What happened to Christian Canada?

Church History

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 245-273

  Noll, Mark A ^a  

^a WHEATON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62449104821     PISSN: 00096407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s000964070011131x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. William Westfall, "Voices from the Attic: The Canadian Border and the Writing of American Religious History," in Retelling U.S. Religious History, ed. Thomas A. Tweed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 181-99
2. Georges P. Vanier, "Inaugural Address," in Only to Serve: Selections from Addresses of Governor-General Georges P. Vanier, ed. George Cowley and Michel Vanier (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 3
3. Michaëlle Jean, "Installation Speech" (September 27, 2005), www.gg.ca/gg/index-e.asp (November 22, 2005)
4. George Egerton, "Trudeau, God, and the Canadian Constitution: Religion, Human Rights, and Government Authority in the Making of the 1982 Constitution," in Rethinking Church, State, and Modernity: Canada Between Europe and America, ed. David Lyon and Marguerite Van Die (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 99-107
5. R. D. Gidney and W. P. J. Millar, "The Christian Recessional in Ontario's Public Schools," in Religion and Public Life, 275, 289
6. See Scott Ellis Ferrin and others, "From Sectarian to Secular Control of Education: The Case of Newfoundland," Journal of Research on Christian Education 10 (fall 2001): 411-30
7. [anon.], "Gay Calgary Couple Altar-Bound," A6
8. and Doug Ward, "Politics and Prayer" with related articles, E1-E5
9. For an academic colloquy dominated by voices opposing this recent change, see Daniel Cere and Douglas Farrow, ed., Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004)
10. F. H. Leacy, Historical Statistics of Canada, 2nd ed. (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1983), Series A164-84; and www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/ highlight/Religion (December 15, 2005)
11. Reginald W. Bibby, Unknown Gods: The Ongoing Story of Religion in Canada (Toronto: Stoddart, 1993), 10
12. Peter Beyer, "Religious Vitality in Canada: The Complementarity of Religious Market and Secularization Perspectives," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36 (1997): 283
13. Michael Gauvreau, The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005), 369, n. 15
14. Reginald W. Bibby, Restless Gods: The Renaissance of Religion in Canada (Toronto: Stoddart, 2002), 75-77
15. For another recent report sensing the possibility of a religious resurgence, see Allan Gregg, "The Christian Comeback," Saturday Night (November 2005): 21-22
16. Robert Choquette, Canada's Religions (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2004)
17. and Jean Hamelin, Histoire du catholicisme québécois: Le XXe siècle, vol. 2: De 1940 à nos jours, both edited by Nive Voisine (Montreal: Boréal, 1984)
18. For overviews, see George A. Rawlyk, ed., The Canadian Protestant Experience (Burlington, Ont.: Welch, 1990)
19. John Webster Grant, The Church in the Canadian Era, 2nd ed. (Burlington, Ont.: Welch, 1988)
20. Choquette, Canada's Religions
21. Lynne Marks, Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure, and Identity in Late-Ninetecnlh-Cenlury Small-Town Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996)
22. Nancy Christie, ed., Households of Faith: Family, Gender, and Community in Canada, 1760-1969 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002)
23. and Marguerite Van Die, Religion, Family, and Community in Victorian Canada: The Colbys of Carrollcroft (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006)
24. Grant, Church in the Canadian Era, 216
25. David Hackett Fischer, "Response to Yerxa, Kersh, Glenn, and Morone," Historically Speaking (September-October 2005): 25
26. Seymour Martin Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York: Routledge, 1990), 8
27. See George A. Rawlyk, Revolution Rejected (Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall, 1967)
28. David Mills, The Idea of Loyalty in Upper Canada, 1784-1850 (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988)
29. See Neil Semple, The Lord's Dominion: The History of Canadian Methodism (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996), 40-49
30. and J. I. Little, Borderland Religion: The Emergence of an English-Canadian Identity, 1792-1852 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004)
31. Marguerite Van Die, "The End of Christian Canada: Past Perspectives, Present Opportunities for Faith and Public Life" (unpublished paper, delivered at Scarborough United Church, Calgary, September 2002)
32. Christopher Adamson, "Necessary Evil or Necessary Good: Christianity, the State, and Political Culture in the Antebellum United States and Pre-Confederation" (unpublished paper. May 2005), 28, 39
33. Lipset, Continental Divide, 92-113
34. and Hamelin, Histoire du catholicisme québécoise ... De 1940
35. For recent treatment, see Terence J. Fay, A History of Canadian Catholics (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002), 249-54
36. Pierre Berton, The Comfortable Pew (Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott, 1965), 16
