메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 239-244

Reassessing the validity of surrogate markers of drug efficacy in the treatment of coronary artery disease

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Carotid intima media thickness; ENHANCE trial; Ezetimibe; LDL cholesterol; Simvastatin; Surrogate marker; Vytorin

Indexed keywords

EZETIMIBE; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

EID: 62249093192     PISSN: 14724472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (13)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 33847381474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis: Need, validation, and future
    • Comprehensive review providing an introduction to the general area of atherosclerosis biomarkers in drug development and medical practice, •
    • Revkin JH, Shear CL, Pouleur HG, Ryder SW, Orloff DG: Biomarkers in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis: Need, validation, and future. Pharmacol Rev (2007) 59(1):40-53. • Comprehensive review providing an introduction to the general area of atherosclerosis biomarkers in drug development and medical practice.
    • (2007) Pharmacol Rev , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-53
    • Revkin, J.H.1    Shear, C.L.2    Pouleur, H.G.3    Ryder, S.W.4    Orloff, D.G.5
  • 2
    • 39649125574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of lipids in the prevention of cardiovascular events
    • Glassberg H, Rader DJ: Management of lipids in the prevention of cardiovascular events. Annu Rev Med (2008) 59:79-94.
    • (2008) Annu Rev Med , vol.59 , pp. 79-94
    • Glassberg, H.1    Rader, D.J.2
  • 3
    • 3142729178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association: Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines
    • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association: Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation (2004) 110(2):227-239.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , Issue.2 , pp. 227-239
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Cleeman, J.I.2    Merz, C.N.3    Brewer Jr, H.B.4    Clark, L.T.5    Hunninghake, D.B.6    Pasternak, R.C.7    Smith Jr, S.C.8    Stone, N.J.9
  • 4
    • 33947524104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum lipid profile on admission for ischemic stroke: Failure to meet National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) guidelines
    • Smith EE, Abdullah AR, Amirfarzan H, Schwamm LH: Serum lipid profile on admission for ischemic stroke: Failure to meet National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) guidelines. Neurology (2007) 68(9):660-665.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.9 , pp. 660-665
    • Smith, E.E.1    Abdullah, A.R.2    Amirfarzan, H.3    Schwamm, L.H.4
  • 5
    • 3042695179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lipid audit: Analysis of lipid management in two centres in Britain 2003. Brit
    • Patek JV, Kirby M, Hughes EA: The lipid audit: Analysis of lipid management in two centres in Britain 2003. Brit J Cardiol (2004) 11(3):214-217.
    • (2004) J Cardiol , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 214-217
    • Patek, J.V.1    Kirby, M.2    Hughes, E.A.3
  • 6
    • 0035825939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel approaches to lipid lowering: What is on the horizon?
    • Brown WV: Novel approaches to lipid lowering: What is on the horizon? Am J Cardiol (2001) 87(5A):23B-27B.
    • (2001) Am J Cardiol , vol.87 , Issue.5 A
    • Brown, W.V.1
  • 9
    • 0037132602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-density lipoprotein lowering therapy: An analysis of the options
    • Sacks FM: Low-density lipoprotein lowering therapy: An analysis of the options. J Am Coll Cardiol (2002) 40(12):2135-2138.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , Issue.12 , pp. 2135-2138
    • Sacks, F.M.1
  • 10
    • 44049103477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy in cholesterol reduction: Focus on ezetimibe and statins
    • Excellent overview of ezetimibe, its pharmacology and its use in the treatment of dyslipidemia, ••
    • Grigore L, Norata GD, Catapano AL: Combination therapy in cholesterol reduction: Focus on ezetimibe and statins. Vasc Health Risk Manag (2008) 4(2):267-278. •• Excellent overview of ezetimibe, its pharmacology and its use in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
    • (2008) Vasc Health Risk Manag , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-278
    • Grigore, L.1    Norata, G.D.2    Catapano, A.L.3
  • 11
    • 0034637440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topological analysis of Niemann-Pick C1 protein reveals that the membrane orientation of the putative sterolsensing domain is identical to those of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein
    • Davies JP, Ioannou YA: Topological analysis of Niemann-Pick C1 protein reveals that the membrane orientation of the putative sterolsensing domain is identical to those of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein. J Biol Chem (2006) 275(32):24367-24374.
