-Halbouni D., Wintgens T., Janot A., Hollender J., Dott W., and Melin T. Polymeric compounds in activated sludge supernatant - characterisation and retention mechanisms at a full-scale municipal membrane bioreactor. Water Research 41 17 (2007) 3894-3902
110. Lyko S., Wintgens T., Al-Halbouni D., Baumgarten S., Tacke D., Drensla K., Janot A., Dott W., Pinnekamp J., and Melin T. Long-term monitoring of a full-scale municipal membrane bioreactor - characterisation of foulants and operational performance. Journal of Membrane Science 317 1-2 (2008) 78-87
111. Marcinko A.E., Kraus K.A., Phillips H.O., Johnson J.S., and Shor A.J. Hyperfiltration Studies. 4. Salt rejection by dynamically formed hydrous oxide membranes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 88 24 (1966) 5744-5747
112. Masse A., Sperandio M., and Cabassud C. Comparison of sludge characteristics and performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor and an activated sludge process at high solids retention time. Water Research 40 12 (2006) 2405-2415
113. McAdam E.J., Judd S.J., Cartmell E., and Jefferson B. Influence of substrate on fouling in anoxic immersed membrane bioreactors. Water Research 41 17 (2007) 3859-3867
114. Meng F., Shi B., Yang F., and Zhang H. Effect of hydraulic retention time on membrane fouling and biomass characteristics in submerged membrane bioreactors. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 30 (2007) 359-367
115. Meng F., Shi B., Yang F., and Zhang H. New insights into membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor based on rheology and hydrodynamics concepts. Journal of Membrane Science 302 1-2 (2007) 87-94
116. Meng F., and Yang F. Fouling mechanisms of deflocculated sludge, normal sludge, and bulking sludge in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 305 1-2 (2007) 48-56
117. Meng F., Zhang H., Yang F., Li Y., Xiao J., and Zhang X. Effect of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 272 1-2 (2006) 161-168
118. Meng F., Zhang H., Yang F., Zhang S., Li Y., and Zhang X. Identification of activated sludge properties affecting membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology 51 (2006) 95-103
119. Meng Z., Yang F., and Zhang X. MBR focus: do nonwovens offer a cheaper option?. Filtration & Separation 42 5 (2005) 28-30
120. Metzger U., Le-Clech P., Stuetz R.M., Frimmel F.H., and Chen V. Characterisation of polymeric fouling in membrane bioreactors and the effect of different filtration modes. Journal of Membrane Science 301 1-2 (2007) 180-189
121. Min, K.-N., Ergas, S.J., Mermelstein, A., 2007. Impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on membrane filtering resistance and soluble organic matter characteristics in membrane bioreactors. In: Fourth IWA International Membranes Conference, Harrogate 15-17 May 2007.
122. Miura Y., Watanabe Y., and Okabe S. Membrane biofouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater: impact of biofilm formation. Environmental Science & Technology 41 2 (2007) 632-638
123. Moghaddam M.R.A., Guan Y., Satoh H., and Mino T. Filter clogging in coarse pore filtration activated sludge process under high MLSS concentration. Water Science and Technology 54 10 (2006) 55-66
124. Morgan-Sagastume F., and Grant Allen D. Activated sludge deflocculation under temperature upshifts from 30 to 45 °C. Water Research 39 6 (2005) 1061-1074
125. Na L., Zhongzhou L., and Shuguang X. Dynamically formed poly(vinyl alcohol) ultrafiltration membranes with good anti-fouling characteristics. Journal of Membrane Science 169 1 (2000) 17-28
126. Nagaoka H., Yamanishi S., and Miya A. Modeling of biofouling by extracellular polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge system. Water Science and Technology 38 4-5 (1998) 497-504
127. Ndinisa N.V., Fane A.G., and Wiley D.E. Fouling control in a submerged flat sheet membrane system: part I - bubbling and hydrodynamic effects. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1383-1409
128. Ndinisa N.V., Fane A.G., Wiley D.E., and Fletcher D.F. Fouling control in a submerged flat sheet membrane system: part II - two-phase flow characterization and CFD simulations. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1411-1445
129. Ng C.A., Sun D., and Fane A.G. Operation of membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon addition. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1447-1466
130. Ng H.Y., Tan T.W., and Ong S.L. Membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactors: impact of mean cell residence time and the contributing factors. Environmental Science and Technology 40 8 (2006) 2706-2713
131. Ng H.Y., Tan T.W., Ong S.L., Toh C.A., and Loo Z.P. Effects of solid retention time on the performance of submerged anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology 53 6 (2006) 7-13
132. Ning Koh C., Wintgens T., Melin T., and Pronk F. Microfiltration with silicon nitride microsieves and high frequency backpulsing. Desalination 224 1-3 (2008) 88-97
133. Ognier S., Wisniewski C., and Grasmick A. Characterisation and modelling of fouling in membrane bioreactors. Desalination 146 1-3 (2002) 141-147
