Any important form: Louis Riel in sculpture

Prairie Forum

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 103-131

  Kaye, Frances W ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 6244228089     PISSN: 03176282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Saskatchewan Archives Board - Regina (SAB), Minutes of Creative Activities Subcommittee of Saskatchewan Jubilee and Centennial Committee, 22 March 1964.
2. Winnipeg Free Press, 26 March 1969; interview, Jean Allard, "As It Happens," CBC Radio, 18 July 1994.
3. Centennial Library, Winnipeg, Riel File, Press Release, Manitoba Government Information Services Branch, 30 December 1971.
4. Winnipeg Free Press, 26 March 1969; ibid.
5. Winnipeg Free Press, 11 December 1971, 1 January 1972.
6. Winnipeg Free Press, 10 January 1972. The term Metis currently includes all Canadians of mixed aboriginal and European descent. The mixed-blood peoples associated with Riel in the nineteenth century included those of French and Native (Ojibway, Cree, and Chipewyan, for the most part) and those of Scots and Native (mostly Cree) descent. Some "Old Settlers" of either French or British (mostly Scots) descent also supported Riel in 1869-70 and rather fewer of these Europeans supported him in 1884-85. More recently arrived Ontario settlers (especially those associated with the militant Protestant Orange Order) were the largest group of those who opposed him in the West. By the 1960s, the class of people claiming Riel as a culture hero had expanded beyond the descendants of his supporters in the nineteenth century.
7. J.R. Miller, "From Kiel to the Metis," Canadian Historical Review 69, no. 1 (1988): 1-20.
8. See, for example, Herbert T. Schwarz, Tales from the Smoke House, illustrated by Daphne Odjig (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1974) for examples of stories and an explanation of their uses.
9. Maria Campbell and Linda Griffiths, The Book of Jessica (Toronto: Coach House Press, 1989), 35.
10. Douglas Owram, "The Myth of Louis Riel," Canadian Historical Review 63 (September 1982): 315-36 ; reprinted in Hartwell Bowsfield, ed., Louis Riel: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1988), 11-29.
11. Douglas Owram, "The Myth of Louis Riel," Canadian Historical Review 63 (September 1982): 315-36 ; reprinted in Hartwell Bowsfield, ed., Louis Riel: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1988), 11-29.
12. Duncan Campbell Scott, quoted in Daniel Francis, The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1992), 211.
13. Ibid., 201, 204-05, 213-18, Murray Dobbin, The One-and-a-Half Men: The Story of Jim Brady and Malcolm Norris, Metis Patriots of the 20th Century (Vancouver: North Star Books, 1981), 202; James M. Pitsula, "The Saskatchewan CCF Government and Treaty Indians, 1944-64," Canadian Historical Review 75 (March 1994): 22-52.
14. Ibid., 201, 204-05, 213-18, Murray Dobbin, The One-and-a-Half Men: The Story of Jim Brady and Malcolm Norris, Metis Patriots of the 20th Century (Vancouver: North Star Books, 1981), 202; James M. Pitsula, "The Saskatchewan CCF Government and Treaty Indians, 1944-64," Canadian Historical Review 75 (March 1994): 22-52.
15. Ibid., 201, 204-05, 213-18, Murray Dobbin, The One-and-a-Half Men: The Story of Jim Brady and Malcolm Norris, Metis Patriots of the 20th Century (Vancouver: North Star Books, 1981), 202; James M. Pitsula, "The Saskatchewan CCF Government and Treaty Indians, 1944-64," Canadian Historical Review 75 (March 1994): 22-52.
16. Raymond Breton, Jeffrey G. Reitz, and Victor Valentine, Cultural Boundaries and the Cohesion of Canada (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1980), Part 2; Antoine S. Lussier, "The Metis: Contemporary Problems of Identity," in Antoine S. Lussier and D. Bruce Sealey, ed., The Other Natives: The-Les Métis, vol. 2, 1885-1978 (Winnipeg: Manitoba Metis Federation Press/Editions Bois-Brules, 1978), 187-92.
17. Raymond Breton, Jeffrey G. Reitz, and Victor Valentine, Cultural Boundaries and the Cohesion of Canada (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1980), Part 2; Antoine S. Lussier, "The Metis: Contemporary Problems of Identity," in Antoine S. Lussier and D. Bruce Sealey, ed., The Other Natives: The-Les Métis, vol. 2, 1885-1978 (Winnipeg: Manitoba Metis Federation Press/Editions Bois-Brules, 1978), 187-92.
