Namibian - De beers state - Firm relations: Cooperation and conflict

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 585-613

  Kempton, Daniel R ^a   Du Preez, Roni L ^a  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6244232724     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079708708559     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly (March 1991), pp. 11-14, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (henceforth FBIS) AFR-91-109 (6 June 1991), pp. 18-24.
2. Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly (March 1991), pp. 11-14, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (henceforth FBIS) AFK-91-109 (6 June 1991), pp. 18-24.
3. Quoted in T. Green. The World of Diamonds (William Morrow, New York, 1981), p. 67.
4. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1991-92, (London, EIU, 1991), pp. 10-13; and EIU, Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1993-94. (EIU, London, 1993), p. 29.
5. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1991-92, (London, EIU, 1991), pp. 10-13; and EIU, Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1993-94. (EIU, London, 1993), p. 29.
6. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, 1991, p. 16; Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), p. 6, translated in FBIS-AFR-90-147 (31 July 1990), pp. 28-30; and Namibia Today, Southern Africa Today (August 1989), pp. 32-34.
7. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, 1991, p. 16; Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), p. 6, translated in FBIS-AFR-90-147 (31 July 1990), pp. 28-30; and Namibia Today, Southern Africa Today (August 1989), pp. 32-34.
8. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, 1991, p. 16; Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), p. 6, translated in FBIS-AFR-90-147 (31 July 1990), pp. 28-30; and Namibia Today, Southern Africa Today (August 1989), pp. 32-34.
9. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations in South Africa and Namibia: United Nations Public Hearings, I (UN, New York, 1986), p. 118.
10. UN Council for Namibia, Activities of Foreign Economic Interests Operating in Namibia (UN, New York, 1987), p. 3.
11. On 25 May 1990, equity shareholders of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited approved a rearrangement of the Company's affairs whereby a Swiss company, De Beers Centenary AG (Centenary), was formed to conduct the foreign business of the De Beers Group'. De Beers 1992 Annual Report (Lucerne, De Beers, 1993), p. 22. Aside from any corporate advantages of the restructuring, it removed some of the stigma De Beers received as a South African company and placed De Beers' non-South African holdings outside the threat of nationalisation by a new South African government.
12. D. Koskoff, The Diamond World (Harper and Row. New York, 1981), p. 6.
13. A. Cooper, 'The United States and Namibia: a Failure of Leadership', in A. Cooper (ed), Allies in Apartheid: Western Capitalism in Occupied Namibia (St Martin's Press, New York, 1988), pp. 175-192; EIU, Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1994-95 (EIU, London, 1994), pp. 94-95.
14. A. Cooper, 'The United States and Namibia: a Failure of Leadership', in A. Cooper (ed), Allies in Apartheid: Western Capitalism in Occupied Namibia (St Martin's Press, New York, 1988), pp. 175-192; EIU, Namibia Country Profile: Annual Survey of Political and Economic Background, 1994-95 (EIU, London, 1994), pp. 94-95.
15. J. Stopford and S. Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge University Press, 1991 (and S. Strange, 'States, Firms and Diplomacy', International Affairs, 68, 1 (January 1992), pp. 1-16.
16. J. Stopford and S. Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge University Press, 1991 (and S. Strange, 'States, Firms and Diplomacy', International Affairs, 68, 1 (January 1992), pp. 1-16.
17. J. Dunning, 'Governments and Multinational Enterprises: From Confrontation to Cooperation?', Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 20, 2 (1991), p. 235.
18. Strange, 'States, Firms and Diplomacy', p. 1.
19. R. Vernon, Storm Over Multinationals: The Real Issues (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1977), pp. 143-144.
20. R. Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises (Basic Books, New York, 1971).
21. Vernon, Storm Over Multinationals, p. 194.
22. L. Eden, 'Introduction', Millenium Journal of International Studies, 20, 2 (1991), p. 189.
23. Eden, 'Introduction', pp. 200-201.
24. R. Vernon, 'Sovereignty at Bay: Twenty Years After', Millenium Journal of International Studies, 20, 2 (1991), p. 194; and Dunning, 'Governments and Multinational Enterprises', pp. 229, 238.
25. R. Vernon, 'Sovereignty at Bay: Twenty Years After', Millenium Journal of International Studies, 20, 2 (1991), p. 194; and Dunning, 'Governments and Multinational Enterprises', pp. 229, 238.
