Role of Diet and Feeding in Normal and Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 167-181

  Hothersall, Becky ^a   Nicol, Christine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Crib biting; Diet; Equine behavior; Insulin; Stereotypy; Tryptophan; Weaning

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; DIET; HORSE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STEREOTYPY;

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DIET; HORSES; STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 62249132234     PISSN: 07490739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Ralston S.L. Controls of feeding in horses. J Anim Sci 59 (1984) 1354-1361
2. Ralston S.L., Vandenbroek G., and Baile C.A. Feed-intake patterns and associated blood-glucose, free fatty-acid and insulin changes in ponies. J Anim Sci 49 (1979) 838-845
3. Mills D.S., Eckley S., and Cooper J.J. Thoroughbred bedding preferences, associated behaviour differences and their implications for equine welfare. J Anim Sci 70 (2000) 95-106
4. Willard J.G., Willard J.C., Wolfram S.A., et al. Effects of diet on cecal pH and feeding behavior of horses. J Anim Sci 45 (1977) 87-93
5. Zeyner A.C., Geißler C., and Dittrich A. Effects of hay intake and feeding sequence on variables in faeces and faecal water (dry matter, pH value, organic acids, ammonia, buffering capacity) of horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 88 (2004) 7-19
6. Jansson A., Nyman S., Lindholm A., et al. Effects of dietary starch and sugar on exercise metabolism. Equine Vet J Suppl 34 (2002) 17-21
7. Harris PA. Hints on nutrition for optimal growth. In: Proceedings of the First BEVA and Waltham Nutrition Symposia "Equine Nutrition for All." Harrogate (UK); 2005. p. 63.
8. Stull C.L., and Rodiek A.V. Responses of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations to common equine diets. J Nutr 118 (1988) 206-213
9. Pagan JD, Harris PA, Kennedy MAP, et al. Feed type and intake affects glycaemic response in Thoroughbred horses. In: Proceedings of the Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium. Raleigh (NC); 1999. p. 149.
10. Hoffman R.M. Carbohydrate metabolism in horses. Available at:. In: Ralston S.L., and Hintz H.F. (Eds). Recent advances in equine nutrition. Vol 1 (2003), International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca (NY). www.ivis.org Accessed June 30, 2008
11. Mills D.S., and Clarke A. Housing, management and welfare. In: Waran N. (Ed). The welfare of horses. Vol 1 (2002), Klewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 77-97
12. Harris P.A., Coenen M., Frape D.L., et al. Nutrition and metabolic disease. In: Higgins A., and Synder J. (Eds). Equine manual (2006), Elsevier Saunders, London 151-222
13. Harris PA, Arkell K. How understanding the digestive process can help minimise digestive disturbances due to diet and feeding practices. In: Proceedings of the First BEVA and Waltham Nutrition Symposia "Equine Nutrition for All." Harrogate (UK); 2005. p. 9.
14. Ralston S.L. Evidence-based equine nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23 (2007) 365-384
15. Clarke L.L., Roberts M.C., and Argenzio R.A. Feeding and digestive problems in horses: physiologic responses to a concentrated meal. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6 (1990) 433-450
16. Rowe J.B., Lees M.J., and Pethick D.W. Prevention of acidosis and laminitis associated with grain feeding in horses. J Nutr 124 Suppl 12 (1994) 2742S-2744S
17. Hanstock T.L., Clayton E.L., Li K.M., et al. Anxiety and aggression associated with the fermentation of carbohydrates in the hindgut of rats. Physiol Behav 82 (2004) 357-368
18. Johnson K.G., Tyrrell J., Rowe J.B., et al. Behavioural changes in stabled horses given nontherapeutic levels of virginiamycin. Equine Vet J 30 (1998) 139-143
19. Williams C.A., Kronfeld D.S., Staniar W.B., et al. Plasma glucose and insulin responses of Thoroughbred mares fed a meal high in starch and sugar or fat and fiber. J Anim Sci 79 (2001) 2196-2201
20. Mahoney C.R., Taylor H.A., Kanarek R.B., et al. Effect of breakfast composition on cognitive processes in elementary school children. Physiol Behav 85 (2005) 635-645
21. Benton D., Maconie A., and Williams C. The influence of the glycaemic load of breakfast on the behaviour of children in school. Physiol Behav 92 (2007) 717-724
22. Houpt K.A. Ingestive behavior. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6 (1990) 319-338
23. Holland J.L., Kronfeld D.S., and Meacham T.N. Behavior of horses is affected by soy lecithin and corn oil in the diet. J Anim Sci 74 (1996) 1252-1255
24. Holland J.L., Kronfeld D.S., Hoffman R.M., et al. Weaning stress is affected by nutrition and weaning methods. Pferdeheilkunde 12 (1996) 257-260
25. Ordakowski AL, Davidson HPB, Redgate SE, et al. Characteristics of foal feeding behaviour. In: Proceedings of the WALTHAM International Symposium. Bangkok; 2003. p. 30.
