Historico-geographical questions connected with pericles' Pontic expedition

Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia

Volumn 7, Issue 3-4, 2001, Pages 341-366

  Surikov, I E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 62449149836     PISSN: 0929077X     EISSN: 15700577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/15700570152758052     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. We shall list only the most important works on the subject: S. A. Zhebelyov, Severnoe Prichernomor'e (The North Pontic Region), Moscow-Leningrad, 1953, pp. 24, 64-65, 180-195
2. st centuries BC), Moscow, 1952, pp. 67-73
3. V. D. Blavatskiī, "The Bosporus in the Archaic Period", Materialÿ issledovaniyapo arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu épokhu (Materials and Research on the North Pontic Region in the Classical Period), Vol. 2, Moscow, pp. 7-44
4. M. I. Maksimova, Antichnÿe goroda Yugo-vostochnogo Prichernomor'ya (Classical Cities of the South-eastern Pontic Region), Moscow-Leningrad, 1956, pp. 98-102, 151)
5. I. V. Brashinskii, "Pericles' Pontic Expedition", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1958, No. 3, pp. 110-121
6. P. O. Karyshkovskii" "Olbia and the Athenian League", Materialÿ po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (Materials on the Archaeology of the North Pontic Region), Issue 3, Odessa, 1960, pp. 57-100
7. V. F. Gaīdukevich, "On the Routes followed by Ancient Greek Ships in Pontus Euxinius", Kratkie soobshcheniya o dokladakh ipolevykh issledovaniyakh A AN SSSR (Short Reports on Papers and Field Research by the Institute of Archaeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences), Issue 116, 1969, pp. 11-19.
8. For example: A. N. Vasiliev, "On the Question of the Events of 438 BC in the Bosporus", Problemÿ otechestvennoī istorii (Questions of the History of Our Country), Part 2, MoscowLeningrad, 1976, pp. 154-176
9. M. V. Skrzhinskaya, "The Subject of the North Pontic Region in the work of Sophocles", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1985, No. 2, pp. 142-148
10. V. A. Anokhin, Monetnoe delo Bospora (The Minting of Coins in the Bosporus), Kiev, 1986, pp. 19, 27-29
11. S. Y. Saprykin, Gerakleya Pontiīskaya i Khersones TavricheskiĪ (Heraclaea on the Black Sea and Tauric Chersonese), Moscow, 1986, pp. 46-49
12. O. N. Usacheva, G. A. Koshelenko, "On an Enigma of Bosporan Historiography", RA (Russian Archaeology), 1994, No. 3, pp. 65-70
13. A. A. Maslennikov, "Some questions of the Early History of the Bosporan State in the light of the latest archaeological investigations in the Eastern Crimea", Problemÿ istorii, filologii, kulturÿ (Questions of History, Philology and Culture), Issue 3, Part 1, Moscow-Magnitogorsk, 1996, pp. 61-71.
14. th century BC", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1981, No. 2, pp. 65-90
15. M. Duncker, "Des Perikles Fahrt in den Pontus", Sitzung der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1885, Half-Volume 2, Book 27, pp. 533-550
16. P. Cloché, "Périclès et la politique extérieure d'Athènes entre la paix de 446-445 et les préludes de la guerre du Péloponnèse", L'Antiquité classique, 1945, 14, pp. 93-223
17. ATL, V, 3, Princeton, 1950, pp. 114-117
18. J. H. Oliver, "The Peace of Callias and the Pontic Expedition of Pericles", Historia, 1957, 6. 2, pp. 254f.
19. H. B. Mattingly, "Periclean Imperialism", Ancient Society and Institutions, Oxford, 1966, pp. 193-223
20. R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire, Oxford, 1972, pp. 197-199, 328-330
21. P. Ferrarese, "La spedizione di Pericle nel Ponto Eusino", Contributi dell'Instituto di storia antica, Milan, 1974, 2, pp. 7-19
22. S. M. Burstein, Outpost of Hellenism: the Emergence of Heraclaea on the Black Sea, Berkeley, 1976, pp. 31-35
23. Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, Ithaca, 1981(2), pp. 180f, 387f.