26. M. Casson, 'Modelling the Multinational Enterprise: A Research Agenda', Millenium Journal of International Studies, 20, 2 (1991). p. 280.
27. Strange, "States, Firms and Diplomacy', p. 11.
28. D. Kempton with R. Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations: The Case of Gold and Diamonds', Slavic Review, 54, 1 (1995), pp. 80-110; D. Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers: Diamond Conflict or Cartel?', South African International Affairs Bulletin, 3, 2 (1996), pp. 94-131; and D. Cox, 'Argyle Diamonds: the Political Economy of a Lost Resource', Australian Journal of Political Science (forthcoming, 1997).
29. D. Kempton with R. Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations: The Case of Gold and Diamonds', Slavic Review, 54, 1 (1995), pp. 80-110; D. Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers: Diamond Conflict or Cartel?', South African International Affairs Bulletin, 3, 2 (1996), pp. 94-131; and D. Cox, 'Argyle Diamonds: the Political Economy of a Lost Resource', Australian Journal of Political Science (forthcoming, 1997).
30. D. Kempton with R. Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations: The Case of Gold and Diamonds', Slavic Review, 54, 1 (1995), pp. 80-110; D. Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers: Diamond Conflict or Cartel?', South African International Affairs Bulletin, 3, 2 (1996), pp. 94-131; and D. Cox, 'Argyle Diamonds: the Political Economy of a Lost Resource', Australian Journal of Political Science (forthcoming, 1997).
31. This definition is modified from P. Newman, Cartel and Combine: Essays in Monopoly Problems (Ridgewood, NJ, Foreign Studies Institute, 1964).
32. D. Spar, The Cooperative Edge: The Internal Politics of International Cartels (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1994), pp. 61-63.
33. C. McGreal, 'Zaire Rebels bring Diamond Giant to Heel', Guardian (London, 4 April 1997).
34. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations'.
35. G. Austin, Gemstones: Annual Report, 1993 (US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, October 1994), p. 3.
36. This is not to say that quotas are frequently adjusted. For the sake of political stability they are adjusted only when lasting changes in production patterns require the adjustment. In the long run, however, this gives the cartel the flexibility necessary to deal with changing world production patterns.
37. Y. Borovoi, 'De Beers - Vacuuming up the Diamonds in Russia', New Times (August 1995), pp. 48-51.
38. Koskoff, The Diamond World, p. 29.
39. P. Schmeisser, 'Harry Oppenheimer's Empire: Going for the Gold', New York Times Magazine (19 March 1989), pp. 32-A3.
40. E. Epstein, The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1982); P. Greenhalgh, West African Diamonds 1919-1983: An Economic History (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1985); and H. L. Van der Laan, The Sierra Leone Diamonds (Oxford University Press, London, 1965).
41. E. Epstein, The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1982); P. Greenhalgh, West African Diamonds 1919-1983: An Economic History (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1985); and H. L. Van der Laan, The Sierra Leone Diamonds (Oxford University Press, London, 1965).
42. E. Epstein, The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1982); P. Greenhalgh, West African Diamonds 1919-1983: An Economic History (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1985); and H. L. Van der Laan, The Sierra Leone Diamonds (Oxford University Press, London, 1965).
43. This inspired Ian Fleming's semi-fictional The Diamond Smugglers (Collier Books, New York, 1957) and informed his later fictional work (Diamonds are Forever).
44. J. Conteras, "The Lure of Diamonds', Newsweek (9 November 1992), pp. 34-35; and P. Carty, 'De Beers: the Diamond Industry's Best Friend?' Accountancy, 112, 1199 (July 1993), pp. 32-35.
45. J. Conteras, "The Lure of Diamonds', Newsweek (9 November 1992), pp. 34-35; and P. Carty, 'De Beers: the Diamond Industry's Best Friend?' Accountancy, 112, 1199 (July 1993), pp. 32-35.
46. A. Tikhonovich, Delevoi mir (9 November 1994), p. 7; and P. Fehrman. The Rough Trade in Rough Stones', Farben (27 March 1995), p. 47.
47. A. Tikhonovich, Delevoi mir (9 November 1994), p. 7; and P. Fehrman. The Rough Trade in Rough Stones', Farben (27 March 1995), p. 47.
