The prince hall masons and the African American church: The labors of grand master and bishop James Walker Hood, 1831-1918

Church History

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 770-802

  Hackett, David G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62449133924     PISSN: 00096407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3169331     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. W. E. B. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1899), 221-24
2. Howard W. Odum, Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), 267
3. The most recent analysis of the economic influence of black fraternal orders is by David M. Fahey, The Black Lodge in White America: "True Reformer Brown" and His Economic Strategy (Dayton, Ohio: Wright State University Press, 1994)
4. Joe William Trotter Jr., Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia 1915-32 (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 198-213
5. Peter J. Rachleff, Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-30 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984; reprinted, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989)
6. David A. Gerber, Black Ohio and the Color Line, 1860-1915 (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 162
7. William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865-1900 (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1993)
8. Katherine L. Dvorak, An African-American Exodus: The Segregation of Southern Churches (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Publishing Company, 1991)
9. and portions of Forrest G. Wood, The Arrogance of Faith: Christianity and Race in America from the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1990)
10. Minutes of the Eleventh Session, 23
11. Proceedings of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge ... Fifth Annual Communication (1874), 5-9
12. Minutes of the Thirteenth Session of the North Carolina Annual Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (1876)
13. Minutes of the Fourteenth Session of the North Carolina Annual Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (1877)
14. Minutes of the Eleventh Session (1874)
15. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge (1874)
16. Proceedings (1872), 54
17. Albert J. Raboteau, A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History (Boston, Mass.: Beacon, 1995), 79-102
18. See also Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), 98-104
19. For a broader view, see William B. Gravely, "The Rise of African Churches in America (1785-1822): Re-Examining the Contexts," Journal of Religious Thought 41 (1984): 58-73
20. Nash, Forging Freedom, 210
21. James Oliver Horton, Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1993), 153
22. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, 222
23. James B. Browning, "The Beginnings of Insurance Enterprise Among Negroes," Journal of Negro History 22 (1937): 421-29
24. Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood; Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 131-35
25. Douglas Knoop and G. P. Jones, A Short History of Freemasonry to 1730 (Manchester, Ill.: Manchester University Press, 1940), chap. 1
26. David Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland's Century, 1590-1710 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 11
27. For changing meanings of the term in later Freemasonry, see Bernard E. Jones, "'Free' in 'Freemason' and the Idea of Freedom Through Six Centuries," in The Collected Prestonian Lectures, 1925-1960 (London: Lewis Masonic, 1983), 1:363-76
28. Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood, 53-83
29. Concerning migration to the continent, Templarism, for example, originated as an aristocratic and anticapitalist version of Freemasonry in France, but it achieved its most thorough dominance in Germany, where it developed as part of a wider reaction against the rationalist values of the Enlightenment. See Klaus Epstein, The Genesis of German Conservatism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966)
30. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood, 85-162
31. See William B. Gravely, "The Dialectic of Double-Consciousness in Black American Freedom Celebrations, 1808-1863," Journal of Negro History 67 (1982): 302-17
32. Prince Hall, "A Charge, Delivered to the African Lodge, June 24, 1797," reprinted in Early Negro Writings, 1760-1837, ed. Dorothy Porter (Baltimore, Md.: Black Classic, 1995), 77
33. Grimshaw, Official History, 84-130
34. James Walker Hood, One Hundred Years of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (New York: AME Book Concern, 1895), 85-86
35. Martin, For God and Race, 22-58
36. Hood, AMEZ History, 2-26
37. Laurie Maffly-Kipp, "Mapping the World, Mapping the Race: The Negro Race History, 1874-1915," Church History 64 (1995): 610-26
