Geological context of water-altered minerals in Valles Marineris, Mars

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 113, Issue 12, 2008, Pages

  Chojnacki, Matthew ^a,b   Hynek, Brian M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEDROCK; CHEMICAL ALTERATION; FORMATION MECHANISM; HEMATITE; MARS; MINERAL DEPOSIT; SPECTROSCOPY; SULFATE;

EID: 62549104607     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JE003070     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Anthony, J. W., R. A. Bideaux, K. W. Bladh, and M. C. Nichols (Eds.) (2003), Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, vol. 5, 813 pp., Min. Data Publ., Tucson, Ariz.
2. Arvidson, R. E., F. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, M. Wolff, A. Gendrin, R. V. Morris, J. J. Freeman, Y. Langevin, N. Mangold, and G. Bellucci (2005), Spectral reflectance and morphologic correlations in eastern Terra Meridiani, Mars, Science, 307(5715), 1591-1594, doi:10.1126/ science.1109509.
3. Arvidson, R. E., et al. (2006), Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration Rover datasets, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E12S08, doi:10.1029/2006JE002728.
4. Baker, V. R., and R. C. Kochel (1979), Martian channel morphology; Maja and Kasei Valles, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7961-7983, doi:10.1029/ JB084iB14p07961.
5. Beyer, R. A. (2006), Erosion, burial, and exhumation at Ganges Mensa, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 1914.
6. Bibring, J. P., et al. (2005), Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations, Science, 307(5715), 1576-1581, doi:10.1126/science.1108806.
7. Bibring, J. P., et al. (2006), Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data, Science, 312(5772), 400-404, doi:10.1126/science.1122659.
8. Bishop, J. L., M. D. Dyar, M. D. Lane, and J. Bandfield (2005), Spectral identification of hydrated sulfates on Mars and comparison with acidic environments on Earth, Int. J. Astrobiol., 3(4), 275-285, doi:10.1017/S1473550405002259.
9. Bishop, J. L., et al. (2007), Sulfates in Juventae Chasma as seen by CRISM, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVIII, abstract 2252.
10. Blasius, K. R., et al. (1977), Geology of Valles Marineris: First analysis of imaging from Viking 1 Orbiter primary mission, J. Geophys. Res., 82(28), 4067-4091, doi:10.1029/JS082i028p04067.
11. Brückner, J., et al. (2005), Hematite on the surface of Meridiani Planum and Gusev Crater, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1767.
12. Burns, R. G. (1993), Rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering of ferromagnesian silicate minerals on Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4555-4574, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90182-V.
13. Burns, R. G., and D. S. Fisher (1990), Evolution of sulfide mineralization on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,169-14,173, doi:10.1029/JB095iB09p14169.
14. Carr, M. (2007), The Surface of Mars, 307 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
15. Carr, M., et al. (1984), The Geology of the Terrestrial Planets, NASA SP-469, 317 pp., Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
16. Catling, D. C., and J. M. Moore (2003), The nature of coarse-grained crystalline hematite and its implications for the early environment of Mars, Icarus, 165, 277-300, doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00173-8.
17. Catling, D. C., et al. (2006), Light-toned layered deposits in Juventae Chasma, Mars, Icarus, 181, 26-51, doi:10.1016 /j.icarus.2005.10.020.
18. Chan, M. A., W. T. Parry, and J. R. Bowman (2000), Diagenetic hematite and manganese oxides and fault-related fluid flow in Jurassic sandstones, southeastern Utah, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 84, 1281-1310.
19. Chan, M. A., B. Beitler, W. T. Parry, J. Ormö, and G. Komatsu (2004), A possible terrestrial analogue for haematite concretions on Mars, Nature, 429, 731-734, doi:10.1038/nature02600.
20. Chapman, M. G. (2002), Layered, massive, and thin sediments on Mars: Possible late Noachian to late Amazonian tephra?, in Volcano-Ice Interactions on Earth and Mars, edited by J. L. Smellie and M. G. Chapman, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 202, 273-203.