48. D. Tommey, The Star (19 April 1995), p. 16.
49. Author interview with R. van Eeghen, De Beers Centenary, Group Corporate Communications Department, London (3) May-1 June 1994).
50. G. Wheatcroft, The Randlords: The Men Who Made South Africa (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1985), p. 108.
51. Borovoi, 'De Beers - Vacuuming up the Diamonds in Russia', pp. 48-51.
52. De Beers 1992: Annual Report (Corporate Communications Department, 1993), pp. 10-11; and De Beers 1993: Annual Report (Corporate Communications Department, 1994), pp. 10-11.
53. De Beers 1992: Annual Report (Corporate Communications Department, 1993), pp. 10-11; and De Beers 1993: Annual Report (Corporate Communications Department, 1994), pp. 10-11.
54. Edward Jessup, Ernest Oppenheimer: A Study in Power (Rex Collings, London, 1979), pp. 203-204.
55. E. L. Williams, 'Diamond Harvest of the Namib Surf: The Story of CDM', Optima, 27, 4 (1978), p. 89; and UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia: Perspectives for National Reconstruction and Development (UN, Lusaka, 1986), p. 301.
56. E. L. Williams, 'Diamond Harvest of the Namib Surf: The Story of CDM', Optima, 27, 4 (1978), p. 89; and UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia: Perspectives for National Reconstruction and Development (UN, Lusaka, 1986), p. 301.
57. Financial Mail (24 November 1989), pp. 23-24.
58. G. Lanning with M. Mueller, Africa Undermined: Mining Companies and the Underdevelopment of Africa (Penguin Books, London, 1979), p. 468.
59. UN Council for Namibia, Activities of Foreign Economic Interests Operating in Namibia, p. 2.
60. Department of Information and Publicity, SWAPO, To Be Born A Nation: The Liberation Struggle for Namibia (Zed Press, London, 1981 ), p. 39.
61. Lanning, Africa Undermined, p. 428.
62. SWAPO, To Be Born A Nation, p. 51.
63. UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia, p. 324.
64. UN Council for Namibia, Activities of Foreign Economic Interests Operating in Namibia, p. 7.
65. D. Pallister, S. Stewart and I. Lepper, South Africa Inc.: The Oppenheimer Empire (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1987), pp. 164-167.
66. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 102; and Brigitte Kols, 'Namibia', Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), pp. 28-29.
67. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 102; and Brigitte Kols, 'Namibia', Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), pp. 28-29.
68. Pallister, South Africa Inc., p. 167.
69. The Economist (23 February 1980).
70. Epstein, The Rise and Fall of Diamonds, p. 41.
71. Pallister, South Africa Inc., p. 153.
72. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 118.
73. UN Council for Namibia, Activities of Foreign Economic Interests Operating in Namibia, p. 7.
74. Pallister, South Africa Inc., pp. 166-167.
75. SWAPO, To Be Born A Nation, p. 49.
76. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 119.
77. R. Murray, Namibia Through the 1990s: Turning Rich Resources into Growth, Special Report No. M2111 (EIU, London), p. 54.
78. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 300.
79. EIU, Namibia Country Profile: 1991-92, p. 27.
80. D. Kempton, 'New Thinking and Soviet Policy Toward South Africa', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 4 (1990), pp. 558-560.
81. SWAPO Department of Information and Publicity, Information on the People's Resistance 1976-77 (July 1978), p. 2.
82. UN Council for Namibia, Activities of Foreign Economic Interests Operating in Namibia, p. 1.
83. UN Centre on Transnational Corporations, Transnational Corporations, p. 126.
84. Koskoff, The Diamond World, p. 42.
85. G. Coakley et al, Namibia (US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, 1983), pp. 10-11.
86. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, p. 16; and M. Heydari. 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', Mineral Industries of Africa 1993 (US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 118-127.
87. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, p. 16; and M. Heydari. 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', Mineral Industries of Africa 1993 (US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 118-127.
88. De Beers 1989: Annual Report (London, Corporate Communications Department, 1989), p. 16.
89. P. Hartmann, 'The Role of Mining in the Economy of South West Africa/Namibia, 1950-85' (unpublished MA thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 1986), p. 60.
90. Murray, Namibia Through the 1990s, p. 58.
91. Typically, firms lose some of their bargaining power after their investment is irrevocably committed. T. Moran, 'Multinational Corporations and the Developing Countries', in T. Moran (ed), Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1985), p. 6; and L. Eden, 'Introduction', p. 201.
92. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, 1991-92, p. 7.
93. UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia, pp. 318-319.
94. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations', pp. 80-110; Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers', pp. 94-131.
95. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations', pp. 80-110; Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers', pp. 94-131.
96. See for example, 'Joburg Stock Exchange', The Namibian (17 November 1994), p. 10.
97. Epstein, The Rise and Fall of Diamonds, p. 20.
98. Lanning, Africa Undermined, pp. 96-98.
99. Lanning, Africa Undermined, p. 498.
100. M. Shafer, "Capturing the Mineral Multinationals', in T. Moran (ed), Multinational Corporations, pp. 25-54.
101. T. Moran, 'Sovereignty at Bay: Ten Years After', in Moran (ed), Multinational Corporations, p. 258; and S. Strange, "Big Business and the State', Millenium 20, 2 (1991), p. 247.
102. T. Moran, 'Sovereignty at Bay: Ten Years After', in Moran (ed), Multinational Corporations, p. 258; and S. Strange, "Big Business and the State', Millenium 20, 2 (1991), p. 247.
103. Koskoff, The Diamond World, p. 43.
104. Pallister, South Africa Inc., pp. 166-167.
105. UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia, p. 321.
106. Financial Mail, (24 November 1989), pp. 28-29, in FBIS-AFR-90-029 (12 February 1990), pp. 41-43.
107. 'Constitution of the Republic of Namibia', Government Gazette, 2, (21 March 1990), p. 53.
108. T. Sellstrom, Southern African Political and Economic Monthly (March 1991), pp. 4-7.
109. The Citizen (31 January 1989), p. 25, in FBIS-AFR-89-050 (16 March 1989), pp. 18-19.
110. His 1990 speech to the Chamber of Mines is cited in L. Cliffe et al, The Transition to Independence in Namibia (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO, 1994), p. 230.
111. Frankfurter Rundschau (9 June 1990), p. 6, in FBIS-AFR-90-141 (31 July 1990), pp. 28-30.
112. Johannesburg International Service (21 April 1990), in FBIS-AFR-90-080 (25 April 1990), pp. 53-54.
113. EIU, Namibia Country Profile, 1992-93, p. 13.
114. S. Vasciannie, 'The Namibian Foreign Investments Act: Balancing Interests in the New Concessionary Era', ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal (1991), pp. 114-40; and 'Foreign Investments Act, 1990', Government Gazette. 12, (28 December 1990), pp. 1-16.
115. S. Vasciannie, 'The Namibian Foreign Investments Act: Balancing Interests in the New Concessionary Era', ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal (1991), pp. 114-40; and 'Foreign Investments Act, 1990', Government Gazette. 12, (28 December 1990), pp. 1-16.
116. 'Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 1992', Government Gazette, 564, pp. 1-195.
117. Heydari, 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', p. 119.
118. Debates of the National Assembly, Republic of Namibia, Fifth Session, First Parliament, 27 (1-8 December 1992), pp. 75-84.
119. 'Half-Stake for Namibia in CDM', S. A. Mining World (December 1994/January 1995), p. 4.
120. J. Wood, 'De Beers Secures 25-Year Hold on Diamonds', Sunday Times (27 November 1994), p. 4; and N. Behrmann, 'Namibia Acquires Half the Nation's De Beers Mines', Wall Street Journal (25 November 1994), p. A4.
121. J. Wood, 'De Beers Secures 25-Year Hold on Diamonds', Sunday Times (27 November 1994), p. 4; and N. Behrmann, 'Namibia Acquires Half the Nation's De Beers Mines', Wall Street Journal (25 November 1994), p. A4.
122. A. McNulty, 'De Beers/CDM: Striking a Partnership', Financial Mail (2 December 1994), p. 76.
123. A. McNulty, 'CDM Fades Out in Namibia', Financial Mail (January 1995), p. 15; and 'Half-Stake for Namibia in CDM', p. 4.
124. A. McNulty, 'CDM Fades Out in Namibia', Financial Mail (January 1995), p. 15; and 'Half-Stake for Namibia in CDM', p. 4.
125. M. J. Dewitte, 'Diamonds and Development in Southern Africa: A Case of Botswana' (unpublished thesis, University of Illinois, 1989).
