Gender differences in delinquency and juvenile justice processing: Evidence from national data

Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 171-215

  Tracy, Paul E ^a   Kempf Leonard, Kimberly ^b   Abramoske James, Stephanie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrests; Court dispositions; Female and male delinquents; Gender

Indexed keywords

EID: 62349099722     PISSN: 00111287     EISSN: 1552387X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0011128708330628     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Adler, F. (Ed.). (1981). The incidence of female criminality in the contemporary world. New York: New York University Press.
3. Belknap, J. (1996). The invisible woman. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
4. Bergsmann, I. (1989). The forgotten few: Juvenile female offenders. Federal Probation, 58, 73-78.
5. Bishop, D., & Frazer, C. (1992). Gender bias in the juvenile justice system: Implications of the JJDP Act. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 1162-1186.
6. Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J.A., & Visher, C.A. (1986). Criminal careers and "career criminals." Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
7. Bonger, W.A. (1916). Criminality and economic conditions. Boston: Little, Brown.
8. Caine, M. (Ed.). (1989). Growing up good: Policing the behavior of girls in Europe. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9. Cairns, R.B., Cairns, B.D., Neckerman, H.J., Gest, S.D., & Gariepy, J.L. (1988). Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection ? Developmental Psychology, 24, 815-823.
10. Chesney-Lind, M. (1973). Judicial enforcement of the female sex role. Issues in Criminology, 8, 51-71.
11. Chesney-Lind, M. (1989). Girls' crime and woman's place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 35, 5-29.
12. Chesney-Lind, M. (1995). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice: Toward a feminist theory of young women's crime. In B. R. Price & N. J. Sokoloff (Eds.), The criminal justice system and women (2 nd ed., pp. 71-88). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The female offender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Chesney-Lind, M., & Shelden, R.G. (1992). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice system. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
15. Cloward, R.A., & Ohlin, L.E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
16. Cohen, A.K. (1955). Delinquent boys. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
17. Coie, J.D., & Dodge, K.A. (1983). Communities and changes in children's socioeconomic status: A five-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 261-282.
18. Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly, 5, 497-538.
19. Dembo, R., Williams, L., & Schmeidler, J. (1993). Gender differences in mental health service needs among youths entering a juvenile detention center. Journal of Prison and Jail Health, 12, 73-101.
20. Denno, D. (1990). Biology and violence: From birth to adulthood. Cambridge: UK: Cambridge University Press.
21. Denno, D.W. (1994). Gender, crime and the criminal law defenses. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 85, 80-180.
22. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Crime in the United States, 2007. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice.
23. Gelsthorpe, L. (1989). Sexism and female offenders: An organizational analysis. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
24. Hagan, F.E. (1990). Introduction to criminology. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
25. Hagan, J., Simpson, J., & Gillis, A.R. (1985). The class structure of gender and delinquency: Toward a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 1151-1178.
26. Hawkins, D.F., Laub, J.H., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1998). Race, ethnicity, and serious juvenile offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 30-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27. Hawkins, J.D., Herrenkohl, T., Farrington, D.P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R.F., & Harachi, T.W. (1998). A review of predictors of youth violence. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 106-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Howell, J.C. (1995). Guide for implementing the comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
29. Huesmann, L.R., Eron, L.D., Lefkowitz, M.M., & Walder, L.O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120-1134.
30. Huizinga, D., & Jakob-Chien, C. (1998). The contemporaneous co-occurrence of serious and violent juvenile offending and other problem behaviors. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 47-67). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Kempf-Leonard, K. (2001). Race, gender, and pre-hearing detention of juveniles. In J. Weis, R. Crutchfield, & G. Bridges (Eds.), Juvenile delinquency, crime and society (Vol. 2, pp. 538-547). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
32. Kempf-Leonard, K., Chesney-Lind, M., & Hawkins, D. (2000). Race and gender issues regarding very young offenders. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, interventions, and service needs (pp. 247-269). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Kempf-Leonard, K., & Sample, L. (1998, March). Disparity based on sex: Is gender-specific treatment warranted? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Albuquerque, NM.
34. Kempf-Leonard, K., & Tracy, P.E. (2000). The gender effect among serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A difference of degree rather than kind. In R. Muraskin (Ed.), It's a crime: Women and justice (2 nd ed., pp. 453-478). New York: Prentice Hall.
35. Kempf-Leonard, K., & Tracy, P.E. (2002). The gender effect among serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A difference of degree rather than kind. In R. Muraskin (Ed.), It's a crime: Women and justice (3 rd ed., pp. 544-569). New York: Prentice Hall.
36. Kempf-Leonard, K., Tracy, P.E., & Howell, J.C. (2001). Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: The relationship of delinquency career types to adult criminality. Justice Quarterly, 18, 449-478.
37. Kersten, J. (1989). The institutional control of girls and boys: An attempt at a gender-specific approach. In M. Caine (Ed.), Growing up good: Policing the behavior of girls in Europe (pp. 129-144). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Krisberg, B., Schwartz, I.M., Fishman, G., Eisikovits, Z., & Guttman, E. (1986). The incarceration of minority youth. Minneapolis, MN: Hubert Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs.