21. Chapman, M. G., and J. L. Smellie (2007), Mars interior layered deposits and terrestrial sub-ice volcanoes compared: Observations and interpretations of similar geomorphic characteristics, in The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-based Analogs, pp. 178-210, Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
22. Chapman, M. G., and K. L. Tanaka (2001), The interior deposits on Mars Sub-ice volcanoes?, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,087-10,100, doi:10.1029/2000JE001303.
23. Chapman, M. G., and K. L. Tanaka (2002), Related magma-ice interactions: Possible origins of chasmata, chaos, and surface materials in Xanthe, Margaritifer, and Meridiani terrae, Mars, Icarus, 155, 324-339, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6735.
24. Chojnacki, M., B. M. Jakosky, and B. M. Hynek (2006), Surficial properties of landslides and surrounding units in Ophir Chasma, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E04005, doi:10.1029/2005JE002601.
25. Christensen, P. R., and S. W. Ruff (2004), Formation of the hematite-bearing unit in Meridiani Planum: Evidence for deposition in standing water, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E08003, doi:10.1029/ 2003JE002233.
26. Christensen, P. R., et al. (1992), Thermal emission spectrometer experiment: The Mars Observer mission, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7719-7734.
27. Christensen, P. R., et al. (1998), Results from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer, Science, 279, 1692-1698, doi:10.1126/science.279.5357.1692.
28. Christensen, P. R., R. V. Morris, M. D. Lane, J. L. Bandfield, and M. C. Malin (2001a), Global mapping of Martian hematite mineral deposits: Remnants of water-driven processes on early Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,873-23,885, doi:10.1029/2000JE001415.
29. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2001b), Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,823-23,871, doi:10.1029/ 2000JE001370.
30. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2004), The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey mission, Space Sci. Rev., 110, 85-130, doi:10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021008.16305.94.
31. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2005), Mars Exploration Rover candidate landing sites as viewed by THEMIS, Icarus, 176, 12-43, doi:10.1016/ j.icarus.2005.01.004.
32. Freeman, J. J., A. Wang, and B. L. Jolliff (2007), Pathways to form kieserite from epsomite at mid to low temperatures, with relevance-to Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVIII, abstract 1298.
33. Fueten, F., R. Stesky, and J. Marsh (2003), Structural attitudes of large scale layering in Valles Marineris, Mars, from analysis of imagery and altimetry data, paper presented at Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting 2003, Geol. Assoc. of Can., Vancouver, B. C., 26-28 May.
34. Fueten, F., R. Stesky, P. MacKinnon, B. Hauber, K. Gwinner, F. Scholten, T. Zegers, and G. Neukum (2006), A structural study of an interior layered deposit in southwestern Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars, using High Resolution Stereo Camera data from Mars Express, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07202, doi:10.1029/2005GL025035.
35. Fueten, F., et al. (2007), Faulting of ILD deposits on Ceti Mensa, western Candor Chasma, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVIII, abstract 1388.
36. Gaddis, L. R., et al. (1997), An overview of the integrated software for imaging spectrometers, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVIII, abstract 387.
37. Geissler, P. E., R. B. Singer, G. Komatsu, S. Murchie, and J. Mustard (1993), An unusual spectral unit in west Candor Chasma: Evidence for aqueous or hydrothermal alteration in the Martian canyons, Icarus, 106, 380-391, doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1179.
38. Gendrin, A., J.-P. Bibring, B. Gondet, Y. Langevin, N. Mangold, J. F. Mustard, F. Poulet, and C. Quantin (2004), Identification of sulfate deposits on Mars by OMEGA/Mars Express, abstract 8030, presented at 2nd Conference on Early Mars, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Jackson Hole, Wy., 11-15 October.
39. Gendrin, A., et al. (2005a), Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: The OMEGA/Mars Express view, Science, 307, 1587-1591, doi:10.1126/ science.1109087.
40. Gendrin, A., et al. (2005b), Sulfates on Mars layered terrains: OMEGA high resolution campaign confirms low resolution identifications, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1363.
