Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: The first 50 years, 1909-1958

Epilepsia

Volumn 50, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2009, Pages 69-92

  Shorvon, Simon D ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Drug treatment; Epilepsy; History; International League Against Epilepsy

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; AMYL NITRITE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ATROPINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BECLAMIDE; BELLADONNA ALKALOID; BORATE SODIUM; BROMINE DERIVATIVE; CAFFEINE; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; CANNABIS; CARBAMAZEPINE; COD LIVER OIL; DIGITALIS; ETHOSUXIMIDE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYDANTOIN; LITHIUM SALT; MEPHENYTOIN; MESUXIMIDE; METHARBITAL; MONOCROTALINE; PEGANONE; PHENACEMIDE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENSUXIMIDE; PHENYTOIN; POTASSIUM BROMIDE; PRIMIDONE; SCOPOLAMINE; SECOBARBITAL; STRONTIUM; STRYCHNINE; TRIMETHADIONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; ZINC OXIDE;

ACNE; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BREATHING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONIUM; CONVULSION; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIET THERAPY; DROWSINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; EVENING DOSAGE; EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS; FATIGUE; FEBRILE CONVULSION; FLATULENCE; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; HAIR LOSS; HALLUCINATION; HEART BEAT; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYGIENE; HYPERACTIVITY; IRRITABILITY; LEUKOPENIA; LIBIDO; LIVER FAILURE; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL DETERIORATION; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MORNING DOSAGE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PANCYTOPENIA; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SEDATION; SELF NEGLECT; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SPEECH DISORDER; STOMACH IRRITATION; VIOLENCE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; ANTICONVULSANTS; BROMIDES; EPILEPSY; HERBAL MEDICINE; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NEUROLOGY; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; TEXTBOOKS AS TOPIC;

EID: 62149138844     PISSN: 00139580     EISSN: 15281167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02041.x     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abbott JA., Schwab RS 1954) Mesantoin in the treatment of epilepsy: a study of its effects on the leukocyte count in seventy-nine cases. N Engl J Med 250 : 197 199.
2. Aird RB 1939) Mode of action of brilliant vital red in epilepsy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 42 : 700 723.
3. Albertoni P 1882) Untersuchunger uber die Wirkung einiger Arzneimittel auf die Effegbarkeit des Grosshirns nebst Beiträgen zur Therapie der Epilepsie. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 15 : 248 288.
4. Anders MW 1966) Rapid micromethod for gas chromatographic determination of blood barbiturates. Anal Chem 38 : 1945 1947.
5. Anon 1857) Medical Societies: The Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, Tuesday May 11th 1857: Sir Charles Locock, president in the chair. Analysis of fifty-two cases of epilepsy observed by the author. By Edward H. Sieveking, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lancet 70 : 527 528.
6. Anon 1955) International list of anti-epilepsy drugs. 4 : 121 122.
7. Barnett HL, Simons DJ, Wells RE Jr. 1948) Nephrotic syndrome occurring during Tridione therapy. Am J Med 4 : 760 764.
8. Bergstrom WH, Garzolli RF, Lombroso CT, Davidson DT, Wallace WM 1952) Observations on the metabolic and clinical effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Am J Dis Child 84 : 771.
9. Biltz H 1908) Constitution of the products of the interaction of substituted carbamides of Benzil. Berl Dtsch Chem Gesamte 41 : 1379 1393 (abstracted in Chem. Abstr. 2:2252).
10. Brazier MAB 1963) The history of electrical activity of the brain as a method for localizing sensory function. Med Hist 7 : 199 211.
11. Brook C 1922) Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy: 30th Annual Report, p. 19.
12. Brook C. (1923) Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy: 31st Annual Report, p. 28.
13. Butler TC 1952) Quantitative studies of the metabolic fate of mephobarbital (N-methylphenobarbital). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106 : 235 245.