134. Ognier S., Wisniewski C., and Grasmick A. Membrane bioreactor fouling in sub-critical filtration conditions: a local critical flux concept. Journal of Membrane Science 229 1-2 (2004) 171-177
135. Pang C.M., Hong P., Guo H., and Liu W.T. Biofilm formation characteristics of bacterial isolates retrieved from a reverse osmosis membrane. Environmental Science and Technology 39 19 (2005) 7541-7550
136. Paul P., and Hartung C. Modelling of biological fouling propensity by inference in a side stream membrane bioreactor. Desalination 224 1-3 (2008) 154-159
137. Phattaranawik J., Fane A.G., Pasquier A.C.S., and Bing W. Membrane bioreactor with bubble-size transformer: design and fouling control. AICHE Journal 53 (2007) 243-248
138. Pollice A., Brookes A., Jefferson B., and Judd S. Sub-critical flux fouling in membrane bioreactors - a review of recent literature. Desalination 174 3 (2005) 221-230
139. Pollice A., Laera G., Saturno D., and Giordano C. Effects of sludge retention time on the performance of a membrane bioreactor treating municipal sewage. Journal of Membrane Science 317 1-2 (2008) 65-70
140. Prieske H., Drews A., and Kraume M. Prediction of the circulation velocity in a membrane bioreactor. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 219-226
141. Psoch C., and Schiewer S. Anti-fouling application of air sparging and backflushing for MBR. Journal of Membrane Science 283 1-2 (2006) 273-280
142. Psoch C., and Schiewer S. Resistance analysis for enhanced wastewater membrane filtration. Journal of Membrane Science 280 1-2 (2006) 284-297
143. Psoch C., and Schiewer S. Long-term flux improvement by air sparging and backflushing for a membrane bioreactor, and modeling permeability decline. Desalination 230 1-3 (2008) 193-204
144. Ramesh A., Lee D.J., and Lai J.Y. Membrane biofouling by extracellular polymeric substances or soluble mcirobial products from membrane bioreactor sludge. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 74 (2007) 699-707
145. Ramesh A., Lee D.J., Wang M.L., Hsu J.P., Juang R.S., Hwang K.J., Liu J.C., and Tseng S.J. Biofouling in membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1345-1370
146. Rosenberger S., Evenblij H., te Poele S., Wintgens T., and Laabs C. The importance of liquid phase analyses to understand fouling in membrane assisted activated sludge processes - six case studies of different European research groups. Journal of Membrane Science 263 1-2 (2005) 113-126
147. Rosenberger S., and Kraume M. Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. Desalination 151 2 (2003) 195-200
148. Rosenberger S., Laabs C., Lesjean B., Gnirss R., Amy G., Jekel M., and Schrotter J.C. Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research 40 4 (2006) 710-720
149. Sato T., and Ishii Y. Effects of activated sludge properties on water flux of ultrafiltration membrane used for human excrement treatment. Water Science and Technology 23 7-9 (1991) 1601-1608
150. Satyawali Y., and Balakrishnan M. Treatment of distillery effluent in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) equipped with mesh filter. Separation and Purification Technology 63 (2008) 278-286
151. Seo G.T., Moon B.H., Lee T.S., Lim T.J., and Kim I.S. Non-woven fabric filter separation activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. Water Science and Technology 47 1 (2003) 133-138
152. Seo G.T., Moon B.H., Park Y.M., and Kim S.H. Filtration characteristics of immersed coarse pore filters in an activated sludge system for domestic wastewater reclamation. Water Science and Technology 55 1-2 (2007) 51-58
153. Shannon M.A., Bohn P.W., Elimelech M., Georgiadis J.G., Marieas B.J., and Mayes A.M. Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature 452 (2008) 301-310
154. Sheikholaslami R. Composite fouling - inorganic and biological: a review. Environmental Progress 18 2 (1999) 113-122
155. Shimizu Y., Shimodera K., and Watanabe A. Crossflow microfiltration of bacterial cells. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 76 6 (1993) 493-500
156. Shin H.-S., and Kang S.-T. Characteristics and fates of soluble microbial products in ceramic membrane bioreactor at various sludge retention times. Water Research 37 1 (2003) 121-127
157. Shin J.-H., Lee S.-M., Jung J.-Y., Chung Y.-C., and Noh S.-H. Enhanced COD and nitrogen removals for the treatment of swine wastewater by combining submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) and anaerobic upflow bed filter (AUBF) reactor. Process Biochemistry 40 12 (2005) 3769-3776
158. Sofia A., Ng W.J., and Ong S.L. Engineering design approaches for minimum fouling in submerged MBR. Desalination 160 1 (2004) 67-74
159. Song K.-G., Kim Y., and Ahn K.-H. Effect of coagulant addition on membrane fouling and nutrient removal in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination 221 1-3 (2008) 467-474
160. Sperandio M., Masse A., Espinosa-Bouchot M.C., and Cabassud C. Characterization of sludge structure and activity in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology 52 10-11 (2005) 401-408
161. Su, Y.C., Huang, C.P., Pan, J.R. and Lee, H.C., 2007. Characteristics of membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor under sub-critical flux operation. In: Fourth IWA International Membranes Conference, Harrogate.