41. Gendrin, A., et al. (2005c), Identification of predominant ferric signatures in association to the Martian sulfate deposits, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1378.
42. Gendrin, A., et al. (2006), Two years of sulfate mapping in Valles Marineris and Terra Meridiani as seen by OMEGA/Mars Express, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 1872.
43. Glotch, T. D., and P. R. Christensen (2005), Geologic and mineralogic mapping of Aram Chaos: Evidence for a water-rich history, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E09006, doi:10.1029/2004JE002389.
44. Glotch, T. D., and A. D. Rogers (2007), Evidence for aqueous deposition of hematite- and sulfate-rich light-toned layered deposits in Aureum and Iani Chaos, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E06001, doi:10.1029/ 2006JE002863.
45. Hauber, E., et al. (2005), Interior layered deposits in Valles Marineris, Mars: Insights from 3D-data, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1760.
46. Hauber, E., et al. (2006), An integrated study of interior layered deposits in Hebes Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars, using MGS, MO, and MEX data, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 2022.
47. Hauck, S. A. (1990), Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Middle Proterozoic iron oxide-rich ore deposits: An ore deposit model for Olympic Dam-type mineralization, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1932, 4-39.
48. Hauck, S. A., II, and R. J. Phillips (2002), Thermal and crustal evolution of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E7), 5052, doi:10.1029/ 2001JE001801.
49. Hutchison, L., J. F. Mustard, A. Gendrin, J. P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, and N. Mangold (2005), Mafic polyhydrated sulfates and kieserite in Capri Chasma, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1404.
50. Hynek, B. M. (2004), Implications for hydrologic processes on Mars from extensive bedrock outcrops throughout Terra Meridiani, Nature, 431, 156-159, doi:10.1038/nature02902.
51. Hynek, B. M., and R. J. Phillips (2003), New data reveal mature, integrated drainage systems on Mars indicative of past precipitation, Geology, 31, 757-760, doi:10.1130/G19607.1.
52. Hynek, B. M., and K. Singer (2007), Ground truth for Mars thermal inertia data from the Opportunity Rover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11201, doi:10.1029/2007GL029687.
53. Hynek, B. M., R. E. Arvidson, and R. J. Phillips (2002), Geologic setting and origin of Terra Meridiani hematite deposit on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E10), 5088, doi:10.1029/2002JE001891.
54. Hynek, B. M., R. J. Phillips, and R. E. Arvidson (2003), Explosive volcanism in the Tharsis region: Global evidence in the Martian geologic record, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E9), 5111, doi:10.1029/2003JE002062.
55. Hynek, B. M., K. L. Rogers, and T. M. McCollom (2007), Cerro Negro, Nicaragua: A key Mars analog environment for acid-sulfate weathering, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 1353, p. 3213, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
56. Jakosky, B. M., and M. T. Mellon (2001), High-resolution thermal inertia mapping of Mars: Sites of exobiological interest, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,887-23,908, doi:10.1029/2000JE001311.
57. Jakosky, B. M., S. M. Pelkey, M. T. Mellon, B. M. Hynek, S. Martínez-Alonso, N. E. Putzig, N. Murphy, P. R. Christensen, and R. L. Fergason (2006), Thermophysical properties of the MER and Beagle II landing sites on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E08008, doi:10.1029/ 2004JE002320.
58. Kass, D. M., J. T. Schofield, T. I. Michaels, S. C. R. Rafkin, M. I. Richardson, and A. D. Toigo (2003), Analysis of atmospheric mesoscale models for entry, descent and landing, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8090, doi:10.1029/2003JE002065.
59. Knauth, L. P., D. M. Burt, and K. H. Wohletz (2005), Impact origin of sediments at the Opportunity landing site on Mars, Nature, 438, 1123-1128, doi:10.1038/nature04383.
60. Knudson, A. T., and P. R. Christensen (2004), Hematite in Valles Marineris: Context, composition, distribution, morphology, physical properties, and comparison to other Mars hematite deposits, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., abstract P21A-0215.