38. Martin, For God and Race, 74, 134
39. Grimshaw, Official History, 305; by 1909, 2,600 of 3,336 Prince Hall lodges came from the South
40. Moses Nathaniel Moore, "Orishatukeh Faduma and the New Theology," Church History 63 (1994), 64-66
41. "The Character and Power of the Christian Religion," The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Quarterly Review 13 (1904), 11-19
42. Regarding Hood's position that Christianity is the unique pathway of salvation, see, for example, Hood, Pulpit, 105-21
43. Henry Louis Gates, "The Trope of a New Negro and the Reconstruction of the Image of the Black," Representations 24 (1988): 155-99
44. Maffly-Kipp, "Mapping the World," 617-19
45. Hood, "The Negro Race" in One Hundred Years, 27-52
46. Hood, "The Negro Race," 53-55
47. See, for example, Benjamin T. Tanner, The Descent of the Negro (Philadelphia, 1898)
48. For an insightful discussion of the influence of Darwinian science on race and manhood, see Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)
49. Martin, "Biblical Interpretation," 134
50. Rufus L. Perry, The Cushite, or the Descendants of Ham (New York: Literary Union, 1887)
51. The AME Church Review in 1899 recognized this work as fourth in a list of the most important works of the race (Life of Frederick Douglas was first). See AME Church Review 16 (1899): 631
52. Star of Zion, 16 November 1893, 2
53. Delaney, The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry, 16-19
54. Hood, Christian Pulpit, 107
55. James Walker Hood, Sketch of the Early History of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Published by the author, 1914), 60, 62
56. Proceedings (1880), 10
57. Harrison L. Harris, M.D., Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Virginia, Harris' Masonic Textbook: A Concise Historical Sketch of Masonry, And the Organization of Masonic Grand Lodges, and especially of Masonry among Colored Men in America; Also, a Compilation of the Illustrations of Masonic Work, As drawn from the Most Reliable Authorities on the subject (Petersburg, Va.: Masonic Visitor Company, 1902), 134-93
58. Malcolm C. Duncan, Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor, 3d ed. (Philadelphia: Washington Publishing Company, 1880)
59. Anthony Fels, "The Square and the Compass: San Francisco's Freemasons and American Religion, 1870-1900," (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1987), 145
60. and Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 29
61. Proceedings (1878), 27-28
62. Constitutions of the Freemasons: Containing the History, Charges, Regulations, etc. of the Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity (London, 1723; reprint, Philadelphia, 1734)
63. T. O. Haunch, "The Formation, 1717-1751" in Grand Lodge, 1717-1967 (Oxford: United Grand Lodge of England, 1967), 80
64. and E. P. Thompson, "Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture," Journal of Social History 7 [1973-1974], 389)
65. Harrison L. Harris, The Masonic Visitor (August 1887), 29
66. See, for example, Don H. Doyle, "The Social Function of Voluntary Associations in a Nineteenth-Century Town," Social Science History 1 (1977): 338-43
67. Proceedings... Fifth Communication (1874), 7
68. Proceedings (1886), 42-43
69. On "respectability," see Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent, 14-15
70. and Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree, 36-37
71. Charles Price Jones, as quoted in Otho B. Cobbins, ed., History of the Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A., 1895-1965 (New York: Vantage, 1966), 18
72. H. T. Keating, "Secret Societies Among the Negroes" The Christian Recorder (Philadelphia: African Methodist Episcopal Church) 12 April 1883
73. H. T. Keating, "Secret Societies Among the Negroes."
74. S. H. Coleman, "Freemasonry as a Secret Society Defended," AME Church Review 14 (1898): 327, 337
75. See Carries, Secret Ritual and Manhood, 24-26, 74-76
76. See also Cames, Secret Ritual and Manhood, 77-79
77. Salvatore, We All Got History, 262
78. See also James Oliver Horton, "Freedom's Yoke: Gender Conventions Among Antebellum Free Blacks," Feminist Studies 12 (1986): 51-76
79. Salvatore, We All Got History, 66, 162, 207, 275
80. Carries, Secret Ritual and Manhood, 79
81. Grand Lodge Proceedings (1876), 29
82. See also Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, "The Politics of 'Silence': Dual-Sex Political Systems and Women's Traditions of Conflict in African-American Religion," in African-American Christianity: Essays in History, ed. Paul E. Johnson (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1994), 80-110
83. For the Mormon appropriation of Masonry see John L. Brooke, The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology (Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 1994)