Advances in oncolytic virus therapy for glioma

Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-13

  Haseley, Amy ^a,b   Alvarez Breckenridge, Christopher ^a,b   Chaudhury, Abhik Ray ^b   Kaur, Balveen ^a,c  

^a THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY WEXNER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenovirus; Angiogenesis; Astrocytoma; Extra cellular matrix; Glioma; HSV 1; Immune system; New castle disease virus; Oncolytic virus; Patent; Reovirus

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOSTATIN; BEVACIZUMAB; CILENGITIDE; CYSTEINE RICH PROTEIN 61; DEXAMETHASONE; ENDOSTATIN; G 207; GENE PRODUCT; HSV 1716; INITIATION FACTOR 2ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 12; LIVE VACCINE; NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE; ONCOLYTIC ADENOVIRUS; ONCOLYTIC HERPES VIRUS; ONCOLYTIC MEASLES VIRUS STRAIN EDMONSTON CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; ONCOLYTIC RHEOVIRUS; ONCOLYTIC VACCINIA VIRUS; ONCOLYTIC VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS; ONCOLYTIC VIRUS; ONYX 015; PROTEIN KINASE R; REOLYSIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOSTATIN;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ANOREXIA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ASTROCYTOMA; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; DELIRIUM; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GLIOMA; HEMIPARESIS; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; NEWCASTLE DISEASE PARAMYXOVIRUS; NONHUMAN; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY; PATENT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REOVIRUS; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VOMITING; ANIMAL; METHODOLOGY;

ANIMALS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY;

EID: 62249090347     PISSN: 15748898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157488909787002573     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(10): 987-996.
2. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma. Am J Pathol 2007; 170(5): 1445-1453.
3. Liu TC, Galanis E, Kirn D. Clinical trial results with oncolytic virotherapy: A century of promise, a decade of progress. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2007; 4(2): 101-117.
4. Terada K, Wakimoto H, Tyminski E, Chiocca EA, Saeki Y. Development of a rapid method to generate multiple oncolytic HSV vectors and their in vivo evaluation using syngeneic mouse tumor models. Gene Ther 2006; 13(8): 705-714.
5. Markert JM, Medlock MD, Rabkin SD, et al. Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: Results of a phase I trial. Gene Ther 2000; 7(10): 867-874.
6. Rampling R, Cruickshank G, Papanastassiou V, et al. Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Gene Ther 2000; 7(10): 859-866.
7. Papanastassiou V, Rampling R, Fraser M, et al. The potential for efficacy of the modified (ICP 34.5(-)) herpes simplex virus HSV1716 following intratumoural injection into human malignant glioma: A proof of principle study. Gene Ther 2002; 9(6): 398-406.
8. Harrow S, Papanastassiou V, Harland J, et al. HSV1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: Safety data and long-term survival. Gene Ther 2004; 11(22): 1648-1658.
9. Chiocca EA, Abbed KM, Tatter S, et al. A phase I open-label, dose-escalation, multi-institutional trial of injection with an E1BAttenuated adenovirus, ONYX-015, into the peritumoral region of recurrent malignant gliomas, in the adjuvant setting. Mol Ther 2004; 10(5): 958-966.
10. Freeman AI, Zakay-Rones Z, Gomori JM, et al. Phase I/II trial of intravenous NDV-HUJ oncolytic virus in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Ther 2006; 13(1): 221-228.
11. Forsyth P, Roldan G, George D, et al. A phase I trial of intratumoral administration of reovirus in patients with histologically confirmed recurrent malignant gliomas. Mol Ther 2008; 16(3): 627-632.
12. Goldstein DJ, Weller SK. Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced ribonucleotide reductase activity is dispensable for virus growth and DNA synthesis: Isolation and characterization of an ICP6 lacZ insertion mutant. J Virol 1988; 62(1): 196-205.
13. Kasuya H, Nishiyama Y, Nomoto S, Hosono J, Takeda S, Nakao A. Intraperitoneal delivery of hrR3 and ganciclovir prolongs survival in mice with disseminated pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol 1999; 72(3): 136-141.
14. Mineta T, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Treatment of malignant gliomas using ganciclovir-hypersensitive, ribonucleotide reductase-deficient herpes simplex viral mutant. Cancer Res 1994; 54(15): 3963-3966.
15. Aghi M, Visted T, Depinho RA, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic herpes virus with defective ICP6 specifically replicates in quiescent cells with homozygous genetic mutations in p16. Oncogene 2008; 27(30): 4249-4254.