61. Knudson, A. T., and P. R. Christensen (2005), Hematite in Valles Marineris, Mars, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., abstract P21C-0162.
62. Knudson, A., et al. (2007a), The geologic context of hematite in Valles Marineris: Comparison of CRISM data to results from TES, THEMIS and OMEGA, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 2333.
63. Knudson, A. et al. (2007b), Aqueous geology in Valles Marineris: New insights in the relationship of hematite and sulfates from CRISM and HIRISE, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 3370, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
64. Komatsu, G., G. G. Ori, C. Paolo, and Y. D. Litasov (2004), Interior layered deposits of Valles Marineris, Mars: Analogous sub-ice volcanism related to Baikal rifting, southern Siberia, Planet. Space Sci., 52, 167-187, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.003.
65. Kreslavsky, M. A., and J. W. Head (1999), Kilometer-scale slopes on Mars and their correlation with geologic units: Initial results from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, J. Geophys. Res., 104(E9), 21,911-21, 924, doi:10.1029/1999JE001051.
66. Kreslavsky, M. A., and J. W. Head (2002), Mars: Nature and evolution of young latitude-dependent water-ice-rich mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(15), 1719, doi:10.1029/2002GL015392.
67. Langevin, Y., F. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, B. Schmitt, S. Douté, and B. Gondet (2005), Summer evolution of the North Polar Cap of Mars as observed by OMEGA/Mars Express, Science, 307, 1581-1583, doi:10.1126/science.1109438.
68. Lucchitta, K. B. (1987), Recent mafic volcanism on Mars, Science, 235, 565-567, doi:10.1126/science.235.4788.565.
69. Lucchitta, K. B. (1990), Young volcanic deposits in Valles Marineris Mars, Icarus, 86, 476-509, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90230-7.
70. Lucchitta, K. B. (1999), Geologic Map of Ophir and Central Candor Chasmata (MTM-05072) of Mars, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-2568, scale 1:500,000.
71. Lucchitta, K. B. (2001), MOC images confirmed layered deposits formed within Valles Marineris, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXII, abstract 1359.
72. Lucchitta, K. B. (2006), Possible secondary aqueous deposits in west Candor Chasma, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXII, abstract 1952.
73. Lucchitta, K. B. (2007), Multiple erosional and depositional episodes in west Candor Chasms, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXIII, abstract 1689.
74. Lucchitta, K. B., and M. G. Chapman (2002), Are the Valles Marineris giant volcano-tectonic depressions?, Lunar Planet Sci., XXXIII, abstract 1689.
75. Malin, M. C. (1979), Evidence of indurated deposits of fine materials, NASA Conf Publ., 2072(54).
76. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett (2000), Sedimentary rocks of early Mars, Science, 290, 1927-1937, doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1927.
77. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett (2001), Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,429-23,570, doi:10.1029/2000JE001455.
78. Malin, M. C., G. E. Danielson, A. P. Ingersoll, H. Masursky, J. Veverka, M. A. Ravine, and T. A. Soulanille (1992), Mars Observer Camera, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7699-7718.
79. Mangold, N., C. Quantin, A. Véronique, C. Delacourt, and P. Allemand (2004), Evidence for precipitation on Mars from dendritic valleys in Valles Marineris area science, Science, 305, 78-81, doi:10.1126/ science.1097549.
80. Mangold, N., et al. (2005), Analysis of Candor Chasms interior layered deposits from OMEGA/MEX spectra, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1330.
81. Mangold, N., et al. (2007), An overview of the sulfates detected in the equatorial regions by the OMEGA/MEX spectrometer, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 3141, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
82. Mangold, N., et al. (2008), Spectral and geological study of the sulfate-rich region of west Candor Chasma, Mars, Icarus, 194, 519-543, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.021.
83. McCauley, J. F. (1978), Geologic map of the Coprates quadrangle of Mars, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Geol. Invest. Map, I-897, 1:5,000,000.
