Pull-apart basin formation and development in narrow transform zones with application to the Dead Sea basin

Tectonics

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2008, Pages

  Smit, Jeroen ^a,b,c   Brun, J P ^b   Cloetingh, S ^a   Ben Avraham, Z ^d  

^a Netherlands Research Centre for Integrated Solid Earth Science ISES   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^d TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; FAULT ZONE; NORMAL FAULT; PULL APART BASIN; RHEOLOGY; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT;

ASIA; CALIFORNIA; DEAD SEA; DEATH VALLEY; EURASIA; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AMERICA; SEA OF MARMARA; TURKEY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 62149131127     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007TC002119     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Al-Tarazi, E., E. Sandvol, and F. Gomez (2006), The February 11, 2004 Dead Sea earthquake ML = 5.2 in Jordan and its tectonic implication, Tectonophysics, 422, 149-158, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.010.
2. Al-Zoubi, A., and U. ten Brink (2001), Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea Basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics, Mar. Pet. Geol., 18, 779-797, doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00031-9.
3. Al-Zoubi, A., H. Shulman, and Z. Ben-Avraham (2002), Seismic reflection profiles across the southern Dead Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 346, 61-69, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00228-1.
4. Al-Zoubi, A. S., T. Heinrichs, I. Qabbani, and U. S. ten Brink (2007), The northern end of the Dead Sea Basin: Geometry from reflection seismic evidence, Tectonophysics, 434, 55-69, doi:10.1016/j.tecto. 2007.02.007.
5. Aldersons, F., Z. Ben-Avraham, A. Hofstetter, E. Kissling, and T. Al-Yazjeen (2003), Lower-crustal strength under the Dead Sea Basin from local earthquake data and rheological modeling, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 129-142, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00381-9.
6. Aydin, A., and A. Nur (1982), Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence, Tectonics, 1, 91-105, doi:10.1029/ TC001i001p00091.
7. Aydin, A., and A. Nur (1985), The types and role of stepovers in strike-slip tectonics, in Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, edited by K. T. Biddle and N. Christie-Blick, SEPM Spec. Publ., 37, 35-44.
8. Bartov, Y., and A. Sagy (2004), Late Pleistocene extension and strike-slip in the Dead Sea Basin, Geol. Mag., 141, 565-572, doi:10.1017/S001675680400963X.
9. Basile, C., and P. Allemand (2002), Erosion and flexural uplift along transform faults, Geophys. J. Int., 151, 646-653, doi:10.1046/ j.1365-246X.2002. 01805.x.
10. Basile, C., and J. P. Brun (1999), Transtensional faulting patterns ranging from pull-apart basins to transform continental margins; an experimental investigation, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 23-37, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00094-7.
11. Ben-Avraham, Z. (1985), Structural framework of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), northern Red Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 703-726, doi:10.1029/JB090iB01p00703.
12. Ben-Avraham, Z. (1997), Geophysical framework of the Dead Sea, in The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Settings, edited by T. M. Niemi, Z. Ben-Avraham, and J. Gat, pp. 22-35, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
13. Ben-Avraham, Z., and G. Schubert (2006), Deep "drop down" basin in the southern Dead Sea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 251, 254-263, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.008.
14. Ben-Avraham, Z., and M. D. Zoback (1992), Transform-normal extension and asymmetric basins; an alternative to pull-apart models, Geology, 20, 423-426, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020< 0423:TNEAAB>2.3.CO;2.
15. Ben-Avraham, Z., T. M. Niemi, D. Neev, J. K. Hall, and Y. Levy (1993), Distribution of Holocene sediments and neotectonics in the deep north basin of the Dead Sea, Mar. Geol., 113, 219-231, doi:10.1016/ 0025-3227(93)90019-R.
16. Blakely, R. J., R. C. Jachens, J. P. Calzia, and V. E. Langenheim (1999), Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley extended terrane as reflected in regional-scale gravity anomalies, in Cenozoic Basins of the Death Valley Region, edited by L. A. Wright and B. W. Troxel Spec. Pap., Geol. Soc. Am., 333, 1-16.
17. Bosworth, W., P. Huchon, and K. McClay (2005), The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden basins, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 43, 334-378, doi:10.1016/ j.jafrearsci.2005.07.020.
18. Burchfiel, B. C., and J. H. Stewart (1966), 'Pull-apart' origin of the central segment of Death Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 77, 439-441, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1966)77[439:POOTCS] 2.0.CO;2.
19. Christie-Blick, N., and K. T. Biddle (1985), Deformation and basin formation along strike-slip faults, in Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, edited by K. T. Biddle and N. Christie-Blick, SEPM Spec. Publ., 37, 1-34.
20. Chu, D., and R. G. Gordon (1998), Current plate motions across the Red Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 313-328, doi:10.1046/ j.1365-246X.1998.00658.x.