24. The latest example: P. Städter, A Commentary on Plutarch's Pericles, London, 1989, pp. 217f.
25. Ferrarese, Op. cit. , p. 17.
26. P. Stadter, Op. cit. , p. 217: "a rhetorical elaboration of the Sinope affair".
27. See: the famous characterization of the method Plutarch use which he himself provided (Alex. 1).
28. I. V. Brahinskiī, Athens and the North Pontic Region . . . , p. 57
29. cf. Y. G. Vinogradov, "Sinope and Olbia . . . ", p. 66.
30. M. Dunker, Op. cit. , p. 534.
31. I. V. Brashinskiī, Athens . . . , p. 57.
32. P. O. Karÿshkovskiī, Op. cit
33. For its most extreme form, see: E. Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, Baltimore, 1993, pp. 27f. and 59.
34. H. B. Mattingly, Op. cit. , pp. 194f.
35. P. O. Karyshkovskii", Op. cit. , p. 77.
36. P. Ferrarese, Op. cit. , passim.
37. M. V. Skrzhinskaya, Drevnegrecheskiī fol'klor i literatura o Severnom Prichernomor'e (Ancient Greek Folklore and Literature about the North Pontic Region), Kiev, 1991, p. 118.
38. We consider the Athenian settlers in Sinope as cleruchs on the basis for distinguishing cleruchies from colonies suggested by P. Brunt (in "Athenian Settlements Abroad in the Fifth Century B. C. ", Ancient Society and Institutions, Oxford, 1966, p. 78.
39. th century BC", The Bosporus and the Classical World, Nizhniī Novgorod, 1997, p. 148.
40. Y. G. Vinogradov, "Sinope and Olbia . . . ".
41. For a summary of the main points of view, see: E. Bayer, J. Heideking, Die Chronologie des perikleischen Zeitalters. Darmstadt, 1975, pp. 168f.
42. V. Ehrenberg, Polis und Imperium, Zurich, 1965, p. 222
43. L. H. Jeffery, Archaic Greece, London, 1978, pp. 89f.
44. rd centuries BC), Moscow, 1982, pp. 135f.
45. th century BC.
46. th centuries BC), Tbilisi, 1990, pp. 464f.
47. Sometimes a case is made out for an excessively sharp drop in the size of the population during the years of the Peloponnesian War: see: B. S. Strauss, Athens after the Peloponnesian War, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 70-86.
48. For a more considered assessment see: M. H. Hansen, The Athenian Ecclesia II, Copenhagen, 1989, p. 91.
49. H. Lohmann, "Die Chora Athens im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr", Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. , Stuttgart, 1995, pp. 515-548
50. I. E. Surikov, "A New Conception of Athenian History", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1996, No. 4, pp. 243f.
51. A. French, The Growth of the Athenian Economy, London, 1964, p. 113.
52. In view of the poor state of preservation of the inscription (all that has survived from the name of the archon is the pair of letters - wv and all attempts to identify any other letters cannot be regarded as convincing): nor is it possible to to choose between the dates 458/7 and 454/3 on the basis of epigraphic criteria: R. Meiggs, Op. cit. , pp. 100f
53. F. Sartori, "Verfassungen und soziale Klassen in den Griechenstädten Unteritaliens seit der Vorherrschaft Krotons bis zur Mitte des 4. Jahrhunderts v. u. Z", Hellenische Poleis, Vol. 2, Berlin, 1974, p. 728
54. Kagan, Op. cit. , p. 154.
55. The period of Athen's temporary weakness makes a more appropriate historical context for an alliance with outof-the-way Segesta (without doubt, on the initiative of the latter). The proud Athenians in 458/7, when at the height of their power, would have been unlikely to pay any attention to a small Sicilian town. H. B. Mattingly dates the treaty to the time of the Peloponnesian War (in his article "The Growth of Athenian Imperialism", Historia, 1963, 12. 3, p. 269)
56. but his arguments are not regarded as convincing ones (R. Meiggs, Op. cit. , p. 599).