126. Pallister, South Africa Inc., p. 246.
127. 'Namibian-De Beers Statement', The Namibian (24 November 1994), p. 8.
128. J. Roberts, The Pig in the Poke Deal', The Namibian (2 December 1994), p. 6.
129. C. Ndivanga, The Namibian (20 January 1995), pp. 1-2, in FBIS-AFR-95-025 (3 February 1995), pp. 17-18.
130. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations'.
131. Market South East, 5, 4 (May/June 1991), p, 9.
132. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations', pp. 80-110; and Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers', pp. 94-131.
133. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations', pp. 80-110; and Kempton, 'Russia and De Beers', pp. 94-131.
134. UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia, p. 303.
135. Financial Mail, (24 November 1989), pp. 28-29, in FBIS-AFR-90-029 (12 February 1990), pp. 41-43.
136. Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly (March 1991),pp. 11-14, in FBIS-AFR-91-109 (6 June 1991), pp. 18-24.
137. EIU, Namibia Country Profile: 1992-93, p. 27.
138. EIU, Namibia Country Profile: 1994-95, pp. 34-35.
139. Murray, Namibia Through the 1990s, p. 57.
140. Roberts, The Pig in the Poke Deal', p. 6.
141. On-Line Media Research Institute, Daily Report, 65 (1 April 1996).
142. On-Line Media Research Institute, Daily Report, 157 (13 August 1996).
143. G. Austin, Gemstones: Annual Report, 1994 (US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, October 1995), p.n 15.
144. Green, The World of Diamonds, p. 91; and E. van der Linden, Namibia's Tax System, a paper for the Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 6 (April 1992).
145. Green, The World of Diamonds, p. 91; and E. van der Linden, Namibia's Tax System, a paper for the Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 6 (April 1992).
146. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1986-87, p. 15; EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1988-89, p. 16; and EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-95, p. 20.
147. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1986-87, p. 15; EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1988-89, p. 16; and EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-95, p. 20.
148. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1986-87, p. 15; EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1988-89, p. 16; and EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-95, p. 20.
149. Coakley, Namibia, p. 19.
150. Sellstrom, Southern African Political and Economic Monthly, p. 23.
151. Heydari, 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', pp. 119-129.
152. 'The Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 1992', Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 564 (31 December 1992), pp. 160-169.
153. 'Commencement of the Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 1992', Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia (28 March 1995), pp. 1-5.
154. C. Ndivanga, 'De Beers Deal in Bag', The Namibian (25 November 1994), pp. 1-3.
155. 'Namibian-De Beers Statement', The Namibian (24 November 1994), p. 8.
156. SWAPO, To Be Born A Nation, pp. 4, 77.
157. R. J. Gordon, Mines, Masters and Migrants: Life in a Namibian Compound (Raven Press, Johannesburg, 1977), pp. 1-48; and Cliffe et al, The Transition to Independence in Namibia, pp. 32-33.
158. R. J. Gordon, Mines, Masters and Migrants: Life in a Namibian Compound (Raven Press, Johannesburg, 1977), pp. 1-48; and Cliffe et al, The Transition to Independence in Namibia, pp. 32-33.
159. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1988-89, p. 19.
160. World Bank, Namibia: Poverty Alleviation with Sustainable Growth: A World Bank Country Study (World Bank, 1992), p. 33.
161. C. Coetzee, 'The Face of an Economy', The Times of Namibia (5 February 1991), pp. 5-6, 8.
162. Peter Carty. 'De Beers: the Diamond Industry's Best Friend?', Accountancy, pp. 32-35.
163. 'CDM, MUN Deadlock', The Namibian (2 September 1994), p. 3.
164. EIU, Namibia: Country Report, 4th Quarter 1995 (EIU, London, 1995), p. 16.
165. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-95, p. 22.
166. C. Ndivanga, 'Cut the Secrecy on CDM', The Namibian (23 September 1994), pp. 1-2; and Ndivanga, 'De Beers Deal in Bag', p. 3.
167. C. Ndivanga, 'Cut the Secrecy on CDM', The Namibian (23 September 1994), pp. 1-2; and Ndivanga, 'De Beers Deal in Bag', p. 3.
168. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile. 1994-95, p. 22.
169. Heydari, 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', p. 119.
170. National Planning Commission with the Social Science Division Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia, (University of Namibia, September 1994), p. 64.