    • (2006) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , Issue.32 , pp. 24367-24374
    • Davies, J.P.1    Ioannou, Y.A.2
  • 12
    • 10744221008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption
    • One of several key papers elucidating the target for the site of action of ezetimibe, ••
    • Altmann SW, Davis HR Jr, Zhu LJ, Yao X, Hoos LM, Tetzloff G, Iyer SP, Maguire M, Golovko A, Zeng M, Wang L et al: Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science (2004) 303(5661):1201-1204. •• One of several key papers elucidating the target for the site of action of ezetimibe.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , Issue.5661 , pp. 1201-1204
    • Altmann, S.W.1    Davis Jr, H.R.2    Zhu, L.J.3    Yao, X.4    Hoos, L.M.5    Tetzloff, G.6    Iyer, S.P.7    Maguire, M.8    Golovko, A.9    Zeng, M.10    Wang, L.11
  • 13
    • 4043124013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis
    • One of several key papers elucidating the target for the site of action of ezetimibe, ••
    • Davis HR Jr, Zhu LJ, Hoos LM, Tetzloff G, Maguire M, Liu J, Yao X, Iyer SP, Lam MH, Lund EG, Detmers PA et al: Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. J Biol Chem (2004) 279(32):33586-33592. •• One of several key papers elucidating the target for the site of action of ezetimibe.
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , Issue.32 , pp. 33586-33592
    • Davis Jr, H.R.1    Zhu, L.J.2    Hoos, L.M.3    Tetzloff, G.4    Maguire, M.5    Liu, J.6    Yao, X.7    Iyer, S.P.8    Lam, M.H.9    Lund, E.G.10    Detmers, P.A.11
  • 15
    • 18244390229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: The ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial
    • Pearson TA, Denke MA, McBride PE, Battisti WP, Brady WE, Palmisano J: A community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: The ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial. Mayo Clin Proc (2005) 80(5):587-595.
    • (2005) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.80 , Issue.5 , pp. 587-595
    • Pearson, T.A.1    Denke, M.A.2    McBride, P.E.3    Battisti, W.P.4    Brady, W.E.5    Palmisano, J.6
  • 16
    • 33750390318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy improves LDL-C goal attainment and lipid profile in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome
    • Denke M, Pearson T, McBride P, Gazzara RA, Brady WE, Tershakovec AM: Ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy improves LDL-C goal attainment and lipid profile in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res (2006) 3(2):93-102.
    • (2006) Diabetes Vasc Dis Res , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 93-102
    • Denke, M.1    Pearson, T.2    McBride, P.3    Gazzara, R.A.4    Brady, W.E.5    Tershakovec, A.M.6
  • 17
    • 2942574385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of high-risk patients with ezetimibe plus simvastatin co-administration versus simvastatin alone to attain National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals
    • Feldman T, Koren M, Insull W Jr, McKenney J, Schrott H, Lewin A, Shah S, Sidisin M, Cho M, Kush D, Mitchel Y: Treatment of high-risk patients with ezetimibe plus simvastatin co-administration versus simvastatin alone to attain National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Am J Cardiol (2004) 93(12):1481-1486.
    • (2004) Am J Cardiol , vol.93 , Issue.12 , pp. 1481-1486
    • Feldman, T.1    Koren, M.2    Insull Jr, W.3    McKenney, J.4    Schrott, H.5    Lewin, A.6    Shah, S.7    Sidisin, M.8    Cho, M.9    Kush, D.10    Mitchel, Y.11
  • 18
    • 33847021434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 40 mg alone or in combination with ezetimibe in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (results from the EXPLORER study)
    • Ballantyne CM, Weiss R, Moccetti T, Vogt A, Eber B, Sosef F, Duffield E: Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 40 mg alone or in combination with ezetimibe in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (results from the EXPLORER study). Am J Cardiol (2007) 99(5):673-680.
    • (2007) Am J Cardiol , vol.99 , Issue.5 , pp. 673-680
    • Ballantyne, C.M.1    Weiss, R.2    Moccetti, T.3    Vogt, A.4    Eber, B.5    Sosef, F.6    Duffield, E.7
  • 20
    • 62249133638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA
    • Thayer AM: Stay with statins. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA. pubs.acs.org/cen/news/86/i14/8614news1.html
    • Stay with statins
    • Thayer, A.M.1
  • 22
    • 41649106758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown GB, Taylor AJ: Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe? N Engl J Med (2008) 358(14):1504-1507. •• Editorial response to the publication of the ENHANCE trial, providing the foundation for the challenge to the lipid hypothesis.
    • Brown GB, Taylor AJ: Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe? N Engl J Med (2008) 358(14):1504-1507. •• Editorial response to the publication of the ENHANCE trial, providing the foundation for the challenge to the lipid hypothesis.
  • 23
    • 41649113017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drazen JM, Jarcho JA, Morrissey S, Curfman GD: Cholesterol lowering and ezetimibe. N Engl J Med (2008) 358(14):1507-1508. •• This reference, along with references [24-28], include a series of letters to the editor in response to the publication of the ENHANCE trial results. These letters provide a variety of viewpoints from medical practitioners and other experts on the trial design, analysis of data and investigational methodologies.