57. See: R. Hackforth, "Sicily", CAH, V. 5, 1927, p. 159
58. F. Miltner, "Perikles", RE, Half-Volume 37, 1937, Column 775
59. E. Will, Le monde gre ce t'Orient Vol. 1, Paris, 1972, pp. 154f.
60. This embassy is usually recognized to have been none other than a late literary fiction: E. Ruschenbusch, "Die Zwölftafeln und die römische Gesandtscaft nach Athen", Historia, 1963, 12. 2. , pp. 250-253.
61. R. Hackforth, Op. cit. , p. 162
62. P. Cloché, Op. cit. , p. 96
63. Ehrenberg, Op. cit. , p. 303
64. R. Meiggs, Op. cit. , p. 138
65. T. E. Wick, "Athens' Alliances with Rhegion and Leontinoi", Historia, 1976, 25, 3, pp. 288-304
66. S. Berger, "Great and Small Poleis in Sicily: Syracuse and Leontinoi", Historia, 1991, 40, 2, pp. 135f.
67. th century BC and the question of the Founding of Thouria", Gorod i gosudarstvo v antichnom mire (The City and the State in the Classical World), Leningrad, 1987, p. 67.
68. Thucydides, VII. 33. 4-5.
69. Cf: T. E. Wick, Op. cit. , p. 297.
70. C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. Berkeley, 1976, Paris, pp. 187 and 219.
71. V. M. Strogetskiī, Op. cit. , p. 76
72. F. Ghinatti, "Einige Spezialprobleme der Landwirtschaft in Magna Graecia", Hellenische Poleis, Vol. 2, Berlin, 1974, p. 801
73. F. Sartori, Op. cit. , p. 745.
74. ATL, Vol. 3, pp. 114-117
75. J. H. Oliver, Op. cit.
76. The questionis given the most detailed examination in: E. Badian, Op. cit. , 1-72.
77. R. Meiggs, Op. cit. , p. 147.
78. C. M. Kraay, Op. cit. , p. 276.
79. D. Kagain, Op. cit. , p. 389.
80. S. Y. Saprÿkin, Op. cit. , p. 47.
81. M. I. Maksimova, "The Short Route across the Black Sea and the time it was mastered by Greek seafarers", Materialÿ i issledovaniyapo arkheologiī Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu épokhu (Materials and Investigations on the Archaeology of the North Pontic Region in the Classical Era), Vol. 2, Moscow, 1954, pp. 45-47
82. V. F. Gaīdukevich, Op. cit.
83. M. V Agbunov, Antichnaya lotsiya Chernoqo morya (The Classical Chart of the Black Sea), Moscow, 1987, pp. 55f.
84. Y. G. Vinogradov, The Political History. . . , p. 132.
85. A. Bartonek, Zlatoobilnÿe Mikenÿ (Gold-rich Mycenae), Moscow, 1991, pp. 171-180.
86. S. Y. Saprykin Op. cit. , p. 55.
87. M. I. Zolotarev, Khersonesskaya arkhaika (The Archaic Period in Chersonesos), Sebastopol, 1993, pp. 19-21
88. Y. G. Vinogradov, M. I. Zolotarev, La Chersonèse de la . n de l'archaïsme
89. Y. G. Vinogradov, Pontische Studien, Mainz, 1997, pp. 397-419.
90. V. F. Gaīdukevich, Op. cit. , pp. 16f.
91. D. B. Shelov, "History", Antichnÿe gosudarstva Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (Classical States of the North Pontic Region), Moscow, 1984, p. 13
92. V. M. Strogetskiī, Polis i imperiya v klassicheskoī Gretsii (The Polis and the Empire in Classical Greece), Nizhniī Novgorod, 1991, p. 166
93. st centuries BC", Antichnÿī polis (The Classical Polis), Saint Petersburg, 1995, pp. 107f.