18. Dale Eisler, Rumours of Glory: Saskatchewan and the Thatcher Years (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1987), 197-98.
19. Author's conversation with John Nugent, Lumsden, Saskatchewan, 23 June, 1994; SAB, memo, Tourist and Convention Committee, 2 May 1967, folder 1967, Administration, Saskatchewan House, #3.2-1224.
20. Eisler, Rumours of Glory, 103-4, photo facing page 142.
21. Dobbin, The One-and-a-Half Men, 183-86; Pitsula, "The Saskatchewan CCF Government and Treaty Indians, 1944-64."
22. Dobbin, The One-and-a-Half Men, 183-86; Pitsula, "The Saskatchewan CCF Government and Treaty Indians, 1944-64."
23. Breton, Reitz, and Valentine, Cultural Boundaries, 81.
24. Dobbin, One-and-a-Half Men, 216.
25. Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Debates and Proceedings, Official Report, session 1969, 5 March 1969, p. 959.
26. Ibid, p. 960.
27. Cf. Dobbin, One-and-a-Half Men, 216-17.
28. George Smellie, "Second Riel - or noisy illusion?" Saskatoon Star Phoenix, 4 May 1968; "Dumont said main leader," Regina Leader-Post, 21 November 1967.
29. George Smellie, "Second Riel - or noisy illusion?" Saskatoon Star Phoenix, 4 May 1968; "Dumont said main leader," Regina Leader-Post, 21 November 1967.
30. Legislative Assembly, Debates, 12 March 1969, p. 1215.
31. Ibid., pp. 1190-1218.
32. Legislative Assembly, Debates, 5 March 1969, pp. 960-61.
33. "Centennial play on Riel becomes theatrical mainstay," Saskatoon Star Phoenix, 3 June 1982.
34. John Nugent to author, telephone, 22 June 1994, conversation, 23 June 1994; Thatcher to Nugent, 13 July 1967, original in Nugent's possession. The commission for the statue really did pay Nugent's mortgage in ways he did not anticipate. When it came time to pay the sculptor, the province discovered that, through a small business incentive program, it held the mortgage on the Lumsden studio and, apparently at Thatcher's urging, the commission was applied to the mortgage balance before the sculptor, who had had to purchase all the material himself, received a cash payment. (Documents in Nugent's possession.)
35. Bruce Shepard to author, 12 June 1994, Calgary, Alberta.
36. Nugent to author, 23 June 1994; Ross Thatcher to Jacob Kutarna, 8 October 1968, in Nugent's possession; "Kiel statue in Place," Regina Leader-Post, 1 October 1968.
37. J.J. Moore, Economic Development Board, to John Nugent, 24 January 1968, in Nugent's possession; SAB, text of inscription in folder 1968, Projects, Nugent's "Riel" statue, #7.6.
38. Regina Leader-Post, 3 October 1968, 18 September 1968.
39. Most of these details are consistent in all of Riel's biographies. See Joseph Kinsey Howard, Strange Empire: The Story of Louis Riel (New York: William Morrow, 1952); George Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson, 1963); Thomas Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979); and the most recent biography, Maggie Siggins, Louis Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994).
40. Most of these details are consistent in all of Riel's biographies. See Joseph Kinsey Howard, Strange Empire: The Story of Louis Riel (New York: William Morrow, 1952); George Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson, 1963); Thomas Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979); and the most recent biography, Maggie Siggins, Louis Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994).
41. Most of these details are consistent in all of Riel's biographies. See Joseph Kinsey Howard, Strange Empire: The Story of Louis Riel (New York: William Morrow, 1952); George Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson, 1963); Thomas Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979); and the most recent biography, Maggie Siggins, Louis Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994).
42. Most of these details are consistent in all of Riel's biographies. See Joseph Kinsey Howard, Strange Empire: The Story of Louis Riel (New York: William Morrow, 1952); George Stanley, Louis Riel (Toronto: Ryerson, 1963); Thomas Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979); and the most recent biography, Maggie Siggins, Louis Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994).
43. See entries under Communist Party in index to SAB; Thomas Flanagan, Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1983).
44. Keith Rogers, executive director Saskatchewan Family Foundation, to Nugent, 31 May 1991, original in Nugent's possession; Kevin O'Connor, "Riel statue to be moved," Regina Leader-Post, 2 August 1991.
