Multilateral sanctions against terror suspects and the violation of due process standards

International Affairs

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 307-321

  Heupel, Monika ^a  

^a GERMAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AND SECURITY AFFAIRS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62349099708     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00795.x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Doc. 11454, 16 Nov. 2007.
2. For a detailed elaboration of commonly accepted due process standards, see, e.g., Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 'Strengthening targeted sanctions through fair and clear procedures', 30 March 2006, http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub/Strengthening-Targeted-Sanctions.pdf, accessed 7 January 2009.
3. For exceptions see, e.g., Rosemary Foot, 'The United Nations, counter terrorism and human rights: institutional adaptation and embedded ideas', Human Rights Quarterly 29: 2, 2007, pp. 489-514
4. and Elspeth Guild, 'The uses and abuses of counter-terrorism policies in Europe: the case of the "terrorist lists"', Journal of Common Market Studies 46: 1, 2008, pp. 173-93.
5. The background conversations took place in April 2008, both in person and by telephone. Most interviewees preferred not to be identified and not to be linked to specific statements.
6. UN Security Council Resolution 1267 (1999).
7. UN Security Council Resolution 1333 (2000).
8. UN Security Council Resolution 1390 (2002).
9. The list may be found at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/pdf/ consolidatedlist.pdf, accessed 7 January 2009.
10. Eric Rosand, 'The Security Council's efforts to monitor the implementation of Al Qaeda/Taliban sanctions', American Journal of International Law 98: 4, 2004, p. 749.
11. The three individuals were Abdirisak Aden, Abdi Abdulaziz Ali and Youssef Ali.
12. Per Cramér, 'Recent Swedish experiences with targeted UN sanctions: the erosion of trust in the Security Council', in Erika de Wet, André Nollkaemper and Petra Dijkstra, eds, Review of the Security Council by member states (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2003).
13. United Nations Security Council, 'Third report of the monitoring group established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1363 (2001) and extended by Resolution 1390 (2002)', S/2002/1338, 17 Dec. 2002, para. 19.
14. 'Guidelines of the Security Council committee established pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) for the conduct of its work', 7 Nov. 2002, as amended 10 April 2003, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267-guidelines.pdf, accessed 7 January 2009.
15. Peter Gutherie, 'Security Council sanctions and the protection of individual rights', New York University Annual Survey of American Law 60, 2004, pp. 511-12.
16. United Nations Security Council, 'Fifth report of the analytical support and sanctions monitoring team appointed pursuant to Resolutions 1526 (2004) and 1617 (2005) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities', S/2006/750, 20 Sept. 2006.
17. Larissa van den Herik, 'The Security Council's targeted sanctions regimes: in need of better protection of the individual', Leiden Journal of International Law 20: 4, 2007, p. 804.
18. United Nations Security Council, 'Letter dated 1 December 2005 from the chairman of the Security Council committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities addressed to the President of the Security Council', S/2005/761, 6 Dec. 2005.
19. See, e.g., United Nations Security Council, 4798th meeting, 29 July 2003, S/PV.4798, 'Statement of the German representative Günter Pleuger', p. 14.
20. For the current guidelines, see 'Security Council committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities: guidelines of the committee for the conduct of its work', adopted 7 Nov. 2002, as amended 10 April 2003, 21 Dec. 2005, 29 Nov. 2006 and 12 Nov. 2007), http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267- guidelines.pdf, accessed 7 January 2009.
21. See also UN Security Council Resolution 1822 (2008).
22. UN Security Council Resolution 1617 (2005).
23. UN Security Council Resolution 1735 (2006).
24. UN Security Council Resolution 1822 (2008).
25. UN Security Council Resolution 1617 (2005).
26. UN Security Council Resolution 1735 (2006).
27. UN Security Council Resolution 1822 (2008).
28. UN Security Council Resolution 1730 (2006).
29. See also Security Council report, 'Targeted sanctions: listing/de-listing and due process', Jan. 2007, http:// www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/pp. aspx?c=glKWLeMTIsG&b=2294423&printmode=1, accessed 7 January 2009.
