Two-dimensional apparent microfabric of the basal late Weichselian till and associated shear zone: Case study from Western Latvia

Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 241-255

  Kalvans, Andis ^a   Saks, Tomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA   (Latvia)

Author keywords

Image analysis; Microfabric; Micromorphology; Shear zone; Subglacial deformation; Thin sections; Till

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MICROMORPHOLOGY; OUTCROSSING; PARTICLE SIZE; SHEAR ZONE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SUBGLACIAL DEPOSIT; TILL; WEICHSELIAN;

BALTIC STATES; EURASIA; EUROPE; LATVIA; NORTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 62549126405     PISSN: 17364728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3176/earth.2008.4.04     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Benn, D. I. 1994. Fabric shape and the interpretation of sedimentary fabric data. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 910-915.
2. Boulton, G. S. & Hindmarsh, R. C. A. 1987. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and sedimentological consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 9059-9082.
3. Boulton, G. S., Dongelmans, P., Punkari, M. & Broadgate, M. 2001. Palaeoglaciology of an ice sheet through a glacial cycle: the European ice sheet through the Weichselian. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 591-625.
4. Camuti, K. S. & McGuire, P. T. 1999. Preparation of polished thin sections from poorly consolidated regolith and sediment materials. Sedimentary Geology, 128, 171-178.
5. Carr, S. 1999. The micromorphology of Last Glacial Maximum sediments in the Southern North Sea. Catena, 35, 123-145.
6. Carr, S. 2001. Micromorphological criteria for discriminating subglacial and glacimarine sediments: evidence from a contemporary tidewater glacier, Spitsbergen. Quaternary International, 86, 71-79.
7. Carr, S. C. & Lee, J. A. 1998. Thin-section production of diamicts - problems and solutions. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 217-220.
8. Carr, S. J. & Rose, J. 2003. Till fabric patterns and significance: particle response to subglacial stress. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1415-1426.
9. Chaolu, Y. & Zhijiu, C. 2001. Subglacial deformation: evidence from microfabric studies of particles and voids in till from the upper Ürümqi river valley, Tien Shan, China. Journal of Glaciology, 47, 607-612.
10. Danilans, I. 1973. Chetvertichnye otlozheniya Latvii [Quaternary deposits of Latvia]. Zinatne, Riga, 312 pp. [in Russian].
11. Davis, J. C. 2002. Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Third edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 638 pp.
12. Dreimanis, A. 1936. Atškirība starp augšējo un apakšējo morēnu Latvijā [Difference between upper and lower till in Latvia]. Mag. rer. nat. thesis, Riga, Latvijas Universitāte, unpublished manuscript, 126 pp. [in Latvian].
13. Dreimanis, A. 1973. Tills, their origin and properties. In Glacial Till (Leggett, R. F., ed.), Royal Society of Canada, Special Publication, 12, 11-49.
14. Dreimanis, A. 1989. Tills: their genetic terminology and classification. In Genetic Classification of Glacigenic Deposits (Goldthwait, R. P. & Matsch, C. L., eds), pp. 17-83. Balkema, Rotterdam.
15. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, G. L. & Whiteman, C. A. 1987. Recent investigations of the Marly Drift of northernwest Norfolk, England. In Tills and Glaciotectonics (van der Meer, J. J. M., ed.), pp. 39-54. Balkema, Rotterdam.
16. Gaigalas, A., Gudelis, V., Sprinǵis, K., Konshin, G., Savvaitov, A., Veinbergs, I. & Raukas, A. 1967. Orientation of pebble long axes in the tills of the last glaciation in the East Baltic region and its relation to ice sheet shrinkage. In Baltica 3 (Gudelis, V., ed.), pp. 215-233. Vilnius [in Russian, with English and German summaries].