    • Drazen JM, Jarcho JA, Morrissey S, Curfman GD: Cholesterol lowering and ezetimibe. N Engl J Med (2008) 358(14):1507-1508. •• This reference, along with references [24-28], include a series of letters to the editor in response to the publication of the ENHANCE trial results. These letters provide a variety of viewpoints from medical practitioners and other experts on the trial design, analysis of data and investigational methodologies.
  • 24
    • 41649106758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe?
    • Brown BG, Taylor AJ: Does ENHANCE diminish confidence in lowering LDL or in ezetimibe? N Engl J Med (2008) 358(14):1504-1507.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , Issue.14 , pp. 1504-1507
    • Brown, B.G.1    Taylor, A.J.2
  • 25
    • 48249089651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • author reply 532
    • Eichhorn EJ: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(5):529-530, author reply 532.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.5 , pp. 529-530
    • Eichhorn, E.J.1
  • 26
    • 48249089651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • author reply 532
    • Steinberg D: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(5):529, author reply 532.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.5 , pp. 529
    • Steinberg, D.1
  • 27
    • 48249083777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • author reply 532
    • Diamond GA, Kaul S: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(5):530, author reply 532.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.5 , pp. 530
    • Diamond, G.A.1    Kaul, S.2
  • 28
    • 48249083777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • author reply 532-533
    • Connor WE: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(5):530, author reply 532-533.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.5 , pp. 530
    • Connor, W.E.1
  • 29
    • 0032519844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events
    • Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Selzer RH, Liu CR, Liu CH, Azen SP: The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med (1998) 128(4):262-269.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.128 , Issue.4 , pp. 262-269
    • Hodis, H.N.1    Mack, W.J.2    LaBree, L.3    Selzer, R.H.4    Liu, C.R.5    Liu, C.H.6    Azen, S.P.7
  • 30
    • 0028040048 scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-determined intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis. Direct and indirect validation
    • Persson J, Formgren J, Israelsson B, Berglund G: Ultrasound-determined intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis. Direct and indirect validation. Arterioscler Thromb (1994) 14(2):261-264.
    • (1994) Arterioscler Thromb , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-264
    • Persson, J.1    Formgren, J.2    Israelsson, B.3    Berglund, G.4
  • 31
    • 0033531215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults
    • Landmark paper describing the relationship between carotid IMT and cardiovascular risk, ••
    • O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med (1999) 340(1):14-22. •• Landmark paper describing the relationship between carotid IMT and cardiovascular risk.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-22
    • O'Leary, D.H.1    Polak, J.F.2    Kronmal, R.A.3    Manolio, T.A.4    Burke, G.L.5    Wolfson Jr, S.K.6
  • 32
    • 34447337743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerosis imaging in statin intervention trials
    • Thorough review of imaging data from available lipid-lowering drug trials, ••
    • Yanai H, Yoshida H, Tomono Y, Tada N: Atherosclerosis imaging in statin intervention trials. Q J Med (2007) 100(5):253-262. •• Thorough review of imaging data from available lipid-lowering drug trials.
    • (2007) Q J Med , vol.100 , Issue.5 , pp. 253-262
    • Yanai, H.1    Yoshida, H.2    Tomono, Y.3    Tada, N.4
  • 33
    • 27544472697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid intimal-media thickness as a surrogate for cardiovascular disease events in trials of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
    • Presents a statistically reasoned case for accepting carotid IMT as a validated marker for coronary atherosclerosis, •
    • Espeland MA, O'Leary DH, Terry JT, Morgan T, Evans G, Mudra H: Carotid intimal-media thickness as a surrogate for cardiovascular disease events in trials of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med (2005) 6(1):3. • Presents a statistically reasoned case for accepting carotid IMT as a validated marker for coronary atherosclerosis.
    • (2005) Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Espeland, M.A.1    O'Leary, D.H.2    Terry, J.T.3    Morgan, T.4    Evans, G.5    Mudra, H.6
  • 35
    • 0024520844 scopus 로고
    • Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Definition and operational criteria
    • Prentice RL: Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Definition and operational criteria. Stat Med (1989) 8(4):431-440.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 431-440
    • Prentice, R.L.1
  • 36
    • 0035037328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in drug development and regulatory decision making: Criteria, validation, strategies
    • Along with references [29] and [30, this paper provides the scientific and statistical rationales for qualifying, validating and using surrogate markers in drug development, ••
    • Lesko LJ, Atkinson AJ Jr: Use of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in drug development and regulatory decision making: Criteria, validation, strategies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxico (2001) 41:347-366. •• Along with references [29] and [30], this paper provides the scientific and statistical rationales for qualifying, validating and using surrogate markers in drug development.
