Context-dependent effects of fishing: Variation in trophic cascades across environmental gradients

Ecological Applications

Volumn 18, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1860-1873

  Shears, Nick T ^a,c   Babcock, Russell C ^b   Salomon, Anne K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Community structure; Context dependency; Environmental gradients; Fishing; Kelp forests; Macroalgae; Marine protected areas; Marine reserves; Sea urchins; Temperate reefs; Trophic cascades; Wave exposure

Indexed keywords

ECHINOIDEA; EVECHINUS CHLOROTICUS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMASS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FISH; FOOD CHAIN; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; KELP; NEW ZEALAND; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATION; SEA URCHIN;

ANIMALS; BIOMASS; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FISHES; FOOD CHAIN; KELP; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEW ZEALAND; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; SEA URCHINS;

EID: 62149130995     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/07-1776.1     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Agrawal, A. A., et al. 2007. Filling key gaps in population and community ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:145-152. (Pubitemid 46598273)
2. Andrew, N. L., and J. H. Choat. 1982. The influence of predation and conspecific adults on the abundance of juvenile Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echinometridae). Oecologia 54:80-87. (Pubitemid 13283296)
3. Andrew, N. L., and J. H. Choat. 1985. Habitat related differences in the growth and survivorship of juvenile echinoids. Marine Ecology Progress Series 27:155-161.
4. Annala, J. H., K. J. Sullivan, N. W. M. Smith, M. H. Griffiths, P. R. Todd, P. M. Mace, and A. M. Connell. 2004. Report from the Fishery Assessment Plenary, May 2004: stock assessments and yield estimates. Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand.
5. Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134.
6. Barrett, N., G. J. Edgar, C. D. Buxton, and M. Haddon. 2007. Changes in fish assemblages following 10 years of protection in Tasmanian marine protected areas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:141-157. (Pubitemid 46661998)
7. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 1998. Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-Theoretic approach. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
8. Burrows, M. T., R. Harvey, and L. Robb. 2008. Wave exposure indices from digital coastlines and the prediction of rocky shore community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:1-12. (Pubitemid 351262584)
9. Choat, J. H., and D. R. Schiel. 1982. Patterns of distribution and abundance of large brown algae and invertebrate herbivores in subtidal regions of northern New Zealand. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 60: 129-162.
10. Croll, D. A., J. L. Maron, J. A. Estes, E. M. Danner, and G. V. Byrd. 2005. Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra. Science 307:1959-1961. (Pubitemid 40404704)
11. Daskalov, G. M., A. N. Grishin, S. Rodionov, and V. Mihneva. 2007. Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 104:10518-10523. (Pubitemid 47185697)
12. Dayton, P. K. 1985. The structure and regulation of some South American kelp communities. Ecological Monographs 55:447-468.
13. Dayton, P. K., M. J. Tegner, P. B. Edwards, and K. L. Riser. 1998. Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities. Ecological Applications 8:309-322. (Pubitemid 28209607)
14. Dayton, P. K., M. J. Tegner, P. B. Edwards, and K. L. Riser. 1999. Temporal and spatial scales of kelp demography: The role of oceanographic climate. Ecological Monographs 69: 219-250. (Pubitemid 29194946)
15. Denny, C. M., T. J. Willis, and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Rapid recolonisation of snapper Pagrus auratus: Sparidae within an offshore island marine reserve after implementation of notake status. Marine Ecology Progress Series 272:183-190. (Pubitemid 38831292)
16. Duggins, D. O., C. A. Simenstad, and J. A. Estes. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245:170-173. (Pubitemid 20419197)
17. Edgar, G. J., and N. S. Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242:107-144. (Pubitemid 29448869)
18. Edgar, G. J., R. H. Bustamante, J. M. Farina, M. Calvopina, C. Martinez, and M. V. Toral-Granda. 2004. Bias in evaluating the effects of marine protected areas: The importance of baseline data for the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Environmental Conservation 31:212-218. (Pubitemid 40186431)
19. Elmhagen, B., and S. P. Rushton. 2007. Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: Top-down or bottom-up? Ecology Letters 10:197-206.
20. Elner, R. W., and R. L. Vadas. 1990. Inference in ecology: The sea urchin phenomenon in the northwestern Atlantic. American Naturalist 136:108-125.
21. Elser, J. J., and C. R. Goldman. 1991. Zooplankton effects on phytoplankton in lakes of contrasting trophic status. Limnology and Oceanography 36:64-90.
22. Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65:75-100.
23. Foster, M. S. 1990. Organisation of macroalgal assemblages in the Northeast Pacific: The assumption of homogeneity and the illusion of generality. Hydrobiologia 192:21-33.
24. Frank, K. T., B. Petrie, N. L. Shackell, and J. S. Choi. 2006. Reconciling differences in trophic control in mid-latitude marine ecosystems. Ecology Letters 9:1096-1105. (Pubitemid 44401582)
25. Gorman, R. M., K. R. Bryan, and A. K. Laing. 2003. Wave hindcast for the New Zealand region: nearshore validation and coastal wave climate. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37:567-588. (Pubitemid 38062146)
26. Grace, R. V. 1983. Zonation of sublittoral rocky bottom marine life and its changes from the outer to the inner Hauraki Gulf, northeastern New Zealand. Tane 29:97-108.
27. Guidetti, P. 2006. Marine reserves reestablish lost predatory interactions and cause community changes in rocky reefs. Ecological Applications 16:963-976. (Pubitemid 44066061)
28. Guidetti, P., and E. Sala. 2007. Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 335:43-56. (Pubitemid 46797393)
29. Haggitt, T. R. 2004. Demography and biochemistry of Ecklonia radiata (Laminarales) in north-eastern New Zealand. Dissertation. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
30. Harrold, C., and D. C. Reed. 1985. Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure. Ecology 66:1160-1169. (Pubitemid 17243624)