17. Hart, J. K., Khatwa, A. & Sammonds, P. 2004. The effect of grain texture on the occurrence of microstructural properties in subglacial till. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2501-2512.
18. Hiemstra, J. F. & van der Meer, J. J. M. 1997. Pore-water controlled grain fracturing as an indicator for subglacial shearing in tills. Journal of Glaciology, 43, 446-454.
19. Juškevičs, V., Kondratjeva, S., Murnieks, A. & Murniece, S. 1998. Latvijas ǵeoloǵiskā karte. Mērogs 1: 200000.41. lapa. Paskaidrojuma teksts un kartes [Geological map of Latvia. Scale 1: 200,000. Sheet 41 - Ventspils. Explanatory note and maps]. State Geological Survey, Rīga, 48 pp. [in Latvian].
20. Kalnina, L. 2001. Middle and Late Pleistocene Environmental Changes Recorded in the Latvian Part of the Baltic Sea Basin. Quaternaria, Series A 9, 173 pp.
21. Kalniņa, L., Dreimanis, A. & Murniece, S. 2000. Palynology and lithostratigraphy of Late Elsterian to Early Saalian aquatic sediments in the Ziemupe-Jurkalne area, Western Latvia. Quaternary International, 68-71, 87-109.
22. Kalvans, A., Saks, T. & Zelčs, V. 2007. 2D analysis of apparent till micro fabrics in thin sections: an example from Western Latvia. Quaternary International, 167-168, Supplement 1, 200 (Abstracts the XVII INQUA Congress 2007, Australia, 28 July-3 August 2007).
23. Khatwa, A. & Tulaczyk, S. 2001. Microstructural interpretations of modern and Pleistocene subglacially deformed sediments: the relative role of parent material and subglacial processes. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 507-517.
24. Konshin, G., Savvaitov, A. & Slobodin, V. 1970. Marine intertill deposits of Western Latvia and some peculiarities of their development. In Voprosy chetvertichnoj geologii 5 [Questions of Quaternary Geology V] (Danilāns, I., ed.), pp. 37-48. Zinātne, Rīga [in Russian, with English summary].
25. Krüger, J. & Kjær, K. H. 1999. A data chart for field description and genetic interpretation of glacial diamicts and associated sediments - with examples from Greenland, Iceland, and Denmark. Boreas, 28, 386-402.
26. Kuhn, M. R. 2005. Are granular materials simple? An experimental study of strain gradient effects and localization. Mechanics of Materials, 37, 607-627.
27. Lachniet, M. S., Larson, G. J., Lawson, D. E., Evenson, E. B. & Alley, R. B. 2001. Microstructures of sediment flow. deposits and subglacial sediments: a comparison. Boreas, 30, 254-262.
28. Larsen, N. K. & Piotrowski, J. A. 2003. Fabric pattern in a basal till succession and its significance for reconstructing subglacial processes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73, 725-734.
29. Larsen, N. K., Piotrowski, J. A. & Menzies, J. 2007. Microstructural evidence of low-strain, time-transgressive subglacial deformation. Journal of Quaternary Science, 22, 593-608.
30. Lebourg, T., Riss, J. & Pirard, E. 2004. Influence of morphological characteristics of heterogeneous moraine formations on their mechanical behaviour using image and statistical analysis. Engineering Geology, 73, 37-50.
31. Meirons, Z. & Straume, J. 1979. Cenozoic group. In Geologicheskoe stroenie i poleznye iskopaemye Latvii [Geological structure and mineral resources of Latvia] (Misans, J., Brangulis, A., Danilans, I. & Kuršs, V., eds), pp. 176-268. Zinatne, Rīga [in Russian].
32. Menzies, J. 2000. Micromorphological analyses of microfabric and microstructures indicative of deformation processes in glacial sediments. In Deformation of Glacial Materials (Maltman, A. J., Hubbard, B. & Hambrey, M. J., eds), Geological Society Special Publication, 176, 245-257.
33. Menzies, J. & Zaniewski, K. 2003. Microstructures within a modern debris flow deposit derived from Quaternary glacial diamicton - a comparative micromorphological study. Sedimentary Geology, 157, 31-48.
