U.S., Colombia struggle over drugs, dirty money

Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 91-97

  Thoumi, Francisco E ^a  

^a WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6244285199     PISSN: 08878218     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. Francisco Leal, "El Sistema Político del Clientelismo," [Clientelism and the Political System] Análisis Político 8 (September-December 1989), pp. 8-32; and Francisco Leal and Andrés Dávila, Clientelismo: el Sistema Político y su Expresión Regional [Clientelism: The Political System and Its Regional Expression] (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1990).
2. Francisco Leal, "El Sistema Político del Clientelismo," [Clientelism and the Political System] Análisis Político 8 (September-December 1989), pp. 8-32; and Francisco Leal and Andrés Dávila, Clientelismo: el Sistema Político y su Expresión Regional [Clientelism: The Political System and Its Regional Expression] (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1990).
3. Rodrigo Losada and Eduardo Vélez, "Tendencias de Muertes Violentas en Colombia" ["Violent Deaths Trends in Colombia"], Coyuntura Social 1 (Bogotá: FEDESARROLLO and Instituto SER de Investigación, December 1989); and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Some Implications of the Growth of the Underground Economy in Colombia," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29 (Summer 1987), pp. 35-53; and Francisco E. Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995). In 1995, Colombia had approximately 80 violent deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, a figure that exceeded the levels of Washington DC (73 per 100,000), one of the most violent cities in the United States. Remarkably, Colombia also had about 4,000 reported kidnappings, half of the 1995 world total.
4. Rodrigo Losada and Eduardo Vélez, "Tendencias de Muertes Violentas en Colombia" ["Violent Deaths Trends in Colombia"], Coyuntura Social 1 (Bogotá: FEDESARROLLO and Instituto SER de Investigación, December 1989); and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Some Implications of the Growth of the Underground Economy in Colombia," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29 (Summer 1987), pp. 35-53; and Francisco E. Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995). In 1995, Colombia had approximately 80 violent deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, a figure that exceeded the levels of Washington DC (73 per 100,000), one of the most violent cities in the United States. Remarkably, Colombia also had about 4,000 reported kidnappings, half of the 1995 world total.
5. Rodrigo Losada and Eduardo Vélez, "Tendencias de Muertes Violentas en Colombia" ["Violent Deaths Trends in Colombia"], Coyuntura Social 1 (Bogotá: FEDESARROLLO and Instituto SER de Investigación, December 1989); and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Some Implications of the Growth of the Underground Economy in Colombia," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29 (Summer 1987), pp. 35-53; and Francisco E. Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995). In 1995, Colombia had approximately 80 violent deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, a figure that exceeded the levels of Washington DC (73 per 100,000), one of the most violent cities in the United States. Remarkably, Colombia also had about 4,000 reported kidnappings, half of the 1995 world total.
6. Rudolf Hommes, "Challenges to the Private Sector in the 1990s: Colombian Economic Policies and Perspectives," in Alvin Cohen and Frank R. Gunter, eds., The Colombian Economy: Issues of Trade and Development (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Political Reform and Economic Liberalization in Colombia," in Elsie L. Echeverri-Carroll, ed., Nafta and Trade Liberalization in the Americas (Austin: University of Texas, Graduate School of Business, 1995). For an excellent collection of essays that examine the scope of the constitutional reforms, see John Dugas, ed., La Constitución de 1991: un Pacto Político Viable? [The 1991 Constitution: a Viable Political Pact?] (Bogotá: Departamento de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Los Andes, 1993).
7. Rudolf Hommes, "Challenges to the Private Sector in the 1990s: Colombian Economic Policies and Perspectives," in Alvin Cohen and Frank R. Gunter, eds., The Colombian Economy: Issues of Trade and Development (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Political Reform and Economic Liberalization in Colombia," in Elsie L. Echeverri-Carroll, ed., Nafta and Trade Liberalization in the Americas (Austin: University of Texas, Graduate School of Business, 1995). For an excellent collection of essays that examine the scope of the constitutional reforms, see John Dugas, ed., La Constitución de 1991: un Pacto Político Viable? [The 1991 Constitution: a Viable Political Pact?] (Bogotá: Departamento de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Los Andes, 1993).
8. Rudolf Hommes, "Challenges to the Private Sector in the 1990s: Colombian Economic Policies and Perspectives," in Alvin Cohen and Frank R. Gunter, eds., The Colombian Economy: Issues of Trade and Development (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), and Francisco E. Thoumi, "Political Reform and Economic Liberalization in Colombia," in Elsie L. Echeverri-Carroll, ed., Nafta and Trade Liberalization in the Americas (Austin: University of Texas, Graduate School of Business, 1995). For an excellent collection of essays that examine the scope of the constitutional reforms, see John Dugas, ed., La Constitución de 1991: un Pacto Político Viable? [The 1991 Constitution: a Viable Political Pact?] (Bogotá: Departamento de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Los Andes, 1993).
9. U.S. Drug Enforcement-Administration, Colombian Economie Reform: The Impact on Drug Money Laundering within the Colombian Economy (Washington, DC: DEA, Drug Intelligence Report, September 1994).
10. Banco de la República, "Comments to the Document, Colombian Economic Reform: The Impact of Drug Money Laundering within the Colombian Economy" (Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1994).
11. DEA does not have a strong economics department and its report lacked the rigor of the World Bank or IMF reports.
12. Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia.
13. Alejandro Reyes, La Compra de Tierras par Narcotraficantes en Colombia [Drug Traffickers' Land Purchases in Colombia] (Bogotá: United Nations Development Programme, 1995).
14. Sid Zabludoff, "Colombian Narcotics Organizations as Business Enterprises," Conference Report: Economics of the Narcotics Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State and Central Intelligence Agency, November 21-22, 1994). Estimates of these profits are unreliable, but those of the large cartels likely exceed $150 or $200 million, which place them in the same category as the large legitimate conglomerates. See Francisco Thoumi, "Legitimidad, Lavado de Actives y Divisas, Drogas Ilegales y Corrupción en Colombia" ["Legitimacy, Asset, and Foreign Exchange Laundering, Illegal Drugs and Corruption in Colombia"], essay presented to the Colombian Economic Sciences Academy, Bogotá, July 1996.
15. Sid Zabludoff, "Colombian Narcotics Organizations as Business Enterprises," Conference Report: Economics of the Narcotics Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State and Central Intelligence Agency, November 21-22, 1994). Estimates of these profits are unreliable, but those of the large cartels likely exceed $150 or $200 million, which place them in the same category as the large legitimate conglomerates. See Francisco Thoumi, "Legitimidad, Lavado de Actives y Divisas, Drogas Ilegales y Corrupción en Colombia" ["Legitimacy, Asset, and Foreign Exchange Laundering, Illegal Drugs and Corruption in Colombia"], essay presented to the Colombian Economic Sciences Academy, Bogotá, July 1996.
16. Francisco Thoumi, "Legiti macy, Asset and Foreign Exchange Laundering, Illegal Drugs and Corruption in Colombia."