14. Butler TC, Mahaffee C, Waddell WJ 1954) Phenobarbital: studies of elimination, accumulation, tolerance, and dosage schedules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 111 : 425 435.
15. Butter AJM 1952) Tridione compared with Malidone in the treatment of petit mal. J Neurol 15 : 37.
16. Clark LP 1900) A digest of recent wok on epilepsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 27 : 387 404.
17. Cobb S, Cohen ME, Ney J 1938) Brilliant Vital Red as an anticonvulsant. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 37 : 463 465.
18. Cohen B, Showstack N, Myerson A 1940) The synergism of phenobarbital, Dilantin sodium and other drugs in the treatment of institutional epilepsy. J Am Med Assoc 114 : 480 484.
19. Cohen ME, Cobb S. (1941) Anticonvulsive action of azosulfamide in patients with epilepsy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry XLVI : 676 691.
20. Davidoff E 1948) Clinical and electroencephalographic observations concerning the effect of Tridione in epileptic patients. Am J Psychiatry 104 : 10.
21. Davidson DT, Lennox WG 1950) Phenacetylurea phenurone in epilepsy. Dis Nerv Syst 129 : 261.
22. Davidson DT, Lombroso C, Markham CH 1955) Methylphenylsuccinimide (Milontin) in epilepsy. N Engl J Med 253 : 173 175.
23. Davis JP, Lennox WG 1947) Effect of trimethyloxazolidine dione and of dimethyloxazolidine dione on seizures and on blood. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 26 : 423 436.
24. Davis JP, Lennox WG 1949) A comparison of Paradione and Tridione in the treatment of epilepsy. J Pediatr 34 : 273 278.
25. Denhoff E, Laufer MW 1950) Clinical studies of the effects of 3,5,5-trimethyloxazolidine-2-4-dione (Tridione) on the hematopoietic system, liver and kidney. Pediatrics 5 : 695 707.
26. de Silva M, MacArdle B, McGowan M, Hughes E, Stewart J, Neville BG, Johnson AL, Reynolds EH 1996) Randomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Lancet 347 : 709 713.
27. Dox AW, Thomas A 1923) 5,5-Arylbarbituric acids. J Am Chem Soc 45 : 1811 1816.
28. Dreifuss FE. (1989) Other antiepileptic drugs: bromides. In Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE (Eds) Antiepileptic drugs. 3rd ed. Raven Press, New York, pp. 877 879.
29. Eadie MJ. (1997) Phenobarbital and other barbiturates. In Engel J Jr., Pedley TA. (Eds) Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook. Vol. 2. Lippincott-Raven, New York, pp. 1547 1555.
30. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG 1988) Medical toxicology: diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. Elsevier, New York.
31. Everett GM, Richards R 1944) Comparative anticonvulsive action of 3,5,5 trimethyloxazolidine 2-4 dione (Tridione), Dilantin and phenobarbital. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 81 : 402 407.
32. Feely M, O'Callaghan M, Duggan B, Callaghan N 1980) Phenobarbitone in previously untreated epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 43 : 365 368.
33. Feksi AT, Kaamugisha J, Sander JW, Gatiti S, Shorvon SD 1991) Comprehensive primary health care antiepileptic drug treatment programme in rural and semi-urban Kenya. ICBERG (International Community-based Epilepsy Research Group). Lancet 337 : 406 409.
34. Friedlander WJ 1986) Putnam, Merritt and the discovery of Dilantin. Epilepsia 27 (suppl 3 S1 S21.
35. Friedlander WJ 2000) The rise and fall of bromide therapy in epilepsy. Arch Neurol 37 : 1782 1785.
36. Friedlander WJ 2001) History of modern epilepsy: the beginning, 1865-1914. Greenwood Press, Westport.
37. Glazko AJ 1986) Discovery of phenytoin. Ther Drug Monit 8 : 490 497.
38. Golla FI, Hodge RS 1957) The control of petit mal by acetazolamide. J Ment Sci 103 : 214 217.
39. Goodman LS, Toman JEP, Swinyard EA 1946) The anticonvulsant properties of Tridione: laboratory and clinical investigations. Am J Med 1 : 213 228.
