Aliens, ambassadors, and the integrity of the empire

Law and History Review

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 491-519

  Ando, Clifford ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 62249178532     PISSN: 07382480     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0738248000002546     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Livy 9.3.11. I provide the full title of works in Greek and Latin at first citation. Thereafter I employ the abbreviations found in P. G. W. Glare, ed., Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982)
2. and H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S. Jones, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968)
3. MRR = T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York and Atlanta: Scholars' Press, 1951-1986)
4. and RS = M. Crawford, ed., Roman Statutes (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996)
5. On the protection of ambassadors in fetial law, see T. R. S. Broughton, "Mistreatment of Foreign Legates and the Fetial Priests: Three Roman Cases," Phoenix 41 (1987): 50-62
6. On fetial law generally, see E. Samter, "Fetiales," Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart 1909), 2.2:2259-65
7. and P. Catalano, Linee del sistema sovran-nazionale romano (Turin: G. Giappichelli, 1965), 3-48
8. The fetials are most famous for their role in declaring war and striking treaties, on which see J. Rüpke, Domi militiae: die religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1990)
9. and A. Zack, Studien zum "römischen Völkerrecht": Kriegserklärung, Kriegsbeschluss, Beeidung und Ratifikation zwischenstaatlicher Verträge, internationale Freundschaft und Feindschaft während der römischen Republik bis zum Beginn des Prinzipat (Göttingen: Duehrkohp & Radicke, 2001)
10. G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), 15-29
11. David J. Bederman, International Law in Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 18. Consider, e.g., Servius on Aeneid 4.682, quoting Cato Origines bk. 4 fr. 80 Peter: "POPU-LUMQUE PATRESQUE URBEMQUE TUAM 'patres' id est senatum; 'urbem tuam' quam tu extruxisti. et quidam hoc loco volunt tres partes politiae conprehensas, populi, optimatium, regiae potestatis: Cato enim ait de tribus istis partibus ordinatam fuisse Carthaginem"
12. see also Cicero Pro Caecina 98 ("Quem pater patratus dedidit aut suus pater populusve vendidit, quo is iure amittit civitatem Ut religione civitas solvatur civis Romanus deditur; qui cum est acceptus, est eorum quibus est deditus; si non accipiunt, ut Mancinum Numantini, retinet integram causam et ius civitatis") and De oratore 1.181 ("P. Rutilius, M. filius, tribunus plebis, iussit educi, quod eum civem negaret esse, quia memoria sic esset proditum, quem pater suus aut populus vendidisset aut pater patratus dedidisset, ei nullum esse postliminium")
13. The general in question is Hostilius Mancinus: in addition to the sources already cited, see Livy Periochae 55
14. see J.-L. Ferrary, "Ius fetiale et diplomatie," in Les relations internationales. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 15-17 juin 1993, ed. Ed. Frézouls and A. Jacquemin [Paris: De Boccard, 1995], 415.)
15. Further literature is cited in H. Drexler, "Iustum bellum," Rheinisches Museum 102 (1959): 97-140
16. cf. P. Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 305-8
17. For some discussion of this topic and further citations, see H. Fuchs, Die geistige Widerstand gegen Rom in der antiken Welt (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1938), 15-17 and 44-47
18. and M. Geizer, Kleîne Schriften (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1963), 2:7
19. See Livy Per. 52 ("Qui [Lucius Mummius] omni Achaia in deditionem accepta Corin-thon ex senatus consulto diruit, quia ibi Iegati Romani violati erant") and Cicero De lege Manilla 11 ("Legati quod erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt: vos eum regem inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum necavit")
20. On the "freedom" of the Greeks, see E. Gruen, The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (Berkeley: The University of California Press,1984), 132-56
21. J.-L. Ferrary, Philhellénisme et impérialisme: aspects idéologiques de la conquête romaine du inonde hellénistique, de la seconde guerre de Macédoine a la guerre contre Mithridate (Rome: École française de Rome, 1988), 5-218
22. For a recent treatment on just-war theory in late Republican Rome, with specific reference to Caesar, see A. Riggsby, Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 157-89 and 215-16
