Religion, secularisation and politics: A postmodern conspectus

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 709-728

  Haynes, Jeff ^a  

^a LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6244257703     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599714722     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. J Hadden, 'Towards desacralizing secularization theory', Social Forces, 65, 1987, pp 587-611; A, Shupe 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', in E Sahliyeh (ed), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 17-26, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; and S Thomas, 'Religion and international society', paper prepared for the workshop: 'Political Culture and Religion in the Third World', European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, April-May 1995.
2. J Hadden, 'Towards desacralizing secularization theory', Social Forces, 65, 1987, pp 587-611; A, Shupe 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', in E Sahliyeh (ed), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 17-26, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; and S Thomas, 'Religion and international society', paper prepared for the workshop: 'Political Culture and Religion in the Third World', European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, April-May 1995.
3. J Hadden, 'Towards desacralizing secularization theory', Social Forces, 65, 1987, pp 587-611; A, Shupe 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', in E Sahliyeh (ed), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 17-26, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990; and S Thomas, 'Religion and international society', paper prepared for the workshop: 'Political Culture and Religion in the Third World', European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Bordeaux, April-May 1995.
4. R Wallis & S Bruce, 'Secularization: the orthodox model', in S Brace (ed), Religion and Modernization, pp 8-30, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, B Wilson, 'Reflections on a many sided controversy', in Bruce, Religion and Modernization, pp 195-210; and S Bruce, 'Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave', in M Marty & R Scott Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State, Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, pp 50-67, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
5. R Wallis & S Bruce, 'Secularization: the orthodox model', in S Brace (ed), Religion and Modernization, pp 8-30, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, B Wilson, 'Reflections on a many sided controversy', in Bruce, Religion and Modernization, pp 195-210; and S Bruce, 'Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave', in M Marty & R Scott Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State, Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, pp 50-67, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
6. R Wallis & S Bruce, 'Secularization: the orthodox model', in S Brace (ed), Religion and Modernization, pp 8-30, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, B Wilson, 'Reflections on a many sided controversy', in Bruce, Religion and Modernization, pp 195-210; and S Bruce, 'Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave', in M Marty & R Scott Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State, Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, pp 50-67, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
7. R Bellah 'Religious evolution', American Sociological Review, 29 (3), 1964, pp 358-374.
8. G Therborn, 'Another way of taking religion seriously. Comment on Francis G Castles', European Journal of Political Research, 26 (1) 1994, pp 103-110.
9. G Moyser, 'Politics and religion in the modern world: an overview', in Moyser (ed), Politics and Religion in the Modern World, pp 1-27, London: Routledge, 1991.
10. K Wald, 'Social change and political response: the silent religious cleavage in North America' in Moyser, Politics and Religion in the Modern World, pp 239-284.
11. In this article the term 'church' refers to any established form of religion; it is not restricted to the Christian Church.
12. Therlon, 'another way of taking religion seriously', p 105.
13. M Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp 1159-1160.
14. T Parsons, Structures and Process in Modern Societies, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
15. K Medhurst, 'Religion and politics, a typology', Scottish Journal of Religious Studies, 2 (2), 1981, pp 115-134.
16. Ibid., p 120.
17. S K Mitra, 'Desecularising the state: religion and politics in India after Independence', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 33 (4), 1991, pp 755-777.
18. Ibid., p 758.
19. R R Alford, 'Religion and polities', in R Robertson (ed), Sociology of Religion, pp 321-330, Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1969.
20. Mitra, 'Desecularising the State', p 757.
21. M Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief', Guardian, 23 December, 1995.
22. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', p 19.
23. D E Smith, Religion and Political Development, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1970, p 6.
24. Moyser, 'Politics and religion in the modern world', p 14.
25. Wilson, 'Reflections on a many sided controversy', p 200.
26. Bruce, 'Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave', p 51.
27. Wallis & Bruce, 'Secularization', pp 17-18.
28. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena'; E Sahliyeh 'Foreword', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp vii-ix; E Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 1-16; Thomas, 'Religion and international society'; and Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief'.
29. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena'; E Sahliyeh 'Foreword', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp vii-ix; E Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 1-16; Thomas, 'Religion and international society'; and Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief'.
30. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena'; E Sahliyeh 'Foreword', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp vii-ix; E Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 1-16; Thomas, 'Religion and international society'; and Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief'.
31. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena'; E Sahliyeh 'Foreword', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp vii-ix; E Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 1-16; Thomas, 'Religion and international society'; and Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief'.
32. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena'; E Sahliyeh 'Foreword', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp vii-ix; E Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 1-16; Thomas, 'Religion and international society'; and Woollacott, 'Keeping our faith in belief'.
33. Thomas, 'Religion and international society', p 1.
34. Sahliyeh, 'Foreword', p vi.
35. Sahliyeh, 'Religious resurgence and political modernization', p 15.