16. Chou J, Kern ER, Whitley RJ, Roizman B. Mapping of herpes simplex virus-1 neurovirulence to gamma 134.5, a gene nonessential for growth in culture. Science 1990; 250(4985): 1262-1266.
17. Bolovan CA, Sawtell NM, Thompson RL. ICP34.5 mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17syn+ are attenuated for neurovirulence in mice and for replication in confluent primary mouse embryo cell cultures. J Virol 1994; 68(1): 48-55.
18. Smith KD, Mezhir JJ, Bickenbach K, et al. Activated MEK suppresses activation of PKR and enables efficient replication and in vivo oncolysis by Deltagamma(1)34.5 mutants of herpes simplex virus 1. J Virol 2006; 80(3): 1110-1120.
19. Coffey, M.C., Thompson, B.G.: WO01035970 (2001).
20. McKie EA, MacLean AR, Lewis AD, et al. Selective in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP34.5 null mutants in primary human CNS tumours--evaluation of a potentially effective clinical therapy. Br J Cancer 1996; 74(5): 745-752.
21. Smith, K.D., Mezhir, J.J., Weichselbaum, R.R., Roizman, B.: WO2007087580 (2007).
22. Lasner TM, Kesari S, Brown SM, Lee VM, Fraser NW, Trojanowski JQ. Therapy of a murine model of pediatric brain tumors using a herpes simplex virus type-1 ICP34.5 mutant and demonstration of viral replication within the CNS. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996; 55(12): 1259-1269.
23. Kesari S, Randazzo BP, Valyi-Nagy T, et al. Therapy of experimental human brain tumors using a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus mutant. Lab Invest 1995; 73(5): 636-648.
24. Brown, S.M., Conner, J.: WO03068809 (2003).
25. Harland J, Papanastassiou V, Brown SM. HSV1716 persistence in primary human glioma cells in vitro. Gene Ther 2002; 9(17): 1194-1198.
26. Crusade-Laboratories. In.
27. Mineta T, Rabkin SD, Yazaki T, Hunter WD, Martuza RL. Attenuated multi-mutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat Med 1995; 1(9): 938-943.
28. Martuza, R.L., Rabkin, S.D., Mineta, T.: WO000007 (2000).
29. Todo T, Feigenbaum F, Rabkin SD, et al. Viral shedding and biodistribution of G207, a multimutated, conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus type 1, after intracerebral inoculation in aotus. Mol Ther 2000; 2(6): 588-595.
30. Sonabend AM, Ulasov IV, Lesniak MS. Conditionally replicative adenoviral vectors for malignant glioma. Rev Med Virol 2006; 16(2): 99-115.
31. Bischoff JR, Kirn DH, Williams A, et al. An adenovirus mutant that replicates selectively in p53-deficient human tumor cells. Science 1996; 274(5286): 373-376.
32. Geoerger B, Grill J, Opolon P, et al. Oncolytic activity of the E1B-55 kDa-deleted adenovirus ONYX-015 is independent of cellular p53 status in human malignant glioma xenografts. Cancer Res 2002; 62(3): 764-72.
33. McCormick, F.: WO9301919 (1993).
34. Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Alemany R, et al. A mutant oncolytic adenovirus targeting the Rb pathway produces anti-glioma effect in vivo. Oncogene 2000; 19(1): 2-12.
35. Fueyo J, Alemany R, Gomez-Manzano C, et al. Preclinical characterization of the antiglioma activity of a tropism-enhanced adenovirus targeted to the retinoblastoma pathway. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(9): 652-660.
36. Jiang H, Gomez-Manzano C, Aoki H, et al. Examination of the therapeutic potential of Delta-24-RGD in brain tumor stem cells: Role of autophagic cell death. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99(18): 1410-1414.
37. Alonso MM, Cascallo M, Gomez-Manzano C, et al. ICOVIR-5 shows E2F1 addiction and potent antiglioma effect in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 67(17): 8255-8263.
38. Fueyo, J., Lang, F.F.J., Gomez-Manzano, C., Yung, W.K., Conrad, C.A.: WO20086922 (2008).
39. Kim M, Chung YH, Johnston RN. Reovirus and tumor oncolysis. J Microbiol 2007; 45(3): 187-192.
40. Strong JE, Tang D, Lee PW. Evidence that the epidermal growth factor receptor on host cells confers reovirus infection efficiency. Virology 1993; 197(1): 405-411.