162. Sui P., Wen X., and Huang X. Feasibility of employing ultrasound for on-line membrane fouling control in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Desalination 219 1-3 (2008) 203-213
163. Sun Y., Wang Y., and Huang X. Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering in China 1 2 (2007) 221-225
164. de la Torre T., Lesjean B., Drews A., and Kraume M. Monitoring of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and correlation with other fouling indicators. Water Science and Technology 58 10 (2008) 1903-1909
165. Teychene B., Guigui C., Cabassud C., and Amy G. Toward a better identification of foulant species in MBR processes. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 27-34
166. Tian J.-y., Liang H., Li X., You S.-j., Tian S., and Li G.-b. Membrane coagulation bioreactor (MCBR) for drinking water treatment. Water Research 42 14 (2008) 3910-3920
167. Trussell R.S., Merlo R.P., Hermanowicz S.W., and Jenkins D. The effect of organic loading on process performance and membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater. Water Research 40 14 (2006) 2675-2683
168. Trussell R.S., Merlo R.P., Hermanowicz S.W., and Jenkins D. Influence of mixed liquor properties and aeration intensity on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor at high mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations. Water Research 41 5 (2007) 947-958
169. Van Kaam R., Anne-Archard D., Gaubert M.A., and Albasi C. Rheological characterization of mixed liquor in a submerged membrane bioreactor: interest for process management. Journal of Membrane Science 317 1-2 (2008) 26-33
170. Wang S., Guillen G., and Hoek E.M.V. Direct observation of microbial adhesion to membranes. Environmental Science and Technology 39 17 (2005) 6461-6469
171. Wang W., Jung Y.-J., Kiso Y., Yamada T., and Min K.-S. Excess sludge reduction performance of an aerobic SBR process equipped with a submerged mesh filter unit. Process Biochemistry 41 4 (2006) 745-751
172. Wang X.-M., Li X.-Y., and Huang X. Membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR): characterisation of the sludge cake and its high filtration resistance. Separation and Purification Technology 52 3 (2007) 439-445
173. Wang Z., Wu Z., Mai S., Yang C., Wang X., An Y., and Zhou Z. Research and applications of membrane bioreactors in China: progress and prospect. Separation and Purification Technology 62 2 (2008) 249-263
174. Wang Z., Wu Z., Yin X., and Tian L. Membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) under sub-critical flux operation: membrane foulant and gel layer characterization. Journal of Membrane Science (2008) 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.035
175. Watanabe Y., Kimura K., and Itonaga T. Influence of dissolved organic carbon and suspension viscosity on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1371-1382
176. Wen X., Sui P., and Huang X. Exerting ultrasound to control the membrane fouling in filtration of anaerobic activated sludge - mechanism and membrane damage. Water Science and Technology 57 5 (2008) 773-779
177. Wicaksana F., Fane A.G., and Chen V. Fibre movement induced by bubbling using submerged hollow fibre membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 271 1-2 (2006) 186-195
178. Wisniewski C., and Grasmick A. Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 138 2-3 (1998) 403-411
179. Wu J., Chen F., Huang X., Geng W., and Wen X. Using inorganic coagulants to control membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination 197 1-3 (2006) 124-136
180. Wu J., Le-Clech P., Stuetz R.M., Fane A.G., and Chen V. Effects of relaxation and backwashing conditions on fouling in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science 324 1-2 (2008) 26-32
181. Wu J., Le-Clech P., Stuetz R.M., Fane A.G., and Chen V. Novel filtration mode for fouling limitation in membrane bioreactors. Water Research 42 14 (2008) 3677-3684
182. Yamamura H., Kimura K., and Watanbe Y. Mechanism involved in the evolution of physically irreversible fouling in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes used for drinking water treatment. Environmental Science and Technology 41 19 (2007) 6789-6794
183. Yamato N., Kimura K., Miyoshi T., and Watanabe Y. Difference in membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) caused by membrane polymer materials. Journal of Membrane Science 280 1-2 (2006) 911-919
184. Yang W., Cicek N., and Ilg J. State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: worldwide research and commercial applications in North America. Journal of Membrane Science 270 1-2 (2006) 201-211
185. Yang Z., Peng X.F., Chen M.-Y., Lee D.-J., and Lai J.Y. Intra-layer flow in fouling layer on membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 287 2 (2007) 280-286
186. Ye M., Zhang H., Wei Q., Lei H., Yang F., and Zhang X. Study on the suitable thickness of a PAC-precoated dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Desalination 194 1-3 (2006) 108-120
187. Yigit N.O., Harman I., Civelekoglu G., Koseoglu H., Cicek N., and Kitis M. Membrane fouling in a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor operated under various conditions. Desalination 231 1-3 (2008) 124-132
188. Ying Z., and Ping G. Effect of powdered activated carbon dosage on retarding membrane fouling in MBR. Separation Science and Technology 52 (2006) 154-160
189. Yoon, S.-H., Collins, J.H., Dave, B., koppes, J., 2007. Use of modified cationic polymers for the reduction of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor. In: Fourth IWA International Membranes Conference, Harrogate.