    • (2001) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxico , vol.41 , pp. 347-366
    • Lesko, L.J.1    Atkinson Jr, A.J.2
  • 37
    • 0035192719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of initial and long-term lipid-lowering therapy on vascular wall characteristics
    • Describes a dissociation between the lipid-lowering effects of statins and carotid IMT changes in statin-naïve patients compared with long-term statin users, ••
    • Ubels FL, Muntinga JH, van Doormaal JJ, Reitsma WD, Smit AJ: Effects of initial and long-term lipid-lowering therapy on vascular wall characteristics. Atherosclerosis (2001) 154(1):155-161. •• Describes a dissociation between the lipid-lowering effects of statins and carotid IMT changes in statin-naïve patients compared with long-term statin users.
    • (2001) Atherosclerosis , vol.154 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-161
    • Ubels, F.L.1    Muntinga, J.H.2    van Doormaal, J.J.3    Reitsma, W.D.4    Smit, A.J.5
  • 40
    • 26944436268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on intima media thickness of the carotid artery in patients with normal cholesterol
    • Reid JA, Wolsley C, Lau LL, Hannon RJ, Lee B, Young IS, Soong CV: The effect of pravastatin on intima media thickness of the carotid artery in patients with normal cholesterol. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (2005) 30(5):464-468.
    • (2005) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 464-468
    • Reid, J.A.1    Wolsley, C.2    Lau, L.L.3    Hannon, R.J.4    Lee, B.5    Young, I.S.6    Soong, C.V.7
  • 41
    • 0037109137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: A randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness
    • Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Vernalis MN: ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: A randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation (2002) 106(16):2055-2060.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , Issue.16 , pp. 2055-2060
    • Taylor, A.J.1    Kent, S.M.2    Flaherty, P.J.3    Coyle, L.C.4    Markwood, T.T.5    Vernalis, M.N.6
  • 42
    • 10044281651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins
    • Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Lee JK, Grace KA: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation (2004) 110(23):3512-3517.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , Issue.23 , pp. 3512-3517
    • Taylor, A.J.1    Sullenberger, L.E.2    Lee, H.J.3    Lee, J.K.4    Grace, K.A.5
  • 43
    • 27144507454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in carotid intima-media thickness in patients with suspected coronary artery disease
    • Kablak-Ziembicka A, Przewlocki T, Tracz W, Pieniazek P, Musialek P, Sokolowski A: Gender differences in carotid intima-media thickness in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol (2005) 96(9):1217-1222.
    • (2005) Am J Cardiol , vol.96 , Issue.9 , pp. 1217-1222
    • Kablak-Ziembicka, A.1    Przewlocki, T.2    Tracz, W.3    Pieniazek, P.4    Musialek, P.5    Sokolowski, A.6
  • 45
    • 62249160614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCT00202878: IMPROVE-IT: Examining outcomes in subjects with acute coronary syndrome: Vytorin (ezetimibe/simvastatin) vs simvastatin (study P04103). Schering-Plough Corp, Kenilworth, NJ, USA (2008). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00202878?term=improve-it&rank=1
    • NCT00202878: IMPROVE-IT: Examining outcomes in subjects with acute coronary syndrome: Vytorin (ezetimibe/simvastatin) vs simvastatin (study P04103). Schering-Plough Corp, Kenilworth, NJ, USA (2008). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00202878?term=improve-it&rank=1
  • 46
    • 56749106312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG et al: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(21):2195-2207. •• Key clinical outcomes study (JUPITER) demonstrating that the administration of a statin to patients with elevated CRP and normal-to-low cholesterol levels had beneficial effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
    • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG et al: Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(21):2195-2207. •• Key clinical outcomes study (JUPITER) demonstrating that the administration of a statin to patients with elevated CRP and normal-to-low cholesterol levels had beneficial effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • 48
    • 33645891172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and regulatory pathways
    • Comprehensive review of the role of inflammation and cytokines in atherosclerosis, ••
    • Tedgui A, Mallat Z: Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and regulatory pathways. Physiol Rev (2006) 86(2):515-581. •• Comprehensive review of the role of inflammation and cytokines in atherosclerosis.
    • (2006) Physiol Rev , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 515-581
    • Tedgui, A.1    Mallat, Z.2
  • 49
    • 17644412023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease
    • Hanson GK: Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med (2005) 352(16):1685-1695.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , Issue.16 , pp. 1685-1695
    • Hanson, G.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.