23. quoting Varro De vita popudi Romani (frr. 91 and 111 Semi): "apud veteres Romanos erant, qui sancto legatorum officio ab his, qui adversum populum Romanum vi aut rapinis aut iniuriis hostili mente conmoverant, pignera facto foedere iure repetebant; nec bella indicebantur, quae tarnen pia vocabant, priusquam quid fuisset fae-tialibus denuntiatum. Varro de vita populi Romani lib. II: 'itaque bella et tarde et magna diligentia suscipiebant, quod bellum nullum nisi pium putabant geri oportere: priusquam indicerent bellum is, a quibus iniurias factas sciebant, faetiales legatos res repetitum mittebant quattuor, quos oratores vocabant.' idem lib. III: 'si cuius [civitatis] legati violati essent, qui id fecissent, quamvis nobiles essent, uti dederentur civitati statueront faetialesque viginti, qui de his rebus cognoscerent, iudicarent, constituterunt'" (for the text, see T. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht [Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1887], 1:113 n. 3)
24. See G. Grosso, "Riflessioni su 'ius civile', 'ius gentium', 'ius honorarium' nella dialettica fra tecnicismo-tradizionalismo giuridico e adeguazione allo svilippo economico e sociale in Roma," in Studi in memoria di Guido Donatuti (Milan: La Goliardica, 1973), 1:439-53
25. C. Moatti, La raison de Rome (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1997), 163-65 and 287-98
26. as well as M. Kaser, Ius gentium (Cologne: Böhlau, 1993), 14-20
27. On maiestas see Yan Thomas, "L'institution de la majesté," Revue de synthèse, 4th ser., nos. 3-4 (July-December 1991): 331-86
28. I have argued elsewhere that the first two centuries C.E. witnessed a revolution in conceptions of cultural and political identity under the empire, in which subject populations first and Romans later broke down the citizen-alien distinction in favor of one that divided the world between those who lived inside and outside the empire (C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000], 277-335)
29. and I take up these issues again in two studies charting the intertwined histories of the law of persons and of political subjectivity at Rome and in the provinces: "From Republic to Empire," in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Social Relations, ed. Michael Peachin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming)
30. and "Imperial Identities," in Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Roman Empire, ed. Tim Whitmarsh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming)
31. This is true in spite of the remarkable evidence preserved in ancient sources regarding the practice of diplomacy not only within the Mediterranean world (on which see, e.g., J. Ma, Antiochus III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999]
32. and Ma, "Peer Polity Interaction in the Hellenistic Age," Past & Present 180 [2003]: 9-39)
33. but also between speakers of Greek and Latin and those of other languages (on which see W. I. Snellman, De interpretibus Romanorum deque linguae Latinae cum aliis nationibus commercio [Leipzig: Dieterich 1914-19], whose collection of testimonia in vol. 2 includes much evidence not particularly germane to the role of interpreters)
34. On the development of the category ius publicum in the late Republic and its later history, see C. Ando, "Religion and ius publicum," in Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome, ed. C. Ando and J. Rüpke (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2006), 126-45, especially 134-40
35. = Ando, The Matter of the Gods (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 72-83
36. see A. M. Riggsby, 'The Post Reditum speeches," in Brill's Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, ed. J. M. May (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 168-70
37. On the Ciceronian roots of the distinction they draw between a "people" and "bandits," see Macrobius Comm. 1.8.13
38. For a skeptical position regarding the concept of the border in the debates leading up to the Second Punic War, see Brant, Roman Imperial Themes, 300
39. I know of no treatment of this problem under the empire to compare with E. K. Chrysos, "The Title in Early Byzantine International Relations," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 32 (1978): 31-75
40. on this passage and the geopolitical claims inherent in it, see C. Ando, Imperial Ideology, 320-35
41. C. Hamdoune, "Frontières théoriques et réalité administrative: le cas de la Maurétanie Tingitane," in Frontières terrestres, frontières célestes dans l'antiquité, ed. A. Rousselle (Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 1995), 237-53
42. R. Rebuffat, "Mobilité des personnes dans l'Afrique romaine," in La mobilité des personnes en Méditerannée de l'antiquité à l'époque moderne. Procédures de contrôle et documents d'indentification, ed. C Moatti (CÉFR 341; Rome: École française de Rome, 2004), 155-203
43. On these texts, see B. D. Shaw, "Autonomy and Tribute: Mountain and Plain in Mau-retania Tingitana," in Desert el montagne: hommage à Jean Dresch = Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditeranée, ed. P. Baduel, 41-42 (1986), 66-89