30. Imelda Tappeiner, 'The fight against terrorism: the lists and the gaps', Utrecht Law Review 1: 1, 2005, pp. 97-125.
31. See e.g. United Nations Security Council, 4574th meeting, S/PV.5474, 22 June 2006.
32. Watson Institute for International Studies, 'Strengthening targeted sanctions through fair and clear procedures'.
33. See also Foot, 'The United Nations, counter terrorism and human rights', pp. 491, 510-12.
34. See, e.g., Kofi Annan, 'A global strategy for fighting terrorism', keynote address, international summit on democracy, terrorism and security, Madrid, 10 March 2005.
35. Bardo Fassbender, 'Targeted sanctions and due process', study commissioned by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, 20 March 2006, http://www.un.org/law/counsel/Fassbender-study.pdf, accessed 7 January 2009.
36. For the work of the UK-based group Statewatch, see http://www.statewatch. org/terrorlists/terrorlists.html, accessed 7 January 2009.
37. United Nations Security Council, 'Report of the analytical support and sanctions monitoring team established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1526 (2004) and extended by Resolutions 1617 (2005) and 1735 (2006)', S/2008/324, 14 May 2008.
38. Court of Justice of the European Communities, judgment of the Court of Justice in joint cases C-402/05 and C-415/05 P, 3.9.2008, http://eur-lex.europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0402:EN:H TML, accessed 7 January 2009.
39. United Nations Security Council, 'Report of the analytical support and sanctions monitoring team appointed pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 1617 (2005) and 1735 (2006) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities', S/2007/677, 29 Nov. 2007.
40. United Nations General Assembly, 'Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism', A/HRC/4/88, 9 March 2007.
41. Council of Europe, Doc. 11454, 16 November 2007.
42. Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism' (2001/931/CSFP), Official Journal of the European Communities, L344/93, 28 Dec. 2001;
43. Council Regulation (EC) no. 2580/2001 of 27 Dec. 2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism, Official Journal of the European Communities, L344/70, 28 Dec. 2001. The Common Position and the regulation serve to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), which obliges all UN member states to adopt financial sanctions against persons and entities involved in terrorist activity. These measures are separate from the measures the Council of the EU took to implement the UN Security Council sanctions against the Taleban, Al-Qaeda and associated individuals, groups and entities.
44. Council Common Position 2008/586/CFSP of 15 July 2008 updating Common Position 2001/931/CSFP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2007/871/CSFP, Official Journal of the European Union, L 188/71, 16 July 2008
45. Council of the European Union, 11693/02 PESC 326 RELEX 155 FIN 302 COTER 42 (RESTREINT), 3 Sept. 2002.
46. Council Common Position 2001/931/CFSP, art. 1, 2.
47. Iain Cameron, 'European Union anti-terrorist blacklisting', Human Rights Law Review 3: 2, 2003, p. 235.
48. On the role of the EP: conversation with Alexander Alvaro, Member of the European Parliament, Brussels, 16 April 2008.
49. For an overview of the two cases, see Tappeiner, 'The fight against terrorism', pp. 115-18.
50. Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber), 12 Dec. 2006, case T-228/02, Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v. Council of the European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:62002A0228:EN:HTML, accessed 7 January 2009.
51. Guild, 'The uses and abuses of counter-terrorism policies in Europe', p. 189.
52. Council of the European Union, 10826/07, 21 June 2007.
53. Ben Hayes, '"Terrorist lists" still above the law', Statewatch Analysis, Aug. 2007.
54. The four cases are: Jose Maria Sison v. Council (case T-47/03);
55. Stichting al-Asqa v. Council (case T-327/03);
56. Osman Ocalan on behalf of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) v. Council (case T-229/02);
57. KONGRA-GEL v. Council (case T-253/04).
58. Council of Europe, Doc. 11454, 16 November 2007.
59. E.g., 'European rights watchdog denounces UN, EU terror blacklisting methods', International Herald Tribune, 12 Nov. 2007.
60. See, e.g., Karen J. Alter, 'Who are the "masters of the Treaty"? European governments and the European Court of Justice', International Organization 52: 1, Winter 1998, pp. 121-47.
61. See, e.g., Michael Zürn, Martin Binder and Matthias Ecker-Ehrhardt, 'The unintended formation of political order beyond the nation state', paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, 48th annual convention, Chicago, 2 Feb. 2007.