39. Krohn, M., Curry, J., & Nelson-Kilger, S. (1983). Is chivalry dead ? Criminology, 21, 417-439.
40. Leonard, E. (1982). Women, crime, and society. New York: Longman.
41. Lipsey, M.W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In T. D. Cook, H. Cooper, D. S. Cordray, H. Hartman, L. V. Hedges, R. J. Knight, et al. (Eds.), Meta-analysis for explanation (pp. 83-127). New York: Russell Sage.
42. Lipsey, M., & Derzon, J.H. (1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 86-105) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
43. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (Eds.). (1998). Serious and violent juvenile offenders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44. Loeber, R., & Hay, D.F. (1994). Developmental approaches to aggression and conduct problems. In M. Rutter & D. F. Hay (Eds.), Development through life: A handbook for clinicians (pp. 488-515). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
45. Lombroso, C., & Ferrero, W. (1895). The female offender. London: Unwin.
46. Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and drift. New York: John Wiley.
47. Miller, J. (1994). Race, gender and juvenile justice: An examination of disposition decision-making for delinquent girls. In M. D. Schwartz & D. Milovanovic (Eds.), The intersection of race, gender and class in criminology (pp. 219-246). New York: Garland.
48. Naffine, N. (1987). Female crime: The construction of women in criminology. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
49. Nagel, I.H., & Hagan, J. (1980). Gender and crime: Offense patterns and criminal court sanctions. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 91-144). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. National Center for Juvenile Justice. (2007, December 13). Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race. Retrieved December 19, 2008, from http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/crime/excel/JAR-2006.xls
51. National Center for Juvenile Justice. (2008, September 12). Delinquency case rates by offense, sex, and race. Retrieved December 19, 2008, from http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/court/excel/jcscr-2005.xls
52. Odem, M.E. (1995). Delinquent daughters. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
53. Pollack, O. (1950). The criminality of women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
54. Price, B. R., & Sokoloff, N. J. (Eds.). (1995). The criminal justice system and women (2 nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
55. Puzzanchera, C., & Kang, W. (2008). Juvenile court statistics databook. Retrieved December 19, 2008, from http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/ jcsdb/
56. Puzzanchera, C., & Sickmund, M. (2008). Juvenile court statistics 2005. Pittsburg, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.
57. Rhodes, J., & Fischer, K. (1993). Spanning the gender gap: Gender differences in delinquency among inner city adolescents. Adolescence, 28, 880-889.
58. Rosenbaum, J., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1994). Appearance and delinquency: A research note. Crime & Delinquency, 40, 250-261.
59. Shaw, C.R. (1930). The jack-roller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Shaw, C.R. (1931). The natural history of a delinquency career. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Shaw, C.R. (1936). Brothers in crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., & Kang, W. (2008). Census of juveniles in residential placement databook. Retrieved December 19, 2008, http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/cjrp/
63. Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C. (2008). Easy access to the census of juveniles in residential placement. Retrieved December 19, 2008, http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
64. Simon, R. (1975). Women and crime. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
65. Simpson, S. (1991). Caste, class, and violent crime: Explaining differences in female offending. Criminology, 29, 115-135.
66. Smith, C., & Thornberry, T.P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33, 451-481.
67. Smith, D.S., & Paternoster, R. (1987). The gender gap in theories of deviance: Issues and evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 324, 140-172.
68. Snyder, H.N. (2008). Juvenile arrests 2006. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
69. Snyder, H.N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
70. Steffensmeier, D.J., & Steffensmeier, R.H. (1980). Trends in female delinquency: An examination of arrest, juvenile court, self-report, and field data. Criminology, 18, 62-85.
71. Taylor, C. (1993). Girls, gangs, women and drugs. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
72. Thomas, W.I. (1928). The unadjusted girl. Boston: Little, Brown.
73. Thornberry, T. (1998). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 147-166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
74. Thrasher, F.M. (1927). The gang. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Tolan, P.H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (1998). Development of serious and violent offending careers. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 68-85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
76. Tracy, P.E., & Kempf-Leonard, K. (1996). Continuity and discontinuity in criminal careers: The transition from delinquency to crime. New York: Plenum Press.
77. Tracy, P.E., Wolfgang, M.E., & Figlio, R.M. (1990). Delinquency careers in two birth cohorts. New York: Plenum Press.
78. Valentine Foundation. (1990). A conversation about girls. Bryn Mawr, PA: Author.
79. Visher, C. (1983). Gender, police arrest decisions, and notions of chivalry. Criminology, 21, 5-28.
80. Weisheit, R., & Mahan, S. (1988). Women, crime and criminal justice. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
81. Weithorn, L.A. (1988). Mental hospitalization of troublesome youth: An analysis of skyrocketing admission rates. Stanford Law Review, 40, 773-838.
82. White, H.R. (1992). Early problem behavior and later drug problems. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, 412-429.
83. Williams, J.H. (1994). Understanding substance use, delinquency involvement, and juvenile justice system involvement among African American and European-American adolescents. Unpublished dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
84. Wilson, J.J., & Howell, J.C. (1993). A comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
85. Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.