41. Lee, P.W., Strong, J., Coffey, M.: WO2005050051 (2005).
42. Reichard KW, Lorence RM, Cascino CJ, et al. Newcastle disease virus selectively kills human tumor cells. J Surg Res 1992; 52(5): 448-453.
43. Lorence RM, Reichard KW, Katubig BB, et al. Complete regression of human neuroblastoma xenografts in athymic mice after local Newcastle disease virus therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(16): 1228-1233.
44. Csatary, L.K., Szeberenyi, J., Fabian, Z.: WO2005051433 (2005).
45. Zakay-Rones, Z., Panet, A., Greenbaum, E.: WO2005113013 (2005).
46. Csatary LK, Gosztonyi G, Szeberenyi J, et al. MTH-68/H oncolytic viral treatment in human high-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2004; 67(1-2): 83-93.
47. Csatary LK, Bakacs T. Use of Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H) in a patient with high-grade glioblastoma. Jama 1999; 281(17): 1588-1589.
48. Wagner S, Csatary CM, Gosztonyi G, et al. Combined treatment of pediatric high-grade glioma with the oncolytic viral strain MTH-68/H and oral valproic acid. Apmis 2006; 114(10): 731-743.
49. Schattner A. Therapeutic role of measles vaccine in Hodgkin's disease. Lancet 1984; 1(8369): 171.
50. Galanis E, Bateman A, Johnson K, et al. Use of viral fusogenic membrane glycoproteins as novel therapeutic transgenes in gliomas. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12(7): 811-821.
51. Phuong LK, Allen C, Peng KW, et al. Use of a vaccine strain of measles virus genetically engineered to produce carcinoembryonic antigen as a novel therapeutic agent against glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 2003; 63(10): 2462-2469.
52. Myers R, Harvey M, Kaufmann TJ, et al. Toxicology study of repeat intracerebral administration of a measles virus derivative producing carcinoembryonic antigen in rhesus macaques in support of a phase I/II clinical trial for patients with recurrent gliomas. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19(7): 690-698.
53. Balachandran S, Barber GN. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) therapy of tumors. IUBMB Life 2000; 50(2): 135-138.
54. Balachandran S, Porosnicu M, Barber GN. Oncolytic activity of vesicular stomatitis virus is effective against tumors exhibiting aberrant p53, Ras, or myc function and involves the induction of apoptosis. J Virol 2001; 75(7): 3474-3479.
55. Stojdl DF, Lichty BD, tenOever BR, et al. VSV strains with defects in their ability to shutdown innate immunity are potent systemic anti-cancer agents. Cancer Cell 2003; 4(4): 263-275.
56. Ozduman K, Wollmann G, Piepmeier JM, van den Pol AN. Systemic vesicular stomatitis virus selectively destroys multifocal glioma and metastatic carcinoma in brain. J Neurosci 2008; 28(8): 1882-1893.
57. Lun X, Senger DL, Alain T, et al. Effects of intravenously administered recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV(deltaM51)) on multifocal and invasive gliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(21): 1546-1557.
58. Bell, J.C., Sonenberg, N., Stojdl, D.F., Brown, E.G., Atkins, H.L., Marius, R.M., Lichty, B.D., Knowles, S.B.: WO01019380 (2001).
59. Cutter JL, Kurozumi K, Chiocca EA, Kaur B. Gene therapeutics: The future of brain tumor therapy? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6(7): 1053-1064.
60. Timiryasova TM, Chen B, Haghighat P, Fodor I. Vaccinia virus-mediated expression of wild-type p53 suppresses glioma cell growth and induces apoptosis. Int J Oncol 1999; 14(5): 845-854.
61. Ellenhorn, J.D., Diamond, D.J.: WO2004058801 (2004).
62. Gridley DS, Andres ML, Li J, Timiryasova T, Chen B, Fodor I. Evaluation of radiation effects against C6 glioma in combination with vaccinia virus-p53 gene therapy. Int J Oncol 1998; 13(5): 1093-1098.
63. Chen B, Timiryasova TM, Haghighat P, et al. Low-dose vaccinia virus-mediated cytokine gene therapy of glioma. J Immunother 2001; 24(1): 46-57.
64. Chen B, Timiryasova TM, Andres ML, et al. Evaluation of combined vaccinia virus-mediated antitumor gene therapy with p53, IL-2, and IL-12 in a glioma model. Cancer Gene Ther 2000; 7(11): 1437-1447.