26. Redgate SE, Ordakowski-Burk AL, Davidson HPB, et al. A preliminary study to investigate the effect of diet on the behaviour of weanling horses. In: Proceedings of the International Society for Applied Ethology. Helsinki, Finland; 2004. p. 154.
27. Nicol C.J., Badnell-Waters A.J., Bice R., et al. The effects of diet and weaning method on the behaviour of young horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 95 (2005) 205-221
28. Visser E.K., van Reenen C.G., Hopster H., et al. Quantifying aspects of young horses' temperament: consistency of behavioural variables. Appl Anim Behav Sci 74 (2001) 241-258
29. Visser E.K., van Reenen C.G., van der Werf J.T.N., et al. Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses. Physiol Behav 76 (2002) 289-296
30. Hothersall B, Nicol C, Kelland A, et al. Effects of diet on learning and responsive behaviour of young foals. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Equitation Science Conference. Dublin, Ireland, 2008.
31. Wilson A.D., Badnell-Waters A.J., Bice R., et al. The effects of diet on blood glucose, insulin, gastrin and the serum tryptophan: large neutral amino acid ratio in foals. Vet J 174 (2007) 139-146
32. Treiber K.H., Boston R.C., Kronfeld D.S., et al. Insulin resistance and compensation in Thoroughbred weanlings adapted to high-glycemic meals. J Anim Sci 83 (2005) 2357-2364
33. Schloss P., and Williams D.C. The serotonin transporter: a primary target for anti-depressant drugs. J Psychoparmacol 12 (1998) 115-121
34. Schaechter J.D., and Wurtman R.J. Serotonin release varies with brain tryptophan levels. Brain Res 532 (1990) 203-210
35. Fernstrom J.D. Branched-chain amino acids and brain function. J Nutr 135 (2005) 1539S-1546S
36. Markus C.R., Jonkman L.M., Lammers J.H.C.M., et al. Evening intake of alpha-lactalbumin increases plasma tryptophan availability and improves morning alertness and brain measures of attention. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 1026-1033
37. Hoffman R.M., Kronfeld D.S., Cooper W.S., et al. Glucose clearance in grazing mares is affected by diet, pregnancy, and lactation. J Anim Sci 81 (2003) 1764-1771
38. George LA, Staniar WB, Treiber KH, et al. Insulin sensitivity and glucose dynamics in foals as influenced by age and maternal diet during gestation. In: Proceedings of the Equine Science Symposium. Hunt Valley (MD); 2007. p. 5.