40. Goodman LS, Grewal MS, Brown WC, Swinyard EA 1953) Comparison of maximal seizures evoked by pentylenetetrazol (metrazol) and electroshock in mice, and their modification by anticonvulsants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 108 (2 168 76.
41. Gowers WA 1881) Epilepsy and other chronic convulsive disorders. Churchill, London.
42. Gross DW, Hamm J, Ashworth NL, Quigley D 2004) Marijuana use and epilepsy: prevalence in patients of a tertiary care epilepsy center. Neurology 62 : 2095 2097.
43. Handley R, Stewart ASR 1952) Mysoline: a new drug in the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet 1 : 742 744.
44. Hanson JW, Smith DW 1975) The fetal hydantoin syndrome. J Pediatr 87 : 285 290.
45. Hauptmann A 1912) Luminal bei Epilepsie. Münch med Wochenschr 59 : 1907 1909.
46. Hauptmann A 1919) Erfahrungen aus der Behandlung der Epilepsie mit Luminal. Münch med Wochenschr 46 : 1319 1321.
47. Haward F. (1928) Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy.
48. Haward F. (1929) Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy.
49. Heller AJ, Chesterman P, Elwes RDC, Crawford P, Chadwick D, Johnson AL, Reynolds EH 1995) Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed adult epilepsy: a randomised comparative monotherapy trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58 : 44 50.
50. Himwich HE 1952) Report of committee on research 111: anticonvulsant and convulsant agents. Epilepsia 3rd series 1 (2 145 152.
51. Holmes G. (1954) The National Hospital Queen Square, 1860-1948. Livingstone, Edinburgh.
52. Jensen JPA 2006) The rise and fall of borax as an antiepileptic drug. Arch Neurol 63 : 621 622.
53. Kaplan LA, Maslanka S 1952) Hibicon: a new anticonvulsant. Dis Nerv Syst 15 : 88.
54. Keith HM 1947) Results of treatment of recurring convulsions, epilepsy. Proc Mayo Clin 22 : 14 16.
55. Kimball OP 1939) The treatment of epilepsy with sodium diphenyl hydantoinate. J Am Med Soc 112 : 1244 1245.
56. Korinthenberg R, Burkart P, Woelfle C, Moenting JA, Ernst JP 2007) Pharmacology, efficacy, and tolerability of potassium bromide in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol 22 : 414 418.
57. Kozol HL 1950) Mesantoin in treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 63 : 235 248.
58. Krasnogorsky NI. (1935) Convulsions called forth in the dog by conditioned reflex stimulation, and the resulting psychoneurotic state of the animal. XV International Physiological Congress, Leningrad and Moscow, August 1935. Summaries of communications 9:7. State Publishing House for Biological and Medical Literature, Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 213 214.
59. Kumbier E, Haack K 2002) Alfred Hauptmann: the fate of a German neurologist of Jewish origin. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 70 : 204 209.
60. Kwan P, Brodie M 2004) Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review. Epilepsia 48 : 1141 1149.
61. Lennox WG 1938) The literature on epilepsy in 1936. Epilepsia 2nd series 1(2) : 128 164.
62. Lennox WG. (1939) Progress in the study of epilepsy in America in 1937. Epilepsia 2nd series 1(3) : 196 208.
63. Lennox WG. (1940) Study of epilepsy in America in 1938. Epilepsia 2nd series 1(4) : 279 291.
64. Lennox WG 1945) The petit mal epilepsies. Their treatment with Tridione. J Am Med Assoc 129 : 1069 1075.
65. Lennox WG 1947) Tridione in the treatment of epilepsy. J Am Med Assoc 134 : 138 143.
66. Lennox WG 1960) Epilepsy and related disorders. Little Brown, Boston.
67. Livingston S, Pauli LL, Pruce I 1977) Ketogenic diet in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 19 : 833 834.