84. McCollom, T. M., and B. H. Hynek (2005), A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars, Nature, 438, 1129-1131, doi:10.1038/nature04390.
85. McCollom, T. M., and B. M. Hynek (2006), Planetary science: Bedrock formation at Meridiani Planum (Reply), Nature, 443, doi:10.1038/ nature05213.
86. McEwen, A. S., et al. (2007), Mars reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), J. Geophys. Res., 112, E05S02, doi:10.1029/2005JE002605.
87. McLennan, S. M., et al. (2005), Provenance and diagenesis of the Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240, 95-121, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.041.
88. McSween, H. R., et al. (2004), Preliminary mineralogy and geochemistry results at the MER-A landing site in Gusev, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXIV, abstract 2167.
89. Mellon, M. T., B. M. Jakosky, and P. R. Christensen (2000), High-resolution thermal inertia mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer, Icarus, 148, 437-455, doi:10.1006/ icar.2000.6503.
90. Montgomery, D. R., and A. Gillespie (2005), Formation of Martian outflow channels by catastrophic dewatering of evaporite deposits, Geology, 33, 625-628, doi:10.1130/G21270.1.
91. Morris, R. V., et al. (2005), Hematite spherules in basaltic tephra altered under aqueous, acid-sulfate conditions on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii: Possible clues for the occurrence of hematite-rich spherules in the Burns formation at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240, 168-178, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.044.
92. Murchie, S., et al. (2007a), Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), J. Geophys. Res., 112, E05S03, doi:10.1029/2006JE002682.
93. Murchie, S., et al. (2007b), CRISM mapping of layered deposits in western Candor Chasma, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 3240, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
94. Mustard, J. F., et al. (2007), Overview of hydrated silicate minerals observed on Mars by CRISM, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 3240, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
95. Neukum, G., et al. (2004), HRSC: The High Resolution Stereo Camera of Mars Express, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., 1240, 17-35.
96. Nowicki, S. A., and P. R. Christensen (2007), Rock abundance on Mars from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E05007, doi:10.1029/2006JE002798.
97. Ohba, T., and M. Nakagawa (2002), Minerals in volcanic ash: 2. Non-magmatic minerals, Global Environ. Res., 6(2), 53-59.
98. Okubo, C. H., and A. S. McEwen (2007), Fracture-controlled paleo-fluid flow in Candor Chasma, Mars, Science, 315, 983-985, doi:10.1126/ science.1136855.
99. Okubo, C. H., R. A. Schultz, A. T. Polit, and A. S. McEwen (2007), Displacement-length scaling of joints in layered deposits, southwest Candor Chasma, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXIII, abstract 1225.
100. Park, C. F., Jr. (1961), A magnetite "flow" in northern Chile, Econ. Geol., 56, 431-436.
101. Parnell, J., P. Lee, C. S. Cockell, and G. R. Osinski (2004), Microbial colonization in impact-generated hydrothermal sulphate deposits, Haughton impact structure, and implications for sulphates on Mars, Int. J. Astrobiol., 3, 247-256, doi:10.1017/S1473550404001995.
102. Pelkey, S. M., et al. (2005), An integrated study of OMEGA-identified mineral deposits in eastern Hebes Chasma, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1891.
103. Pirajno, F., and M. J. van Kranendonk (2005), Review of hydrothermal processes and systems on Earth and implications for Martian analogues, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 52, 329-351, doi:10.1080/08120090500134571.
104. Putzig, N. E., M. T. Mellon, K. A. Kretke, and R. E. Arvidson (2005), Global thermal inertia and surface properties of Mars from the MGS mapping mission, Icarus, 173, 325-341, doi:10.1016/ j.icarus.2004.08.017.
105. Quantin, C., P. Allemand, N. Mangold, G. Dromart, and C. Delacourt (2005a), Fluvial and lacustrine activity on layered deposits in Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E12S19, doi:10.1029/2005JE002440.
106. Quantin, C., et al. (2005b), Sulfate deposits identified by OMEGA in Melas Chasma, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1789.