39. Blokland A., Lieben C., and Deutz N.E. Anxiogenic and depressive-like effects, but no cognitive deficits, after repeated moderate tryptophan depletion in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 16 (2002) 39-49
40. Grimmett A., and Sillence M.N. Calmatives for the excitable horse: a review of L-tryptophan. Vet J 170 (2005) 24-32
41. Malmkvist J., and Christensen J.W. A note on the effects of a commercial tryptophan product on horse reactivity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 107 (2007) 361-366
42. Noble G.K., Brockwell Y.M., Munn K.J., et al. Effects of a commercial dose of L-tryptophan on plasma tryptophan concentrations and behaviour in horses. Equine Vet J 40 (2008) 51-56
43. Read D.H., and Harrington D.D. Experimentally induced thiamine-deficiency in beagle dogs-clinical observations. Am J Vet Res 42 (1981) 984-991
44. Medina B., Girard I.D., Jacotot E., et al. Effect of a preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on microbial profiles and fermentation patterns in the large intestine of horses fed a high fiber or a high starch diet. J Anim Sci 80 (2002) 2600-2609
45. Swyers K.L., Burk A.O., Harstock T.G., et al. Effects of direct-fed microbial supplementation on digestibility and fermentation end-products in horses fed low- and high-starch concentrates. J Anim Sci 86 (2008) 2596-2608
46. Klepser T.B., and Klepser M.B. Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies. Am J Health Syst Pharm 56 (1999) 125-138
47. Peeters E., Driessen B., Steegmans R., et al. Effect of supplemental tryptophan, vitamin E, and a herbal product on responses by pigs to vibration. J Anim Sci 82 (2004) 2410-2420
48. Bhattacharya S.K., Bhattacharya A., Sairam K., et al. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine 7 (2000) 463-469
49. Davidson HPB. Herbs-a sage of all wisdom or a waste of thyme? In: Proceedings of the British Equine Veterinary Association Specialist Days on Behaviour and Nutrition. Newmarket (UK); 1999. p. 32.
50. Winskill L.C., Waran N.K., and Young R.J. The effect of a foraging device (a modified 'Edinburgh foodball') on the behaviour of the stabled horse. Appl Anim Behav Sci 48 (1996) 25-35
51. Henderson J.V., and Waran N.K. Reducing equine stereotypies using an Equiball. Anim Welf 10 (2001) 73-80
52. Goodwin D., Davidson H.P.B., and Harris P. A note on behaviour of stabled horses with foraging devices in mangers and buckets. Appl Anim Behav Sci 105 (2007) 238-243
53. Goodwin D., Davidson H.P.B., and Harris P. Foraging enrichment for stabled horses: effects on behaviour and selection. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 686-691
54. Goodwin D., Davidson H.P.B., and Harris P. Sensory varieties in concentrate diets for stabled horses: effects on behaviour and selection. Appl Anim Behav Sci 90 (2005) 337-349
55. Thorne J.B., Goodwin D., Kennedy M.J., et al. Foraging enrichment for individually housed horses: practicality and effects on behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 94 (2005) 149-164
56. Goodwin D., Davidson H.P.B., and Harris P. Foraging enrichment for individually housed horses: practicality and effects on behaviour. Vet Rec 160 (2007) 548
57. McGreevy P.D., Cripps P.J., French N.P., et al. Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behavior in the thoroughbred horse. Equine Vet J 7 (1995) 86-91
58. Nicol C.J., Davidson H.P.B., Harris P.A., et al. Study of crib-biting and gastric inflammation and ulceration in young horses. Vet Rec 151 (2002) 658
59. Clegg H.A., Buckley P., Friend M.A., et al. The ethological and physiological characteristics of cribbing and weaving horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 109 (2008) 68-76
60. Mason G. Stereotypies-a critical review. Anim Behav 41 (1991) 1015-1037
61. Waters A.J., Nicol C.J., and French N.P. Factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours in young horses: findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 572-579
62. Nicol C.J. Stereotypies and their relationship to management. In: Harris P., Gomarsall G., Davidson N., et al. (Eds). British Equine Veterinary Association Specialist Day on Behaviour and Nutrition (1999), Equine Veterinary Journal, Harrogate 11
63. McGreevy P.D., French N.P., and Nicol C.J. The prevalence of abnormal behaviors in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling. Vet Rec 137 (1995) 36-37
64. Borroni A, Canali E. Behavioural problems in Thoroughbred horses reared in Italy. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Congress on Applied Ethology. 1993. p. 43.
