Impossible bodies: TV viewing habits, body image, and plastic surgery attitudes among college students in los angeles and buffalo, New York

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Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 103-123

  Albright, Julie M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62449131399     PISSN: 10631801     EISSN: 10806520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/con.0.0027     Document Type: Article

References (86)

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2. Cindy Jackson, "Cindy Jackson: The Original Extreme Makeover," http://www.cindyjackson.com/faq.php (accessed June 2, 2007).
3. Cindy Jackson, Living Doll: The Amazing Secrets of How the Plastic Surgeons Turned Me into the Girl of My Dreams (London: Trafalgar Square, 2002).
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18. For further discussion of evolved gender differences in attraction patterns, see David M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 20;
19. A. Feingold, "Gender Differences in Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Romantic Attraction: A Comparison across Five Research Paradigms," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990): 981-993;
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21. Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz, "Pervasiveness and Persistence" (above, n. 11).
22. Marika Tiggemann, "The Role of Media Exposure in Adolescent Girls' Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness: Prospective Results," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 25:5 (2006): 523.
23. Reyhan Harmanci, "Sex Innuendo under the Tree, over the Punch Bowl: Younger Girls, More Focused on Fashion, Drawn to Barbie, Bratz Dolls," December 17, 2006, http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/12/17/ BARBIE.TMP (accessed May 27, 2007).
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28. Bernadette Wegenstein, Getting under the Skin (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006), p. 4.
29. Dworkin, Woman Hating (above, n. 22), p. 112.
30. Brumberg, Body Project (above, n. 23), p. xx.
31. Anthony Synnott, "Truth and Goodness, Mirrors and Masks, Part II: A Sociology of Beauty and the Face," British Journal of Sociology 412:1 (1990): 55.
32. For further discussion of popular culture and body image, see Gregory Fouts, and Kimberely Burggraf, "Television Situation Comedies: Female Body Images and Verbal Reinforcements," Sex Roles 40:5/6 (1999): 473-481;
33. Gregory Fouts and Kimberely Burggraf, "Television Situation Comedies: Female Weight, Male Negative Comments, and Audience Reactions," ibid., 42:9/10 (2000): 925-932;
34. A. R. Malkin, K. Wornian, and J. C. Chrisler, "Women and Weight: Gendered Messages on Magazine Covers," ibid., 40:7/8 (1999): 647-655;
35. C. V. Wiseman, J. J. Gray, J. E Mosimann, and A. H. Ahrens, "Cultural Expectations of Thinness in Women: An Update," International Journal of Eating Disorders 11:1 (1992): 85-89.
36. Diane Carlson Jones, T. Vigfusdottir, and Y. Lee, "Body Image and the Appearance Culture among Adolescent Girls and Boys: An Examination of Friend Conversations, Peer Criticism, Appearance Magazines, and the Internalization of Appearance Ideals," Journal of Adolescent Research 19:3 (2004): 323-339;
37. Marika Tiggemann, "Television and Adolescent Body Image: The Role of Program Content and Viewing Motivation," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005): 361-381.
38. Dina Borzekowski, Thomas Robinson, and Joel Killen, "Does the Camera Add 10 Pounds? Media Use, Perceived Importance of Appearance, and Weight Concerns among Adolescent Girls," Journal of Adolescent Health 26:6 (2000): 36-41;
39. L. J. Hofschire and B. Greenburg, "Media's Impact on Adolescents' Body Dissatisfaction," in Sexual Teens, Sexual Media: Investigating Media's Influence on Adolescent Sexuality, ed. Jane Brown, Jeanne Steele, and Kim Walsh-Childers (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 2002), pp. 125-149;
40. Tiggemann, "Television and Adolescent Body Image" (above, n. 30);
41. Marika Tiggemann and A. S. Pickering, "Role of Television in Adolescent Women's Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness," International journal of Eating Disorders 20 (1996): 199-203.
42. Tiggemann, "Television and Adolescent Body Image" (above, n. 30), p. 362.
43. Susan Faludi, Backlash (New York: Crown Publishers, 1991).
44. StrategyOne, "The Real Truth about Beauty: A Global Report" (2004), http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/press.asp?section=news&id= 110 (accessed May 27, 2007).
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Turner, "What Is the Sociology of the Body?" (above, n. 24).
48. Elayne Saltsberg and Joan Chrisler, "Beauty Is the Beast: Psychological Effects of the Pursuit of the Perfect Female Body," in Reconstructing Gender: A Multicultural Anthology, ed. Elaine Dlsch (Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1997), pp. 134-144.
49. Patricia Pliner, Shelly Chaiken, and Gordon Flett, "Gender Differences in Concern with Body Weight and Physical Appearance over the Lifespan," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16 (1990): 263-273.