44. The language is heavily indebted to Shaw, "Autonomy and Tribute," 74-75
45. For general treatments of the sending and receiving of embassies, see A. A. Thurm, De Romanorum legatis reipublicae liberae temporibus ad exteras nationes missis (Leipzig: Engelhardt, 1883)
46. F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977 [1992]), 410-20 and passim
47. and F. Millar, "State and Subject: The Impact of Monarchy," in Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, ed. F. Millar and E. Segal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984)
48. On the legal and other principles underlying diplomatic negotiations, see Gruen, Hellenistic World, 13-157
49. On embassies from colonies under the Republic, see M. Bonnefond-Coudry, Le Sénat de la République Romaine de la guerre d'Hannibal à Auguste: pratiques délibératives et prise de décision (BÉFAR 263; Rome: École française de Rome, 1989), 275-76
50. and for those under the empire, see F. Millar, "Government and Diplomacy in the Roman Empire during the First Three Centuries," International History Review 10 (1988): 355
51. On this topic, see Bonnefond-Coudry, Sénat, 137-51
52. J. Linderski, "Ambassadors Go to Rome," in Relations internationales, ed. Frézouls and Jacquemin, 476-77
53. and M. Coudry, "Contrôle et traitement des ambassadeurs étrangers sous la République romaine," in Mobilité, ed. Moatti, 529-65
54. See C. Ando, "Vergil's Italy: Ethnography and Politics in First-Century Rome," in Clio and the Poets: Augustan Poetry and the Traditions of Ancient Historiography, ed. D. S. Levene and D. Nelis (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002), 123-42
55. cf. Y. Thomas, "L'institution de l'origine. Sacra Principiorum Populi Romani," in Tracés de fondation, ed. M. Detienne (Louvain: Peeters, 1990), 143-70
56. Thomas, "Origine" et "commune patrie." Étude de droit public romain (89 av. J.C-212 ap. J.C.) (CÉFR 221 ; Rome: École Française de Rome, 1996)
57. and J. Scheid, "Cultes, mythes et politique au début de l'Empire," in Mythos in mythenloser Gesellschaft: das Paradigma Roms, ed. F. Graf (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1993), 109-27 = "Cults, Myths and Politics at the Beginning of the Empire," trans. P. Purchase, in Roman Religion, ed. C. Ando (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003), 117-38
58. On the role of legal argument in the evolution of Roman religion in the Principate, see C. Ando, "Diana on the Aventine," in Die Religion des Imperium Romanian, ed. J. Rüpke (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008), 99-113
59. On adaptations of fetial practice, see especially A. H. McDonald and F. W. Walbank, "The Origins of the Second Macedonian War," Journal of Roman Studies 27 (1937): 192-97
60. F. W. Walbank, "A Note on the Embassy of Q. Marcius Philippus, 172 B.C.," Journal of Roman Studies 31 (1941): 87-88
61. J. W. Rich, Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of Transmarine Expansion, Collection Latomus, 149 (Brussels: Latomus, 1976)
62. and cf. E. Rawson, "Religion and Politics in the Late Second Century B.C. at Rome," Phoenix 28 (1974): 193-212
63. = Rawson, Roman Culture and Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), especially 89-93, expressing deep skepticism
64. Livy 1.32.5-14, on which see R. M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1-5 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), 110-12 and 127-35
65. and J. Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome, Journal of Roman Studies Monographs, 1 (London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1982), no. 8, 1. 85
66. Regarding their role in the settlement of the second Punic war in particular, see A. Giovannini, "Le droit fécial et la déclaration de guerre de Rome à Carthage en 218 avant J.C.," Athenaeum 88 (2000): 69-116
67. In modern literature, see D. Daube, "The Peregrine Praetor," Journal of Roman Studies 41 (1951): 66-70
68. consult with caution F. Serrao, La "iurisdictio" del pretore peregrino (Milan: Dott. Antonino Giuffrè, 1954)
69. On this topic, see especially C. Ando, "Religion and ius publicum"
70. on religion and law as related and mutually implicated ways in thinking about social theory at Rome, see M. Humbert, "Droit et religion dans la Rome antique," Archives de philosophie du droit 38 (1993): 35-47
71. On the use of religious institutions and religious thought in coping with the seeming instability of political life in the high empire, see Ando, Matter, 95-148
72. On this aspect of nineteenthth-century Roman historiography, see especially Y. Thomas, Mommsen et 'l'isolierimg' du droit (Paris: De Boccard, 1984)
73. C. Nicolet, "L'empire romain est-il un 'état moderne'" in L'État moderne: le droit, l'espace et les formes de l'état, ed. N. Coulet and J.-P. Genet (Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1990), 111-27