21. Cloetingh, S., and Z. Ben-Avraham (Eds.) (2002), From Extension to Collision: The Dead Sea Rift and Other Natural Laboratories, Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser., 246 pp., Eur. Geosci. Union, Strasbourg, France.
22. Crowell, J. C., (1974), Origin of late Cenozoic basins in southern California, in Tectonics and Sedimentation., edited by W. R. Dickinson, SEPM Spec. Publ., 37, 190-204.
23. DESERT Group et al. (2004), The crustal structure of the Dead Sea Transform, Geophys. J. Int., 156, 655-681, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.2004.02143.x.
24. Dooley, T., and K. McClay (1997), Analog modeling of pull-apart basins, AAPG Bull., 81, 1804-1826.
25. Enzel, Y., A. Agnon, and M. Stein (Eds.) (2006), New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 253 pp.
26. Faugère, E., J. P. Brun, and J. van den Driessche (1986), Bassins asymetriques en extension pure et en decrochement; modeles experimentaux, Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor. Prod. Elf Aquitaine, 10, 13-21.
27. Gardosh, M., E. Kashai, S. Salhov, H. Shulman, and E. Tannenbaum (1997), Hydrocarbon exploration in the southern Dead Sea area, in The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting, edited by T. M. Niemi, Z. Ben-Avraham, and J. R. Gat, pp. 57-72, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K.
28. Garfunkel, Z. (1981), Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics, Tectonophysics, 80, 81-108, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90143-8.
29. Garfunkel, Z. (1997), The history and formation of the Dead Sea Basin, in The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Settings, edited by T. M. Niemi, Z. Ben-Avraham, and J. Gat, pp. 36-56, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
30. Garfunkel, Z., and Z. Ben-Avraham (1996), The structure of the Dead Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 266, 155-176, doi:10.1016/ S0040-1951(96)00188-6.
31. Garfunkel, Z., and Z. Ben-Avraham (2001), Basins along the Dead Sea Transform, in Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins, Peri-Tethys Mem., vol. 6, edited by P. A. Ziegler et al., pp. 607-627, Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., Paris.
32. Ginzburg, A., and Z. Ben-Avraham (1997), A seismic refraction study of the northern basin of the Dead Sea, Israel, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2063-2066, doi:10.1029/97GL01884.
33. Ginzburg, A., J. Makris, K. Fuchs, and C. Prodehl (1981), The structure of the crust and upper mantle in the Dead Sea Rift, Tectonophysics, 80, 109-119, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90144-X.
34. Goelke, M., S. Cloetingh, and K. Fuchs (1994), Finite-element modelling of pull-apart basin formation, Tectonophysics, 240, 45-57, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)90263-1.
35. Hurwitz, S., Z. Garfunkel, Y. Ben-Gai, M. Reznikov, Y. Rotstein, and H. Gvirtzman (2002), The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations in the Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea transform, Tectonophysics, 359, 289-306, doi:10.1016/ S0040-1951(02)00516-4.
36. Izzeldin, A. Y. (1987), Seismic, gravity and magnetic surveys in the central part of the Red Sea; their interpretation and implications for the structure and evolution of the Red Sea, Tectonophysics, 143, 269-306, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90214-9.
37. Joffe, S., and Z. Garfunkel (1987), Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea: A re-evaluation, Tectonophysics, 141, 5-22, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(97)90171-5.
38. Jolivet, L., P. Huchon, J.-P. Brun, X. Le Pichon, N. Charnot-Rooke, and J.-C. Thomas (1991), Arc deformation and marginal basin opening: Japan Sea as a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4367-4384, doi:10.1029/ 90JB02455.
39. Kashai, E. L., and P. F. Croker (1987), Structural geometry and evolution of the Dead Sea-Jordan rift system as deduced from new subsurface data, Tectonophysics, 141, 33-35, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(87) 90173-9.
40. Katzman, R., U. S. ten Brink, and J. Lin (1995), Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins; implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6295-6312, doi:10.1029/ 94JB03101.
41. Kocyigit, A., A. Yilmaz, S. Adamia, and S. Kuloshvili (2001), Neotectonics of east Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting, Geodin. Acta, 14, 177-195, doi:10.1016/S0985-3111(00) 01064-0.
42. Larsen, B. D., Z. Ben-Avraham, and H. Shulman (2002), Fault and salt tectonics in the southern Dead Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 346, 71-90, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00229-3.
43. Lazar, M. (2004), Tectonic processes along the northern edges of pull-apart basins in the Dead Sea rift: A case study from the northern Dead Sea, Ph.D. thesis, 140 pp., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv, Israel.
44. Lazar, M., Z. Ben-Avraham, and U. Schattner (2006), Formation of sequential basins along a strike-slip fault - Geophysical observations from the Dead Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 421, 53-69, doi:10.1016/ j.tecto.2006.04.007.
45. Le Pichon, X., and J. M. Gaulier (1988), The rotation of Arabia and the Levant fault system, Tectonophysics, 153, 271-294, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(88)90020-0.