94. I. V. Brashinskiī, Athens . . . , p. 64.
95. See: V. F. Gaīdukevich, Op. cit. , p. 18.
96. As Y. G. Vinogradov believes, there is no reason to doubt that the Spartokids came to power by violent means ("The Polis in the North Pontic Region", Antichnaya Gretsiya [Classical Greece], Vol. 1, Moscow, 1983, p. 418).
97. T. V. Blavatskaya, however, denies the fact that the coup took place (Essays on the Political History . . . , p. 45).
98. I. V. Brashinskiī, "Pericles' Pontic Expedition", p. 120
99. A. N. Vasiliev, Op. cit. , p. 162.
100. D. P. Kallistov, Ocherki po istorii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya antichnoī épokhi (Essays on the History of the North Pontic Region in the Classical Era), Leningrad, 1949, p. 218
101. V. D. Blavatskiī, Op. cit. , p. 44
102. V. A. Anokhin, Op. cit. , p. 27.
103. F. E. Adcock, "The Breakdown of the Thirty Years Peace, 445-431 BC", CAH, V. 5, 1927, p. 174
104. H. Michell, The Economics of Ancient Greece, Cambridge, 1940, p. 266
105. P. Cloché, Op. cit. , p. 118f.
106. R. Meiggs, Op. cit. , p. 198
107. Kagan, Op. cit. , p. 181
108. P. Städter, Op. cit. , p. 217.
109. V. D. Blavatskiī, Op. cit. , p. 43f.
110. th century BC", Problemÿ istorii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu épokhu (Questions of the History of the North Pontic Region in the Classical Period), Moscow, 1959, pp. 195-204
111. th centuries BC", Drevneīshie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR (1984 god) [The Earliest States in the Territory of the USSR (1984)], Moscow, 1985, p. 107
112. M. V. Skrzhinskaya, Ancient Greek Folklore . . . , p. 149.
113. F. V. Shelov-Kovedyaev, Op. cit. , pp. 106-114 (with a historiographyon the subject).
114. D. P. Kallistov, "The Treachery of Gylon", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1950, No. 1, pp. 27-36
115. F. V. Shelov-Kovedyaev, Op. cit. , pp. 113f.
116. It can be assumed a priori that there was an Athenian garrison at Nymphaeum. Such garrisons were only to be found in a very small number of settlements, the most important in the Arkhe (see: M. V. Kondratyuk, "The Arche and Athenian Democracy", Antichnaya Gretsiya (Classical Greece), Vol. 1, Moscow, 1983, p. 362).
117. S. A. Zhebelëv, Op. cit. , pp. 180-195
118. th century BC", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1955, No. 2, pp. 148-161.
119. On this hypothetical epigamy, see: S. A. Zhebelëv, Op. cit. , p. 192.
120. V. F. Gaīdukevich, Bosporskoe tsarstvo (The Bosporan Kingdom), Moscow-Leningrad, 1949, p. 177
121. nd centuries BC), Moscow, 1956, p. 37.
122. L. F. Silant'eva, "The Necropolis at Nymphaeum", The Necropoleis in Bosporan Cities, Moscow-Leningrad, 1959, p. 96
123. rd centuries BC), Leningrad, 1962, p. 31.
124. K. E. Grinevich, "The Defence of the Cimmerian Bosporus", VDI (Bulletin of Ancient History), 1946, No. 2, p. 162
125. D. P. Kallistov, Essays on the History. . . , p. 207
126. M. M. Khudyak, Op. cit. , p. 31
127. V. F. Shelov-Kovedyaev, Op. cit. , p. 72.
128. C. M. Kraay, Op. cit. , pp. 276, 279
129. V. A. Anokhin, (Op. cit. , p. 29) suggested that Nymphaeum minted its own coinage in a short period between leaving the Arche and becoming part of the Bosporus.