190. You H.S., Huang C.P., Pan J.R., and Chang S.C. Behavior of membrane scaling during crossflow filtration in the anaerobic MBR system. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1265-1278
191. You H.S., Tseng C.C., Peng M.J., Chang S.H., Chen Y.C., and Peng S.H. A novel application of an anaerobic membrane process in wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology 51 6-7 (2005) 45-50
192. 3 plasma treatment. Separation and Purification Technology 45 1 (2005) 8-15
193. 2 plasma treatment. Journal of Membrane Science 254 1-2 (2005) 219-227
194. Yu H.-Y., Liu L.-Q., Tang Z.-Q., Yan M.-G., Gu J.-S., and Wei X.-W. Mitigated membrane fouling in an SMBR by surface modification. Journal of Membrane Science 310 1-2 (2008) 409-417
195. Yu H.-Y., Xu Z.-K., Lei H., Hu M.-X., and Yang Q. Photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylamide on polypropylene microporous membranes for the improvement of antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor. Separation and Purification Technology 53 1 (2007) 119-125
196. Yun M.-A., Yeon K.-M., Park J.-S., Lee C.-H., Chun J., and Lim D.J. Characterization of biofilm structure and its effect on membrane permeability in MBR for dye wastewater treatment. Water Research 40 1 (2006) 45-52
197. Zhang C.-H., Yang F.-l., Wang W.-J., and Chen B. Preparation and characterization of hydrophilic modification of polypropylene non-woven fabric by dip-coating PVA (polyvinyl alcohol). Separation and Purification Technology 61 3 (2008) 276-286
198. Zhang G., Ji S., Gao X., and Liu Z. Adsorptive fouling of extracellular polymeric substances with polymeric ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 309 1-2 (2008) 28-35
199. Zhang H.-F., Sun B.-S., Zhao X.-H., and Gao Z.-H. Effect of ferric chloride on fouling in membrane bioreactor. Separation and Purification Technology (2008) 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.05.024
200. Zhang H., Qiao S., Ye M., Zhang X., and Yang F. Domestic wastewater treatment with precoating dynamic membrane bioreactor. Acta Scientae Cirumstantiae 25 2 (2005) 249-253
201. Zhang S.T., Qu Y.B., Liu Y.H., Yang F.L., Zhang X.W., Furukawa K., and Yamada Y. Experimental study of domestic sewage treatment with a metal membrane bioreactor. Desalination 177 1-3 (2005) 83-93
202. Zhang J., Chua H.C., Zhou J., and Fane A.G. Factors affecting the membrane performance in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science 284 1-2 (2006) 54-66
203. Zhang J.S., Chuan C.H., Zhou J.T., and Fane A.G. Effect of sludge retention time on membrane bio-fouling intensity in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology 41 7 (2006) 1313-1329
204. Zhang K., Choi H., Dionysiou D.D., Sorial G.A., and Oerther D.B. Identifying pioneer bacterial species responsible for biofouling membrane bioreactors. Environmental Microbiology 8 3 (2006) 433-440
205. Zhang S., Yang F., Liu Y., Zhang X., Yamada Y., and Furukawa K. Performance of a metallic membrane bioreactor treating simulated distillery wastewater at temperatures of 30 to 45 °C. Desalination 194 1-3 (2006) 146-155
206. Zhou J., Yang F.-l., Meng F.-g., An P., and Wang D. Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge. Journal of Environmental Sciences 19 11 (2007) 1281-1286
207. Zhou X.-H., Shi H.-C., Cai Q., He M., and Wu Y.-X. Function of self-forming dynamic membrane and biokinetic parameters' determination by microelectrode. Water Research 42 10-11 (2008) 2369-2376