The last piece of the jigsaw: Britain and the creation of the Western European Union, 1954

Contemporary European History

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 181-196

  Deighton, Anne ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 62449288732     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777300004860     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. For a general account of WEU, see Anne Deighton (ed.), Western European Union, 1954-1997: Defence, Security, Integration (Reading: European Interdependence Research Unit, St Antony's College, Oxford, 1997)
2. On France, Elisabeth du Réau, 'Pierre Mendès France, le création de l'Union européenne occidentale (UEO) et son devenir', in René Girault, ed., Pierre Mendès France et le role de la France dans le monde (Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1991), 25-38
3. A 100 million dollar loan was given to the ECSC in an attempt to try to save EDC. Pascaline Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United states of Europe (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62
4. FRUS, 1952-4, 1015
5. The French continually asked to see the UK-US proposals, Roberts note, 24 Aug. 1954, FO 371/10958, Foreign Office Records, Public Record Office, London
6. FRUS, 1952-4, 1045-7; 16 Aug. 1954, PM/IK/54/135, FO 800/779; FO to Woton, 26 Aug. 1954, FO 800/779
7. F. Roy Willis, France, Germany and the New Europe, 1945-1967 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968), 185
8. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, 537ff
9. Eden to Churchill, 26 Feb. 1953, FO 800/778
10. Dutton, Eden, 239. Dutton concludes that Churchill should have retired from office in 1945, 246
11. Young, Churchill's Last Campaign, 288, 328
12. Robert Rhodes James, Bob Boothby: A Portrait (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991), chapter 5
13. Le Monde, 9 Apr. 1954
14. For a full account of the impact of this, see P. M. H. Bell, France and Britain, 1940-1994: The Long Separation (London: Longman, 1997), 126-130
15. Eden to Dulles, 4 Feb. 1953, FO 800/778, ZP/12/27G
16. FRUS, 1952-4, 1111
17. FRUS, 1952-4, 1123
18. Saki Dockrill, 'Cooperation and Suspicion: United States Alliance Diplomacy for the Security of Western Europe, 1953-54', Diplomacy and Statecraft vol. 5, no. 1 (March 1994), 138-182
19. FRUS, 1952-4, 1127
20. FRUS, 1952-4, 1134. 1149
21. René Massigli, Une Comedie des Erreurs (Paris: Plon, 1978), 462
22. Anthony Eden, Full Circle (London: Cassell, 1960), 151
23. See also Frank Roberts, Dealing with Dictators (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991)
24. John W. Young, 'German Rearmament and the European Defence Community', in John W. Young, ed., The Foreign Policy of Churchill's Peacetime Administration, 1951-1955 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1988), 81-108
25. Michael Charlton, The Price of Victory (London: BBC, 1983), 164
26. See also DDF, 396
27. FRUS, 1952-4, 1201
28. Elena Calandri, 'The Western European Union Armaments Pool. France's Quest for Security and European Cooperation in Transition, 1951-1955', Journal of European Integration History, Vol. 1, no. 1 (1995), 37-64
29. FRUS, 1952-4, 1304
30. FRUS, 1952-4, 1360
31. Lord Gladwyn, Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974), 274
32. Moscow to FO no. 1027, 23 Oct. 1954, 1462, FO 371/109296
33. Conservative Party Archive (CPA): CRD2/34/7, FACo(54)8, Brief for debate on London and Paris Agreements, 15 Nov. 1954
34. Western European Union Archive, WEU DG1/17; BTO A/2387, 21 Oct. 1954, Roberts note
35. Elizabeth Kane, Tilting to Europe, 1955-7 (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1990), rehearses the shifts in British official thinking, from disbelief, to thoughts in some departments of sabotage, and then to attempts at accommodation with the Messina process