130. The hypothesis expressed in his day by V. D. Blavatskii (Op. cit. , p. 26) to the effect that the "Apollonian" issue came from Nymphaeum in the early period of its history no longer enjoys the support of any other scholar today.
131. I. V. Brashinskiī, "On the Question. . . ", p. 152.
132. On Torikos see: N. A. Onaiko, Arkhaicheskiī Torik (Torikos in the Archaic Period), Moscow, 1980.
133. F. V. Shelov-Kovedyaev in his commentary on the Periplos by Pseudo-Skylax (VDI - Bulletin of Ancient History, 1988, No. 2, p. 266) presents the Toreti as a branch of the Kerketi living in the chora of Torikos.
134. th century in inscriptions of Leukon I (Y. G. Vinogradov, "The Polis . . . p. 419).
135. On the demos Thorikos see: H. F. Mussche, "Thorikos during the Last Years of the Sixth Century BC", The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy, Oxford, 1994, pp. 211-215.
136. Cf. N. A. Onaiko, Op. cit. , p. 6.
137. M. Lejeune, Traité de phonétique grecque, Paris, 1955-2, p. 48
138. Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions, V. 1, Boston-New York, 1980, pp. 449f.
139. On the aspirate 'p' see: M. Lejeune, Op. cit. , p. 123
140. Threatte, Op. cit. , pp. 25, 456.
141. As is wellknown, a spiritus asper is characteristic for this letter and the written form 'ph' is also found (A. E. Raubitschek, Dedications from the Athenian Akropolis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1949, p. 341).
142. On psilosis see: C. D. Buck, The Greek Dialects, Chicago, 1955, p. 53.
143. On the possibility of Ionian influence in such cases, see: L. Threatte, Op. cit. , p. 449.
144. P. O. Karyshkovskii", Op. cit
145. On the date of the decree, see: C. M. Kraay, Op. cit. , p. 70.
146. I. V. Brashinskiī, Athens . . . , pp. 74f.
147. Y. G. Vinogradov, "Sinope and Olbia. . . !, p. 89.
148. st centuries BC], Kiev, 1988, p. 93) doubts whether Tyras actually was a member of the Arche precisely for this reason, since the size of the phoros seemed excessive to her.
149. A. Avram, "Les cités grecques de la côte Ouest du Pont-Euxin", Introduction to an Inventory of Poleis, Copenhagen, 1996, p. 296.
150. Y. G. Vinogradov, "The West and North Pontic Regions . . . ", p. 380
151. T. V. Blavatskaya (West Pontic Cities . . . , p. 67) is of a different opinion.
152. M. Duncker, Op. cit. , p. 545. Andocides (III. 5) dates the acquisition of the Scythians to the 440s, but in a very confused and almost incomprehensible context.
153. We shall draw attention to two more works relevant to the question under discussion here and to which we gained access only after this article had been completed: H. B. Mattingly, "Athens and the Black Sea in the Fifth Century BC", Sur les traces des Argonautes, Paris, 1996, pp. 151-157
154. th centuries BC), Nizhniī Novgorod, 1997
155. th century BC. Such a radical reassessment of the set of views established in the relevant historiography demands, as we see it, a far more detailed and convincing line of argument than the one Mattingly presents. Typically enough, the scholar draws back from the final step (simply denying the fact of Pericles' expedition altogether), although that would be the logical conclusion of his argument. A whole number of tenets in the book by E. A. Molev deserves separate discussion. Here we should just like briefly to mention two points: the weakness of the e silentio argument (pp. 51, 56-57), i. e. that Pericles did not visit the Bosporus, because Plutarch does not report such a visit - an argument which has already been commented on in this article. E. A. Molev's interesting interpretation of evidence from the sources concerning Gylon (pp. 63-65) is rendered less convincing by a number of unprovable assumptions contained in it.