50. W. Hoyt and L. Kogan, "Satisfaction with Body Image and Peer Relationships for Males and Females in a College Environment," Sex Roles 45 (2001): 199.
51. Pierre Bourdieu, "Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste," in Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective, ed. David Grusky (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2001), p. 500.
52. Jane Ogden and Debra Thomas, "The Role of Familial Values in Understanding the Impact of Social Class on Weight Concern," International journal of Eating Disorders 25:3 (1999): 273.
53. Adam Drewnowski, C. L. Kurth, and D. Krahn, "Body Weight and Dieting in Adolescence: Impact of Socioeconomic Status," International Journal of Eating Disorders 16 (1993): 61.
54. J. D. Allen, K. Mayo, and Y. Michel, "Body Size Values of White and Black Women," Research in Nursing and Health 16:5 (1993): 323-333;
55. C. E Rucker and Thomas Cash, "Body Images, Body-Size Perceptions, and Eating Behaviors among African-American and White College Women," International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12:3 (1993): 291-299.
56. Elizabeth Haiken, Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
57. "China to Hold Fake Beauty Pageant," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ asia-pacific/3533680.stm (accessed May 27, 2007).
58. "Has Jen Had a Boob Job?" In Touch, October 16, 2006, pp. 14-17.
59. Rachel Abrahamson, "Kate's Angry Diet Denial," People, February 2007, pp. 68-70.
60. American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, "2004 ASAPS Statistics," http://www.surgery.org (accessed May 29, 2007).
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Kenneth Dion, Ellen Berscheid, and Elaine Hatfield, "What Is Beautiful Is Good," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24 (1972): 285.
64. Janusz Kaczorowski, "The Good, the Average and the Ugly: Socio-economic Dimensions of Physical Attractiveness" (M.A. thesis, McGill University, 1989). A subsequent study found that good-looking men received higher starting salaries, whereas more-attractive women made more money over time-so women's "staying attractive" as they age may have implications for their status attainment, even more than for men: Irene Frieze, Josephine Olson, and June Russell, "Attractiveness and Income for Men and Women in Management," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21 (1991): 1039-1057.
65. John Edwards, "Familial Behavior as Social Exchange," Journal of Marriage and the Family 31 (1969): 518.
66. David M. Buss and David P. Schmitt, "Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating," Psychological Review 100:2 (1993): 204-232.
67. E. Walster, V. Aronson, D. Abrahams, and L. Rottman, "Importance of Physical Attractiveness in Dating Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4:5 (1966): 508-516.
68. Sheila Jeffreys, Beauty and Misogyny (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 13.
69. Respondents were asked to think about their most dissatisfying appearance feature, and then to answer questions such as "How frequently have you tried to get reassurance that your appearance feature isn't as bad or abnormal as you think it is?" and "How frequently have you thought about your appearance feature and felt upset as a result?"
70. This choice of Buffalo vs. Los Angeles followed the samples used for the focus groups for the documentary research project, Made Over in America (above, n. 8).
71. The chi-square test is one of the most frequently used tests of hypotheses in the social sciences, used with variables measured at the nominal level; it measures whether two variables are dependent on each other in the population. See Joseph H. Healey, Statistics: A Tool for Social Research (New York: Wadsworth, 2005), pp. 280-311, for a complete description.
72. Pierre Bourdieu, "Sport and Social Class," Social Science Information 17 (1978): 819-840.
73. Ibid.
74. Lindsey McLaren and Diana Kuh, "Body Dissatisfaction in Midlife Women," Journal of Women & Aging 16 (2004): 35.
75. Jane Wardle, Jo Waller, and Martin Jarvis, "Socioeconomic Status and Weight Control Practices in British Adults," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 92 (2001): 1299.
76. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
77. C. Power and C. Moynihan, "Social Class Changes and Weight-for-Height between Child-hood and Early Adulthsood," International Journal of Obesity 12 (1988): 445.
78. Bourdieu, "Sport" (above, n. 61), p. 820.
79. For a discussion of class and the symbolic economy of style, see Julie Bette's How Working-Class Chicas Get Working-Class Lives in Women without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 57-94.
80. Bourdieu, "Sport" (above, n. 61), p. 826.
81. Kenneth Plummer, "Misunderstanding Labeling Perspectives," in Deviant Interpretations, ed. David Downes and Paul Rock (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1979), pp. 85-121.
82. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics (Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994).
83. Thorstein Veblen, "The Theory of the Leisure Class," in Grusky, Social Stratification (above, n. 41), p. 497.
84. Bourdieu, "Distinction" (above, n. 41), p. 503.
85. ibid., p. 521.
86. Faludi, Backlash (above, n. 33), p. 200.