65. Yang S, Guo ZS, O'Malley ME, Yin X, Zeh HJ, Bartlett DL. A new recombinant vaccinia with targeted deletion of three viral genes: Its safety and efficacy as an oncolytic virus. Gene Ther 2007; 14(8): 638-647.
66. Cinatl J Jr., Michaelis M, Driever PH, et al. Multimutated herpes simplex virus g207 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Neoplasia 004; 6(6): 725-735.
67. Benencia F, Courreges MC, Conejo-Garcia JR, et al. Oncolytic HSV exerts direct antiangiogenic activity in ovarian carcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16(6): 765-778.
68. Mahller YY, Vaikunth SS, Currier MA, et al. Oncolytic HSV and erlotinib inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in a novel malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor xenograft model. Mol Ther 2007; 15(2): 279-286.
69. Aghi M, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Angiogenic response caused by oncolytic herpes simplex virus-induced reduced thrombospondin expression can be prevented by specific viral mutations or by administering a thrombospondin-derived peptide. Cancer Res 2007; 67(2): 440-444.
70. Kurozumi K, Hardcastle J, Thakur R, et al. Effect of tumor microenvironment modulation on the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99(23): 1768-1781.
71. Kaur B, Brat DJ, Devi NS, Van Meir EG. Vasculostatin, a proteolytic fragment of brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1, is an antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic factor. Oncogene 2005; 24(22): 3632-3642.
72. Iggo, R., Lukashev, A., Homicsko, K., McLaughlin, F., Fuerer, C.: WO2006075165 (2006).
73. Homicsko K, Lukashev A, Iggo RD. RAD001 (everolimus) improves the efficacy of replicating adenoviruses that target colon cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65(15): 6882-6890.
74. Guse K, Ranki T, Ala-Opas M, et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cancer with capsid-modified oncolytic adenoviruses. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6(10): 2728-2736.
75. Wong RJ, Chan MK, Yu Z, et al. Angiogenesis inhibition by an oncolytic herpes virus expressing interleukin 12. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(13): 4509-4516.
76. Whitley, R., Markert, J., Gillespie, Y., Parker, N.: WO00075292 (2000).
77. Frisch, S.M.: WO96007322 (1996).
78. Liu TC, Zhang T, Fukuhara H, et al. Oncolytic HSV armed with platelet factor 4, an antiangiogenic agent, shows enhanced efficacy. Mol Ther 2006; 14(6): 789-797.
79. Todo T, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD, Johnson PA. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector with enhanced MHC class I presentation and tumor cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(11): 6396-6401.
80. Bolanowski, M.A., Caparon, M.H., Casperson, G.F., Gregory, S., Klein, B.K., McKearn, J.P.: WO9916889 (1999).
81. Yang CT, Lin YC, Lin CL, et al. Oncolytic herpesvirus with secretable angiostatic proteins in the treatment of human lung cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2005; 25(3B): 2049-2054.
82. Mullen JT, Donahue JM, Chandrasekhar S, et al. Oncolysis by viral replication and inhibition of angiogenesis by a replication-conditional herpes simplex virus that expresses mouse endostatin. Cancer 2004; 101(4): 869-877.
83. Yoo JY, Kim JH, Kwon YG, et al. VEGF-specific short hairpin RNA-expressing oncolytic adenovirus elicits potent inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Mol Ther 2007; 15(2): 295-302.
84. Reich, S.J. WO07146953 (2007).
85. Balachandran S, Thomas E, Barber GN. A FADD-dependent innate immune mechanism in mammalian cells. Nature 2004; 432(7015): 401-405.
86. Abordo-Adesida E, Follenzi A, Barcia C, et al. Stability of lentiviral vector-mediated transgene expression in the brain in the presence of systemic antivector immune responses. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16(6): 741-751.
87. Balachandran S, Barber GN. Defective translational control facilitates vesicular stomatitis virus oncolysis. Cancer Cell 2004; 5(1): 51-65.
88. Friedman A, Tian JP, Fulci G, Chiocca EA, Wang J. Glioma virotherapy: Effects of innate immune suppression and increased viral replication capacity. Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 2314-2319.
89. Andreansky S, He B, van Cott J, et al. Treatment of intracranial gliomas in immunocompetent mice using herpes simplex viruses that express murine interleukins. Gene Ther 1998; 5(1): 121-130.