46. McKenzie, D. P., D. Davies, and P. Molnar (1970), Plate tectonics of the Red Sea and east Africa, Nature, 226, 243-248, doi:10.1038/ 226243a0.
47. Mohsen, A., R. Kind, S. V. Sobolev, M. Weber, and Desert Group (2006), Thickness of the lithosphere east of the Dead Sea Transform, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 845-852, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03185.x.
48. Neev, D., and J. K. Hall (1979), Geophysical investigations in the Dead Sea, Sediment. Geol., 23, 209-238, doi:10.1016/ 0037-0738(79)90015-0.
49. Niemi, T. M., Z. Ben-Avraham, and J. Gat (Eds.) (1997), The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Settings, 298 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
50. Petrunin, A., and S. V. Sobolev (2006), What controls thickness of sediments and lithospheric deformation at a pull-apart basin?, Geology, 34, 389-392, doi:10.1130/G22158.1.
51. Quennell, A. M. (1958), The structural and geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea rift, Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, 114, 1-24.
52. Quennell, A. M. (1959), Tectonics of the Dead Sea rift, paper presented at the 20th International Geological Congress, Assoc. de Serv. Geol. Afr., Mexico City, Mexico.
53. Rahe, B., D. A. Ferrill, and A. P. Morris (1998), Physical analog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution, Tectonophysics, 285, 21-40, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00193-5.
54. Reilinger, R., et al. (2006), GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
55. Rodgers, D. A. (1980), Analysis of pull-apart basin development produced by en echelon strike-slip faults, in Sedimentation in Oblique-Slip Mobile Zones, edited by P. F. Balance and H. G. Reading, Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sediment., 4, 27-41.
56. Ruppert, S., M. M. Fliedner, and G. Zandt (1998), Thin crust and active upper mantle beneath the southern Sierra Nevada in the western United States, Tectonophysics, 286, 237-252, doi:10.1016/ S0040-1951(97)00268-0.
57. Sagy, A., Z. Reches, and A. Agnon (2003), Hierarchic three-dimensional structure and slip partitioning in the western Dead Sea pull-apart, Tectonics, 22(1), 1004, doi:10.1029/2001TC001323.
58. Segall, P., and D. D. Pollard (1980), Mechanics of discontinuous faults, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4337-4350, doi:10.1029/JB085iB08p04337.
59. Sengör, A. M. C., N. Görür, and F. Saroglu (1985), Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape; Turkey as a case study, in Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, edited by K. T. Biddle and N. Christie-Blick, SEPM Spec. Publ., 37, 227-264.
60. Shamir, G. (2006), The active structure of the Dead Sea Depression, in New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, edited by Y. Enzel, A. Agnon, and M. Stein, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 401, 15-32.
61. Sims, D., D. A. Ferrill, and J. A. Stamatakos (1999), Role of a ductile decollement in the development of pull-apart basins: Experimental results and natural examples, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 533-554, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00010-3.
62. Smit, J. (2005), Brittle-ductile coupling in thrust wedges and continental transforms, Ph.D. thesis, 115 pp, Vrije Univ., Amsterdam.
63. Sylvester, A. G. (1988), Strike-slip faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1666-1703, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1988)100<1666:SSF>2.3.CO;2.
64. ten Brink, U. S., and Z. Ben-Avraham (1989), The anatomy of a pull-apart basin; seismic reflection observations of the Dead Sea Basin, Tectonics, 8, 333-350, doi:10.1029/TC008i002p00333.
65. ten Brink, U. S., Z. Ben-Avraham, R. E. Bell, M. Hassouneh, D. F. Coleman, G. Andreasen, G. Tibor, and B. J. Coakley (1993), Structure of the Dead Sea pull-apart basin from gravity analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21,877-21,894.
66. ten Brink, U. S., M. Rybakov, A. S. Al-Zoubi, M. Hassouneh, U. Frieslander, A. T. Batayneh, V. Goldschmidt, M. N. Daoud, Y. Rotstein, and J. K. Hall (1999), Anatomy of the Dead Sea Transform; does it reflect continuous changes in plate motion?, Geology, 27, 887-890, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0887:AOTDST>2.3.CO;2.
67. Wakabayashi, J., J. V. Hengesh, and T. L. Sawyer (2004), Four-dimensional transform fault processes: progressive evolution of step-overs and bends, Tectonophysics, 392, 279-301, doi:10.1016/ j.tecto.2004.04.013.
68. Wdowinski, S., and E. Zilberman (1997), Systematic analyses of the large-scale topography and structure across the Dead Sea Rift, Tectonics, 16, 409-424, doi:10.1029/97TC00814.
69. Weinberger, R., Z. B. Begin, N. Waldmann, M. Gardosh, G. Baer, A. Frumkin, and S. Wdowinski (2006), Quaternary rise of the Sedom Diapir, Dead Sea Basin, in New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, edited by Y. Enzel, A. Agnon, and M. Stein, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 401, 33-51.
70. Wright, L. A., and B. W. Troxel (Eds.) (1999), Cenozozic Basins of the Death Valley Region, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 333, 392 pp.
71. Zak, I., and R. Freund (1981), Asymmetry and basin migration in the Dead Sea Rift, Tectonophysics, 80, 27-38, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(81)90140-2.