37. George Parkin Grant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965)
38. On the book's impact, see William Christian, George Grant: A Biography (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 240-55
39. Bibby, Mosaic Madness, 10
40. For an argumentative, but still informative, discussion of judicial changes since 1982, see Robert Ivan Martin, The Most Dangerous Branch: How the Supreme Court of Canada Has Undermined Our Law and Our Democracy (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003)
41. Andrew Grenville and Angus Reid, "Catholicism and Voting No," Christian Week, 30 January 1996, 7
42. On the Baptist socialist, Tommy Douglas, who founded the Cooperative Commonwealth Confederation, which eventually became the New Democratic Party, see Doris French Shackleton, Tommy Douglas (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975)
43. Grant, Church in the Canadian Era, 240, 241
44. See especially Michael D. Behiels, Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism versus Neo-Nationalism, 1945-1960 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985)
45. See Michael Gauvreau, "From Rechristianization to Contestation: Catholic Values and Quebec Society, 1931-1970," Church History 69 (December 2000): 803-33
46. "The Emergence of Personalist Feminism: Catholicism and the Marriage-Preparation Movement in Quebec, 1940-1966," in Households of Faith, 319-47
47. Nicole Laurin, Danielle Juteau, and Lorraine Duchesne, À la recherche d'un monde oublié: Les communautés réligieuses de femmes au Québec de 1900 à 1970 (Montreal: LeJour, 1991), 55
48. Gauvreau, "Emergence of Personalist Feminism," 327
49. Gauvreau, Catholic Origins, 354
50. Jones, "Quebec Indépendentisme," 252
51. For background, I am drawing on Grant, Church in the Canadian Era, 124-28, 171-76, 186-87
52. See Marguerite Van Die, An Evangelical Mind: Nathanael Burwash and the Methodist Tradition in Canada, 1839-1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989)
53. D. B. Mack, "George Monro Grant: Evangelical Prophet" (Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 1992)
54. See especially Phyllis D. Airhart, "Ordering a New Nation and Reordering Protestantism, 1867-1914," in The Canadian Protestant Experience, 98-138
55. Semple, The Lord's Dominion, 427
56. On the denominational heritages that were being transformed, see Phyllis D. Airhart, Serving the Present Age: Revivalism, Progressivism, and the Methodist Tradition in Canada (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992)
57. Nancy Christie, "Sacred Sex: The United Church and the Privatization of the Family in Post-War Canada," in Households of Faith, 348-76
58. Her findings echo, at least in part, the arguments by Callum Brown on the role of gender and women's issues in the rapid de-christianization of postwar Britain; see Brown, The Death of Christian Britain (New York: Routledge, 2001)
59. Christie, "Sacred Sex," 349, 366
60. See David Plaxton, "'We Will Evangelize with a Whole Gospel or None': Evangelicalism and the United Church of Canada," in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 106-22
61. Barry Mack, "From Preaching to Propaganda to Marginalization: The Lost Centre of Twentieth-Century Presbyterianism," in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 138
62. and William H. Katerberg, Modernity and the Dilemma of North American Anglican Identities, 1880-1950 (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001)
63. William Westfall, Two Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989)
64. The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002)
65. On "numinosity," see Robertson Davies, "Keeping Faith," Saturday Night 102 (January 1987): 187-92 (esp. 190)
66. For background, see J. R. Miller, "The State, the Church, and Indian Residential Schools in Canada," in Religion and Public Life, 109-29
67. and Alan Hayes, Anglicans in Canada: Controversies and Identity in Historical Perspective (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004)
68. For an outstanding case study of one such local situation, see D. Bruce Hindmarsh, "The Winnipeg Fundamentalist Network, 1910-1940: The Roots of Transdenominational Evangelicalism in Manitoba and Saskatchewan," Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 303-19
69. See Page, "From a Private to a Public Religion"
70. "'Who Whom?' Evangelism and Canadian Society," in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 55-70
71. Brian Stiller, From the Tower of Babel to Parliament Hill: How to Be a Christian in Canada Today (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1997), 19-20
72. For the most extensive cross-border comparisons of evangelicals, and one of the best cross-border studies of any kind, see Sam Reimer, Evangelicals and the Continental Divide: The Conservative Protestant Subculture in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003)
73. Gregory Baum, "Catholicism and Secularization in Quebec," in Rethinking Church, State, and Modernity, 164
74. and Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1839 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992)
75. David Martin, A General History of Secularization (New York: Harper and Row, 1978)
76. David Martin, "Canada in Comparative Perspective," in Rethinking Church, Stale, and Modernity, 24, 31, 32