68. Lombroso CT, Davidson DT, Grossi-Bianchi MI 1956) Further evaluation of acetazolamide (Diamox) in the treatment of epilepsy. J Am Med Assoc 160 : 268.
69. Loscalzo AE 1952) Mesantoin in the control of epilepsy. Neurology 2 : 403 411.
70. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, Smith DB, Delgado-Escueta AV, Browne TR, Williamson PD, Treiman DM, McNamara JO, McCutchen CB, et al. (1985) Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N Engl J Med. 18 313 : 145 151.
71. Meadow SR 1968) Anticonvulsant drugs and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2 : 1296.
72. Merlis S 1954) Diamox: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: its use in epilepsy. Epilepsia 4 : 117.
73. Merritt HH, Putnam TJ 1938) Sodium diphenyl hydantoinate in the treatment of convulsive disorders. J Am Med Soc 111 : 1068 1073.
74. Merritt HH, Putnam TJ 1939a) Sodium diphenyl hydantoinate in the treatment of convulsive seizures: toxic symptoms and their prevention. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 42 : 1053 1058.
75. Merritt HH, Putnam TJ 1939b) Sodium diphenyl hydantoinate in the treatment of convulsive seizures: toxic symptoms and their prevention. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 65 : 158 162.
76. Merritt HH, Putnam TJ 1940) Further experiences with the use of sodium diphenyl hydantoinate in the treatment of convulsive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 96 : 1023 1027.
77. Merritt H, Putnam TJ 1945) Experimental determination of anticonvulsive activity of chemical compounds. Epilepsia 5 : 51 75.
78. Millichap J 1952) Milontin: a new drug in the treatment of petit-mal. Lancet 2 : 907 910.
79. Musicco M, Beghi E, Solari A, Viani F 1997) Treatment of first tonic-clonic seizure does not improve the prognosis of epilepsy. First Seizure Trial Group (FIRST Group). Neurology 49 : 991 998.
80. Muskens LJJ 1924) Epilepsie: vergelijkende pathogenese, verschijnselen, behandeling. Van Rossen, Amsterdam.
81. Muskens LJJ 1928) Epilepsy. Balliere, Tindall and Cox, London.
82. Nimaga K, Desplats D, Doumbo O, Farnarier G 2002) Treatment with phenobarbital and monitoring of epileptic patients in rural Mali. Bull WHO 80 : 532 537.
83. Pal DK, Das T, Chaudhury G, Johnson AL, Neville BG 1998) Randomised controlled trial to assess acceptability of phenobarbital for childhood epilepsy in rural India. Lancet 351 : 19 23.
84. Penry JK. (1973) Forward. Facsimile edition of W. A. Turner. Epilepsy: a study in the idiopathic disease, Raven Press, New York.
85. Perlstein MA, Andelman MB 1946) Tridione: its use in convulsive and related disorders. J Pediatr 29 : 20 40.
86. Perlstein MA 1947) Tridione therapy. Am J Psychiatry 104 : 247 253.
87. Peterman MG 1936) Therapy of epilepsy in children. Am J Psychiatry 92 : 1433 1438.
88. Peterman MG 1947) Idiopathic epilepsy in childhood. Nerv Child 6 : 49 51.
89. Putnam TJ, Merritt HH 1937) Experimental determination of the anti-convulsant properties of some phenyl derivatives. Science 85 : 525 526.
90. Putnam TJ. (1970) The demonstration of the specific anti convulsant action of diphenylhydantoin and related compounds. In Ayd FJ, Blackwell B (Eds Discoveries in biological psychiatry, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 85 90.
91. Radcliffe CB 1864) Epilepsies and other affections of the nervous system which are marred by tremor, convulsion and spasm. Churchill, London.