171. Hartmann, The Role of Mining, p. 73.
172. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-95, p. 31.
173. Austin, Gemstones: Annual Report, 1993, p. 12.
174. Kempton with Levine, 'Soviet and Russian Relations with Foreign Corporations'.
175. 'Russian Diamonds: Disputes are Forever', The Economist (17 September, 1994), pp. 73-74.
176. Roberts, 'The Pig in the Poke Deal', p. 6.
177. 'Namibian-De Beers Statement', The Namibian (24 November 1994), p. 8.
178. Murray, Namibia Through The 1990s, p. 58.
179. According to Judge Thirion, before independence De Beers used Namibia as a swing producer, decreasing or increasing its production to account for increases or decreases by other producers. See Pallisler, South Africa Inc., p. 168.
180. Murray, Namibia Through the 1990s, pp. 58-59.
181. SAPA in English (5 October 1988) in FBIS-AFR-88-195 (7 October 1988), p. 32.
182. SAPA in English (13 December 1988) in FBIS-AFR-88-240 (14 December 1988), p. 36; SAPA in English (17 March 1989) in FBIS-AFR-89-051 (17 March 1989), p. 27; and The Times of Namibia (22 September 1989), p. 7, in FBIS-AFR-89-220-S (16 November 1989), pp. 13-14.
183. Frankfurter Rundshcau (9 June 1990), p. 6, in FBIS-AFR-90-141 (31 July 1990), pp. 28-30.
184. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1992-93, p. 27.
185. The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 129 (28 December 1990), pp. 1-16.
186. Moran, 'Multinational Corporations and the Developing Countries', p. 265.
187. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1994-1995, p. 35.
188. D. Gleason, 'Treasure of the Deep', Financial Mail (4 March 1994), pp. 24-26; and 'New Rights for ODM', The Namibian (14 June 1996), p. 3.
189. D. Gleason, 'Treasure of the Deep', Financial Mail (4 March 1994), pp. 24-26; and 'New Rights for ODM', The Namibian (14 June 1996), p. 3.
190. See for example The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 863 (1 June 1994), pp. 3-5; The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 971 (15 November 1994), pp. 7-8; and The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 175 (2 May 1995), p. 203.
191. See for example The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 863 (1 June 1994), pp. 3-5; The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 971 (15 November 1994), pp. 7-8; and The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 175 (2 May 1995), p. 203.
192. See for example The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 863 (1 June 1994), pp. 3-5; The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 971 (15 November 1994), pp. 7-8; and The Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 175 (2 May 1995), p. 203.
193. Heydari, 'The Mineral Industry of Namibia', p. 123.
194. In 1994 offshore mining was estimated to account for approximately 400,000 carats, about one third of Namibia's total production. Sunday Times (27 November 1994), p. 4. in FBIS-AFR-94-234 (6 December 1994), pp. 25-26; and Treasures of the Sperrgebiet', Optima (May 1995), p. 19.
195. In 1994 offshore mining was estimated to account for approximately 400,000 carats, about one third of Namibia's total production. Sunday Times (27 November 1994), p. 4. in FBIS-AFR-94-234 (6 December 1994), pp. 25-26; and Treasures of the Sperrgebiet', Optima (May 1995), p. 19.
196. EIU, Namibia: Country Report, 4th Quarter 1995, p. 16.
197. Eden, 'Introduction,' p. 261; and Moran, 'Multinational Corporations and the Developing Countries', p. 264.
198. UN Institute for Namibia, Namibia, p. 320.
199. Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia, 1086 (19 May 1995), p. 3.
200. C. Ndivanga, 'Gem Connection Controversy', The Namibian (23 September 1994), p. 3.
201. Ndivanga, 'Cut the Secrecy on CDM', pp. 1-2; and H. Doeseb, 'Tell us About Dream Deal', The Namibian (9 December 1994), p. 7.
202. Ndivanga, 'Cut the Secrecy on CDM', pp. 1-2; and H. Doeseb, 'Tell us About Dream Deal', The Namibian (9 December 1994), p. 7.
203. EIU, Namibia: Country Profile, 1990-91, pp. 26-27.
204. Murray, Namibia Through the 1990s, p. 57.
205. Ndivanga, 'Gem Connection Controversy', p. 3.
206. M. Marriott, 'Diamond Counsellor, Letter to the Editor', The Namibian (9 December 1994), p. 7.