34. Piotrowski, J. A., Larsen, N. K., Menzies, J. & Wysota, W. 2006. Formation of subglacial till under transient bed conditions: deposition, deformation, and basal decoupling under a Weichselian ice sheet lobe, central Poland. Sedimentology, 53, 83-106.
35. Punkari, M. 1997. Subglacial processes of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Fennoscandia inferred from flow-parallel features and lithostratigraphy. Sedimentary Geology, 111, 263-283.
36. Raukas, A., Mickelson, D. & Dreimanis, A. 1978. Methods of till investigation in Europe and North America. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 48, 285-294.
37. Roberts, D. H. &. Hart, J. K. 2005. The deforming bed characteristics of a stratified till assemblage in north East Anglia, UK: investigating controls on sediment rheology and strain signatures. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 123-140.
38. Ruszczynska-Szenajch, H. 2001. "Lodgement till" and "deformation till". Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 579-581.
39. Saks, T., Kalvans, K. & Zelčs, V. 2007. Structure and micromorphology of glacial and non-glacial deposits in coastal bluffs at Sensala, Western Latvia. Baltica, 20, 19-27.
40. Segliņš, V. 1987. Stratigrafiya pleistotsena zapadnoj Latvii: Avtoreferat dissertatsii kandidata geologicheskikh i mineralogicheskikh nauk [Pleistocene stratigraphy of Western Latvia: Compendium of partial fulfillment of requirements of the candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences]. Tallinn, 14 pp. [in Russian].
41. Stroeven, P. A., Stroeven, P. & van der Meer, J. J. M. 2005. Microfabric analysis by manual and automated stereological procedures: a methodological approach to Antarctic tillite. Sedimentology, 52, 219-233.
42. Thomason, J. F. & Iverson, N. R. 2006. Microfabric and microshear evolution in deformed till. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 1027-1038.
43. Ulsts, W. & Majore, J. 1964. Roundness of hornblende grains as basis for stratigraphic subdivision of morainic deposits of the western part of the USSR. In Voprosy chetvertichnoj geologii 3 [Questions of Quaternary Geology, III] (Danilāns, I., ed.), pp. 33-61. Zinātne, Rāga [in Russian, with English summary].
44. Van der Meer, J. J. M. 1993. Microscopic evidences of subglacial deformation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 553-587.
45. Van der Meer, J. J. M. 1996. Micromorphology. In Past Glacial Environments - Sediments, Forms and Techniques, Vol. II (Menzies, J., ed.), pp. 335-356. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
46. Van der Meer, J. J. M. 1997. Particle and aggregate mobility in till: microscopic evidence of subglacial processes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 827-831.
47. Van der Meer, J. J. M., Rabassa, J. O. & Evenson, E. B. 1992. Micromorphological aspects of glaciolacustrine sediments in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Quaternary Science, 7, 31-44.
48. Van der Meer, J. J. M., Menzies, J. & Rose, J. 2003. Subglacial till: the deforming glacier bed. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1659-1685. Veinbergs, I. 1964. Coastal morphology and dynamics of the Baltic Ice Lake on the territory of the Latvian SSR. In Voprosy chetvertichnoj geologii 3 [Questions of Quaternary Geology, III] (Danilāns, I., ed.), pp. 331-369. Zinātne, Rīga [in Russian, with English summary].
49. Zaniewski, K. & van der Meer, J. J. M. 2005. Quantification of plasmic fabric through image analysis. Catena, 63, 109-127.
50. Zelčs, V. & Markots, A. 2004. Deglaciation history of Latvia. In Extent and Chronology of Glaciations 1 (Europe) (Ehlers, J. & Gibbard, P. L., eds), pp. 225-244. Elsevier.
51. Zelčs, V., Saks, T. & Kalvans, A. 2007. Towards revised Pleistocene stratigraphy of Western Latvia, the Eastern Baltic. Quaternary International, 167-168, Supplement 1, 471 (Abstracts of the XVII INQUA Congress 2007, Australia, 28 July-3 August 2007).