92. Ramskill JZZ. (1863) On bromide in epilepsy. Med Times Gazette ii : 221.
93. Russell Reynolds J. (1861) Epilepsy its symptoms, treatment and relation to other chronic convulsive diseases. Churchill, London.
94. Saunie R, Vaille C 1955) Pharmaceutical preparations in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 4 : 116 123.
95. Shorvon SD. (1995) Clobazam. In Levy H, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds) Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. Raven Press, New York, pp. 763 777.
96. Shorvon SD, Sander JWAS 1996) The treatment of epilepsy at the National Hospital, Queen Square 1857-1939: a mirror of the first phase of the modern history of medical and surgical therapy. In Shorvon SD, Dreifuss FE, Fish D, Thomas D (Eds) Treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. vii xliv.
97. Shorvon SD 2004) The drug treatment of epilepsy between 1938-1955, with special reference to Epilepsia, the Journal of the International League Against Epilepsy. In Shorvon SD, Perucca E, Fish D, Dodson E (Eds) The treatment of epilepsy. 2nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. xvi xxxiii.
98. Sieveking E 1861) On epilepsy and epileptiform seizures, their causes, pathology and treatment. Churchill, London.
99. Sloan LL, Gilger AP 1947) Visual effects of Tridione. Am J Ophthalmol 30 : 1387 1405.
100. Sobotka H, Holzman MF, Kahn J 1938) Optically active 5,5′- disubstituted hydantoins. J Am Chem Soc 54 : 687 702.
101. Spangler R 1913) The crotalin treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 3 : 307 318.
102. Spiegel EA, Spiegel-Adolf M, Wohl MG 1936) New biophysical methods. J Am Med Assoc 106 : 1301.
103. Spiegel EA 1937a) Quantitative determination of reactivity by electric stimulation of the brain with the skull intact. J Lab Clin Med 22 : 1274 1276.
104. Spiegel EA 1937b) Therapeutic procedures in experimental convulsions and catalepsy. I. Quantitative determination of the convulsive reactivity by electric stimulation of the brain with the skull intact (with special reference to the effects of the bromides). Trans Am Ther Soc 37 : 37 44.
105. Spielman MA 1944) Some analgesic agents derived from oxazolidine-2,4- dione. J Am Chem Soc 66 : 1244 1245.
106. Spratling W. (1904) Epilepsy and its treatment. WB Saunders & Co, Philadelphia.
107. Stafstrom CE, Zupec-Kania V, Rho JM 2008) Ketogenic diet and related dietary treatments. Epilepsia 49 (Suppl.) : 1 133.
108. Thorne FC 1945) The anticonvulsant action of Tridione: preliminary report. Psychiatr Quart 19 : 686 691.
109. Timberlake WH, Abbott JA, Schwab RS 1955) Mysoline: effective anticonvulsant with initial problems of adjustment. N Engl J Med 252 : 304.
110. Turner WA 1897) The care and management of epileptics in colonies. Lancet 149 : 1733 1735.
111. Turner WA (1907) Epilepsy: a study of the idiopathic disease. Macmillan, London.
112. Turner WA 1910a) Morrison lectures. Lancet 176 : 147 153.
113. Turner WA. (1910b) Three lectures on epilepsy. Being the Morrison lectures delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1910. Mackenzie, Edinburgh.
114. Tyler MW, King EQ 1951) Phenacemide in the treatment of epilepsy. J Am Med Assoc 147 : 17 21.
115. Viale G 1929) Acces épileptiforme chez le chien par application périphérique du courant alternatif. Compt Rend Soc Biol 102 : 464 465.
116. Wells CE 1957) Trimethadione: its dosage and toxicity. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 77 : 140 145.
117. Wilson SA. (1940) Neurology. Edward Arnold, London.
118. Zimmerman FT 1951) Use of methylphenyl-succinimide in treatment of petit mal epilepsy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 66 : 156 162.