65. Redbo I., Redbo-Torstensson P., Odberg F.O., et al. Factors affecting behavioural disturbances in race-horses. Anim Sci 66 (1998) 475-481
66. Luescher U., McKeown D., and Dean H. A cross-sectional study on compulsive behavior (stable vices) in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 27 (1998) 14-18
67. Mills D.S., Alston R.D., Rogers V., et al. Factors associated with the prevalence of stereotypic behaviour amongst Thoroughbred horses passing through auctioneer sales. Appl Anim Behav Sci 78 (2002) 115-124
68. Normando S., Canali E., Ferrante V., et al. Behavioral problems in Italian saddle horses. J Equine Vet Sci 22 (2002) 117-120
69. Ahmadinejad M., and Habibi P. Abnormal behaviour of the horses in Tehran's riding clubs. Ippologia 16 (2005) 33-35
70. Christie J.L., Hewson C.J., Riley C.B., et al. Management factors affecting stereotypies and body condition score in nonracing horses in Prince Edward Island. Can Vet J 47 (2006) 136-143
71. Bachmann I., Audige L., and Stauffacher M. Risk factors associated with behavioural disorders of crib-biting, weaving and box-walking in Swiss horses. Equine Vet J 35 (2003) 158-163
72. Boyd L. Behavior problems of equids in zoos. Vet Clin North Am 2 (1986) 653-663
73. Ninomiya S. Social leaning and stereotypy in horses. Behav Processes 76 (2007) 22-23
74. Cooper J.J., McAll N., Johnson S., et al. The short-term effects of increasing meal frequency on stereotypic behaviour of stabled horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 90 (2005) 351-364
75. Cooper J.J., McDonald L., and Mills D.S. The effect of increasing visual horizons on stereotypic weaving: implications for the social housing of stabled horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 69 (2000) 67-83
76. McAfee L.M., Mills D.S., and Cooper J.J. The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Appl Anim Behav Sci 78 (2002) 159-173
77. Hillyer M.H., Taylor F.G.R., Proudman C.J., et al. Case control study to identify risk factors for simple colonic obstruction and distension colic in horses. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 455-463
78. Archer D.C., Proudman C.J., Pinchbeck G.L., et al. Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases recorded between 1991 and 2001. Vet Rec 155 (2004) 793-797
79. Archer D.C., Pinchbeck G.L., French N.P., et al. Risk factors for epiploic foramen entrapment colic: an international study. Equine Vet J 40 (2008) 224-230
80. McGreevy P., and Nicol C. Physiological and behavioral consequences associated with short-term prevention of crib-biting in horses. Physiol Behav 65 (1998) 15-23
81. McGreevy P.D., Webster A.J.F., and Nicol C.J. Study of the behaviour, digestive efficiency and gut transit times of crib-biting horses. Vet Rec 148 (2001) 592-596
82. Alexander F. A study of parotid salivation in the horse. J Physiol 184 (1966) 646-656
83. Nicol C.J. Understanding equine stereotypies. Equine Vet J Suppl 28 (1999) 20-25
84. Mills D.S., and Macleod C.A. The response of crib-biting and windsucking in horses to dietary supplementation with an antacid mixture. Ippologia 13 (2002) 33-41
85. Moeller B.A., McCall C.A., Silverman S.J., et al. Estimation of saliva production in crib-biting and normal horses. J Equine Vet Sci 28 (2008) 85-90
86. Rushen J., Lawrence A., and Terlouw T. The motivational basis of stereotypies. In: Lawrence A.B., and Rushen J. (Eds). Stereotypic animal behaviour: fundamentals and applications to welfare (1993), CABI Publishing, Wallingford 41-64
87. Gillham S.B., Dodman N.H., Shuster L., et al. The effect of diet on cribbing behavior and plasma beta-endorphin in horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 41 (1994) 147-153
88. Pell S.M., and McGreevy P.D. A study of cortisol and beta-endorphin levels in stereotypic and normal Thoroughbreds. Appl Anim Behav Sci 64 (1999) 81-90
89. Murray M.J., and Eichorn E.S. Effects of intermittent feed deprivation, intermittent feed deprivation with ranitidine administration, and stall confinement with ad libitum access to hay on gastric ulceration in horses. Am J Vet Res 57 (1996) 1599-1603
90. Baker S.J., and Gerring E.L. Gastric pH monitoring in healthy, suckling pony foals. Am J Vet Res 54 (1993) 959-964
91. Sanchez L.C., Lester G.D., and Merritt A.M. Effect of ranitidine on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212 (1998) 1407-1412
92. Murray M.J. Pathophysiology of peptic disorders in foals and horses: a review. Equine Vet J Suppl 29 (1999) 14-18
93. Nicol C.J., and Badnell-Waters A.J. Suckling behaviour in domestic foals and the development of abnormal oral behaviour. Anim Behav 70 (2005) 21-29