36. Ibid., p 6.
37. Ibid., pp 10-11.
38. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', p 18.
39. D E Smith, 'Limits of religious resurgence', in Sahliyeh, Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, pp 33-44; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
40. S Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991; and Huntington, 'The clash of civilizations?', Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), 1993, pp 22-49.
41. S Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991; and Huntington, 'The clash of civilizations?', Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), 1993, pp 22-49.
42. Smith, 'Limits of religious resurgence', p 34. See also J Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993; and Haynes, Third World Politics. A Concise Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
43. Smith, 'Limits of religious resurgence', p 34. See also J Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993; and Haynes, Third World Politics. A Concise Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
44. Smith, 'Limits of religious resurgence', p 34. See also J Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993; and Haynes, Third World Politics. A Concise Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
45. J Haynes, Religion and Politics in Africa, London: Zed Books, 1996, pp 55-56.
46. Smith, 'Limits of religious resergence', p 33.
47. J F Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: a Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979.
48. M Watson, 'Christianity and the green option in the new Europe' in J Fulton & P Gee (eds), Religion in Contemporary Europe, pp 148-159, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Meilen, 1994. Quote at p 150.
49. Featherstone, M. 'In pursuit of the postmodern. An introduction. Theory, Culture and Society, 5(2/3), 1988, pp 195-216.
50. For a discussion of postmodernism and Christianity, see J Simpson, 'Fundamentalism in America revisited: the fading of modernity as a source of symbolic capital', in B Misztal & A Shupe (eds), Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective. Revival of Religious Fundamentalism in East and West, pp 10-27, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992. In relation to Islam, see A Ahmed, Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise, London: Routledge, 1992.
51. For a discussion of postmodernism and Christianity, see J Simpson, 'Fundamentalism in America revisited: the fading of modernity as a source of symbolic capital', in B Misztal & A Shupe (eds), Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective. Revival of Religious Fundamentalism in East and West, pp 10-27, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992. In relation to Islam, see A Ahmed, Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise, London: Routledge, 1992.
52. Ahmed, Postmodernism and Islam, p 129.
53. J Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990, p 414.
54. J De Gruchy, Christianity and Democracy. A Theory For a Just World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p 5.
55. Simpson, 'Fundamentalism in America revisited', p 13.
56. G Hyden, 'Governance and the study of polities' in G Hyden & M Bratton (eds), Governance and Politics in Africa, pp 1-26, Boulder, co: Lynne Rienner, 1992. Quote at p. 4. See also F Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London: Penguin, 1992.
57. G Hyden, 'Governance and the study of polities' in G Hyden & M Bratton (eds), Governance and Politics in Africa, pp 1-26, Boulder, co: Lynne Rienner, 1992. Quote at p. 4. See also F Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London: Penguin, 1992.
58. Simpson, 'Fundamentalism in America revisited'; and H Cox, Religion in the Secular City. Toward a Postmodern Theology, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
59. Simpson, 'Fundamentalism in America revisited'; and H Cox, Religion in the Secular City. Toward a Postmodern Theology, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
60. G Kepel, The Revenge of God, Cambridge: Polity, 1994.
61. Used originally in a Christian context with reference to a person who believes in the verbal inerrancy of the Bible. Currently the term is also applied to a variety of modern Buddhist, Hindu, Judaist and Muslim groups and movements. What links such groups are forms of divisive often political activism in the name of religion with a readiness to resort to violence.
62. A further variety of popular religion, the charismatic, is unattached to any strong doctrinal tradition. It is a widespread non-denominational Christian tendency based on a belief in the divinely inspired gifts of speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy, etc. Charismatic churches offer both spiritual excitement and an anchor in the currently unstable period. They are not discussed here because they generally eschew politics, believing that religion and politics should be kept separate.
63. A Giddens, Capitalism and Social Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, pp 211-212.
64. J P Charnay, Les Contres-Orients, ou Comment Penser l'Autre Selon Soi, Sinbad: Paris, 1980, p 241.
65. Shupe, 'The stubborn persistence of religion in the global arena', p 19.
66. Wald, 'Social change and political response', pp 279-280.
67. All Muslims believe in the verbal inerrancy of the Quran, not just the so-called fundamentalists. As a result, Muslim 'fundamentalists' are referred to in this article as Islamists.
68. C Ram-Prasad, 'Hindutva ideology: extracting the fundamentals'. Contemporary South Asia, 2 (3), 1993, p 288.
69. Wald, 'Social change and political response', p 271.
70. Less legitimate manifestations of what purported to be religiously inspired groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, arose from the time of the American Civil War (1861-65) but they were hardly a part of the political mainstream, except in areas of the southern USA where white Protestant hostility to Jews, Catholics and Black Americans surfaced after World War 1.
71. A Hertzke, 'United States of America', in S Mews (ed), Religion in Politics. A World Guide, pp 298-299, Harlow: Longman, 1989.
72. D McCargo, 'The political ramifications of the 1989 "Santi Asoke" case in Thailand', paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of South-East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 8-10 April, 1992.
73. H Johnston, 'Religio-nationalist subcultures under the communists: comparisons from the Baltics, Transcaucasia and Ukraine', Sociology of Religion, 54 (3), 1993, p 237.
74. Haynes, Third World Politics.
75. Bruce, 'Fundamentalism, ethnicity and enclave', p 65.
76. Wilson, 'Reflections on a many sided controversy', p 206.
77. J Haynes, Religion, Fundamentalism and Identity: A Global Perspective, Discussion Paper No 65, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1995.
78. S Newman 'Does modernization breed ethnic political conflicts?', World Politics, 43 (2), 1991 pp 451-478.
79. Asia Watch, Detained in China and Tibet, London: Asia Watch, 1994.
80. M Fletcher, 'Mullah of Chicago's mean streets', Guardian, 17 February 1994.
81. Moyser, 'Politics and religion in the modern world', p 8.