45. Fafard quoted in Regina leader-Post, 8 August 1991; John O'Brian, ed., The Flat Side of the Landscape: The Emma Lake Artists' Workshops (Saskatoon: Mendel Art Gallery, 1989), esp. 55-58; Matthew Teitelbaum and Peter White, Joe Fafard: Cows and Other Luminaries 1977-1987 (Saskatoon and Regina: Mendel Art Gallery and Dunlop Art Gallery, 1987).
46. Fafard quoted in Regina leader-Post, 8 August 1991; John O'Brian, ed., The Flat Side of the Landscape: The Emma Lake Artists' Workshops (Saskatoon: Mendel Art Gallery, 1989), esp. 55-58; Matthew Teitelbaum and Peter White, Joe Fafard: Cows and Other Luminaries 1977-1987 (Saskatoon and Regina: Mendel Art Gallery and Dunlop Art Gallery, 1987).
47. Fafard quoted in Regina leader-Post, 8 August 1991; John O'Brian, ed., The Flat Side of the Landscape: The Emma Lake Artists' Workshops (Saskatoon: Mendel Art Gallery, 1989), esp. 55-58; Matthew Teitelbaum and Peter White, Joe Fafard: Cows and Other Luminaries 1977-1987 (Saskatoon and Regina: Mendel Art Gallery and Dunlop Art Gallery, 1987).
48. Stanley, Louis Riel, 224-26.
49. Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel, 57, 64.
50. Manfred Mossmann, "The Charismatic Pattern: Canada's Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Movement," Prairie Forum 10 (Fall 1985): 307-25; reprinted in Bows-field, ed., Louis Riel, 227-45. See also Gilles Martel, Le messianisme de Louis Riel (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1984).
51. Manfred Mossmann, "The Charismatic Pattern: Canada's Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Movement," Prairie Forum 10 (Fall 1985): 307-25; reprinted in Bows-field, ed., Louis Riel, 227-45. See also Gilles Martel, Le messianisme de Louis Riel (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1984).
52. Manfred Mossmann, "The Charismatic Pattern: Canada's Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Movement," Prairie Forum 10 (Fall 1985): 307-25; reprinted in Bows-field, ed., Louis Riel, 227-45. See also Gilles Martel, Le messianisme de Louis Riel (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1984).
53. Raymond J. DeMaillie, "Introduction," in James Mooney, The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), xxii.
54. See Margaret Laurence, The Heart of a Stranger (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976).
55. Mooney, Ghost-Dance Religion, 720, 719.
56. George Woodcock, Gabriel Dumont: The Metis Chief and His Lost World (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1975), 215.
57. Eisler, Rumours of Glory, 129.
58. Allard, As It Happens; Toronto Globe and Mail, 21 July 1994, p. A12; Calgary Herald, 24 July 1994.
59. Allard, As It Happens; Toronto Globe and Mail, 21 July 1994, p. A12; Calgary Herald, 24 July 1994.
60. "Sculptor says we're 'illiterate'," Regina Leader-Post, 6 August 1991; Kevin O'Connor, "Riel statue to be moved," Regina Leader-Post, 2 August 1991; Muriel Draaisma, "Regina statue panned," Regina Leader-Post, 9 August 1991.
61. "Sculptor says we're 'illiterate'," Regina Leader-Post, 6 August 1991; Kevin O'Connor, "Riel statue to be moved," Regina Leader-Post, 2 August 1991; Muriel Draaisma, "Regina statue panned," Regina Leader-Post, 9 August 1991.
62. "Sculptor says we're 'illiterate'," Regina Leader-Post, 6 August 1991; Kevin O'Connor, "Riel statue to be moved," Regina Leader-Post, 2 August 1991; Muriel Draaisma, "Regina statue panned," Regina Leader-Post, 9 August 1991.
63. Regina Leader-Post, n.d. (c. September 1991) and 9 September 1991, clippings in possession of John Nugent.
64. "Sir John A. would envy all Riel's statues," Winnipeg Free Press, 20 April 1986.
65. "Statue rejuvenates Louis Riel," Winnipeg Free Press, 13 May 1994.
66. William F. Butler, The Great Lone Land (1872; Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1968), 133.
67. "Sir John A. would envy all Riel's statues," Winnipeg Free Press, 20 April 1986.