90. Wakimoto H, Johnson PR, Knipe DM, Chiocca EA. Effects of innate immunity on herpes simplex virus and its ability to kill tumor cells. Gene Ther 2003; 10(11): 983-990.
91. Otsuki A, Patel A, Kasai K, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors augment antitumor efficacy of herpes-based oncolytic viruses. Mol Ther 2008; 16(9): 1546-1555.
92. Fulci G, Dmitrieva N, Gianni D, et al. Depletion of peripheral macrophages and brain microglia increases brain tumor titers of oncolytic viruses. Cancer Res 2007; 67(19): 9398-9406.
93. Fulci G, Breymann L, Gianni D, et al. Cyclophosphamide enhances glioma virotherapy by inhibiting innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(34): 12873-12878.
94. Molnar-Kimber, K., Toyoizumi, T., Kaiser, L.: WO00054795 (2000).
95. Todo T, Rabkin SD, Sundaresan P, et al. Systemic antitumor immunity in experimental brain tumor therapy using a multimutated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10(17): 2741-2755.
96. Thomas DL, Fraser NW. HSV-1 therapy of primary tumors reduces the number of metastases in an immune-competent model of metastatic breast cancer. Mol Ther 2003; 8(4): 543-551.
97. Post DE, Sandberg EM, Kyle MM, et al. Targeted cancer gene therapy using a hypoxia inducible factor dependent oncolytic adenovirus armed with interleukin-4. Cancer Res 2007; 67(14): 6872-6881.
98. Mizuno H, Yanoma S, Nishimura G, et al. Therapeutic efficiency of IL-2 gene transduced tumor vaccine for head and neck carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2000; 152(2): 175-185.
99. Stanford MM, Barrett JW, Gilbert PA, Bankert R, McFadden G. Myxoma virus expressing human interleukin-12 does not induce myxomatosis in European rabbits. J Virol 2007; 81(22): 12704-12708.
100. Varghese S, Rabkin SD, Nielsen PG, Wang W, Martuza RL. Systemic oncolytic herpes virus therapy of poorly immunogenic prostate cancer metastatic to lung. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(9): 2919-2927.
101. Ramesh N, Ge Y, Ennist DL, et al. CG0070, a conditionally replicating granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor--armed oncolytic adenovirus for the treatment of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(1): 305-313.
102. Hu JC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, et al. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(22): 6737-6747.
103. Fong, Y., Federoff, H., Rosenblatt, J.: WO98042855 (1998).
104. Gregoire, M., Bartoleyns, J.; WO99058645 (1999).
105. Albert, M., Bhardwaj, N., Steinman, R.M., Inaba, K.: WO99042564 (1999).
106. Maillard L, Ziol M, Tahlil O, et al. Pre-treatment with elastase improves the efficiency of percutaneous adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the arterial media. Gene Ther 1998; 5(8): 1023-1030.
107. Kuriyama N, Kuriyama H, Julin CM, Lamborn K, Israel MA. Pretreatment with protease is a useful experimental strategy for enhancing adenovirus-mediated cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11(16): 2219-2230.
108. McKee TD, Grandi P, Mok W, et al. Degradation of fibrillar collagen in a human melanoma xenograft improves the efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector. Cancer Res 2006; 66(5): 2509-2513.
109. Ganesh S, Gonzalez-Edick M, Gibbons D, Van Roey M, Jooss K. Intratumoral coadministration of hyaluronidase enzyme and oncolytic adenoviruses enhances virus potency in metastatic tumor models. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14(12): 3933-3941.
110. Brinckerhoff CE, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases: A tail of a frog that became a prince. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3(3): 207-214.
111. Mok W, Boucher Y, Jain RK. Matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -8 improve the distribution and efficacy of an oncolytic virus. Cancer Res 2007; 67(22): 10664-10668.
112. Kim JH, Lee YS, Kim H, Huang JH, Yoon AR, Yun CO. Relaxin expression from tumor-targeting adenoviruses and its intratumoral spread, apoptosis induction, and efficacy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(20): 1482-1493.
113. Ganesh S, Gonzalez Edick M, Idamakanti N, et al. Relaxin-expressing, fiber chimeric oncolytic adenovirus prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67(9): 4399-4407.
114. Wickham, T.J., Roelvink, P.W., Kovesdi, I.: US5846782 (1998).
115. Yun, C.O., Kim, J.: WO2006075819 (2006).