107. Quantin, C., et al. (2006), Stratigraphy and elevation of sulfate deposits in Valles Marineris, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 2046.
108. Rafkin, S. C. R., and T. I. Michaels (2003), Meteorological predictions for 2003 Mars Exploration Rover high-priority landing sites, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8091, doi:10.1029/2002JE002027.
109. Rafkin, S. C. R., R. M. Haberle, and T. I. Michaels (2001), The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System: Model description and selected simulations, Icarus, 151, 228-256, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6605.
110. Roach, L. H., et al. (2007), Magnesium and iron sulfate variety and distribution in east Candor and Capri Chasma, Valles Marineris, in Seventh International Conference on Mars, abstract 3238, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
111. Ruff, S. W., and P. R. Christensen (2002), Bright and dark regions on Mars: Particle size and mineralogical characteristics based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E12), 5127, doi:10.1029/2001JE001580.
112. Schultz, R. A. (1991), Structural development of Coprates Chasma and western Ophir Planum, Valles Marineris Rift, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22,777-22,792, doi:10.1029/91JE02556.
113. Skilling, I. P., M. G. Chapman, and B. K. Lucchitta (2002), Young, blocky flows in east Ius/West Melas and West Candor chasmata, Mare: Debris avalanche deposits derived from IL D mounds?, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXIII, abstract 1361.
114. Smith, D. E., et al. (2001), Mars Orbiter laser altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,689-23,722, doi:10.1029/2000JE001364.
115. Solomon, S. C., et al. (2005), New perspectives on ancient Mars, Science, 307, 1214-1220, doi:10.1126/science.1101812.
116. Sonnenfeld, P. (1984), Brines and Evaporites, 613 pp., Academic, London.
117. Sonnenfeld, P., and J. P. Perthuisot (Eds.) (1989), Brines and Evaporites, Short Course in Geology, vol. 3, 126 pp., AGU, Washington, D. C.
118. Squyres, S. W., and A. H. Knolls (2005), Sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum: Origin, diagenesis, and implications for life on Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240, 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.038.
119. Squyres, S. W., et al. (2004), In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Science, 306, 1709-1714, doi:10.1126/science.1104559.
120. Sullivian, R., et al. (2007), Aeolian geomorphology with MER Opportunity at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVIII, abstract 2048.
121. Tanaka, K. L. (1986), The stratigraphy of Mars, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, 17th, Part 1, J. Geophys. Res., 91, suppl., E139-E158, doi:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139.
122. Tanaka, K. L., and M. P. Golombek (1989), Martian tension fractures and the formation of grabens and collapse depressions in Valles Marineris, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, 19, 383-396.
123. Vaniman, D. T., D. L. Bish, S. J. Chipera, C. I. Fialips, J. W. Carey, and W. C. Feldman (2004), Magnesium sulphate salts and the history of water on Mars, Nature, 431, 663-665, doi:10.1038/nature02973.
124. Wächtershäuser, G. (2006), From volcanic origins of chemoautotrophic life to Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 361(1474), 1787-1808, doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1904.
125. Wang, A., et al. (2006), Sulfate deposition in subsurface regolith in Gusev Crater, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E02S17, doi:10.1029/ 2005JE002513.
126. Weitz, C. M., T. J. Parker, M. H. Bulmer F. S. Anderson, and J. A. Grant (2003), Geology of the Melas Chasma landing site for the Mars Exploration Rover mission, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8082, doi:10.1029/2002JE002022.
127. Weitz, C. M., M. D. Lane, M. Staid, and E. N. Dobrea (2008), Gray hematite distribution and formation in Ophir and Candor chasmata, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E02016, doi:10.1029/2007JE002930.
128. Witbeck, N. E., K. L. Tanaka, and D. H. Scott (1991), Geologic Map of Valles Marineris Region, Mars, MAP I-2010, U.S. Geol. Surv., Reston, Va.
129. Zegers, T. E., et al. (2006), 3-D structural analysis of Ophir Chasma based on HRSC image data and stereo-derived DTM, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, abstract 1605.