31. Hunter, M. D., and P. W. Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724-732.
32. Jackson, J. B. C., et al. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638.
33. Kelly, S., D. Scott, A. B. MacDiarmid, and R. C. Babcock. 2000. Spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii, recovery in New Zealand marine reserves. Biological Conservation 92:359-369. (Pubitemid 30086828)
34. Korpinen, S., V. Jormalainen, and T. Honkanen. 2007. Bottom-up and cascading top-down control of macroalgae along a depth gradient. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 343:52-63. (Pubitemid 46281947)
35. Lafferty, K. D. 2004. Fishing for lobsters indirectly increases epidemics in sea urchins. Ecological Applications 14:1566-1573. (Pubitemid 39385170)
36. Littell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup, and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS system for mixed models. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
37. Menge, B. A., et al. 2003. Coastal oceanography sets the pace of rocky intertidal community dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 100:12229-12234. (Pubitemid 37271543)
38. Menge, B. A., and J. P. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist 130:730-757.
39. Micheli, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, S. Gambaccini, I. Bertocci, C. Borsini, G. C. Osio, and F. Roman. 2005. Cascading human impacts, marine protected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages. Ecological Monographs 75:81-102. (Pubitemid 40295189)
40. Miller, R. J. 1985. Succession in sea urchin and seaweed abundance in Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Biology 84:275-276.
41. Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. The third Tansley Lecture. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:667-685.
42. Paine, R. T. 1991. Between Scylla and Charybdis: do some kinds of criticism merit a response? Oikos 62:90-92.
43. Parnell, P. E., P. K. Dayton, C. E. Lennert-Cody, L. L. Rasmussen, and J. J. Leichter. 2006. Marine reserve design: optimal size, habitats, species affinities, diversity, and ocean microclimate. Ecological Applications 16:945-962. (Pubitemid 44066060)
44. Phillips, N. E., and J. S. Shima. 2006. Differential effects of suspended sediments on larval survival and settlement of New Zealand urchins Evechinus chloroticus and abalone Haliotis iris. Marine Ecology Progress Series 314:149-158. (Pubitemid 43989685)
45. Polis, G. A., A. L. W. Sears, G. R. Huxel, D. R. Strong, and J. Maron. 2000. When is a trophic cascade a trophic cascade? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:473-475.
46. Power, M. E. 1992. Top-down and bottom-up forces in foodwebs: Do plants have primacy? Ecology 73:733-746.
47. Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2006. Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 230:96-106.
48. Russ, G. R., B. Stockwell, and A. C. Alcala. 2005. Inferring versus measuring rates of recovery in no-Take marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292:1-12. (Pubitemid 40809855)
49. Sala, E., C. F. Boudouresque, and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 1998. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the structure of algal assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm. Oikos 82:425-439. (Pubitemid 28370186)
50. Salomon, A. K., N. T. Shears, T. J. Langlois, and R. C. Babcock. 2008. Cascading effects of fishing can alter carbon flow through a temperate coastal ecosystem. Ecological Applications 18:1874-1887.
51. Sharples, J., C. M. Moore, and E. R. Abraham. 2001. Internal tide dissipation, mixing, and vertical nitrate flux at the shelf edge of NE New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 106:14069-14081.
52. Shears, N. T., and R. C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131-142. (Pubitemid 36080223)
53. Shears, N. T., and R. C. Babcock. 2003. Continuing trophic cascade effects after 25 years of no-Take marine reserve protection. Marine Ecology Progress Series 246:1-16. (Pubitemid 36198867)
54. Shears, N. T., and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Community composition and structure of shallow subtidal reefs in northeastern New Zealand. Science for Conservation 245.Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
55. Shears, N. T., and N. R. Usmar. 2006. Response of reef fish to partial and no-Take protection at Mayor Island (Tuhua). Department of Conservation Research and Development Series 243:31. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
56. Siddon, C. E., and J. D. Witman. 2003. Influence of chronic, low-level hydrodynamic forces on subtidal community structure. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 261:99-110. (Pubitemid 37425115)
57. Sivertsen, K. 1997. Geographic and environmental factors affecting the distribution of kelp beds and barren grounds and changes in biota associated with kelp reduction at sites along the Norwegian coast. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:2872-2887. (Pubitemid 28189756)
58. Steneck, R. S., and M. N. Dethier. 1994. A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communities. Oikos 69:476-498. (Pubitemid 2099085)
59. Vadas, R. L., and R. S. Steneck. 1995. Overfishing and inferences in kelp-sea urchin interactions. Pages 509-524 in H. R. Skjoldal, C. Hopkins, K. E. Erickstad, and H. P. Leinaas, editors. Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier Science, B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
60. van de Koppel, J., J. Huisman, R. vanderWal, and H. Olff. 1996. Patterns of herbivory along a productivity gradient: An empirical and theoretical investigation. Ecology 77:736-745. (Pubitemid 126494904)
61. Vanderklift, M. A., and G. A. Kendrick. 2004. Variation in abundances of herbivorous invertebrates in temperate subtidal rocky reef habitats. Marine and Freshwater Research 55:93-103. (Pubitemid 38362365)
62. Walker, J. W. 2007. Effects of fine sediments on settlement and survival of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus in northeastern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 331:109-118. (Pubitemid 46408723)
63. Watanabe, J. M., and C. Harrold. 1991. Destructive grazing by sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp. in a central California USA kelp forest: potential roles of recruitment, depth, and predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 71:125-141.
64. Wharton, W. G., and K. H. Mann. 1981. Relationship between destructive grazing by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and the abundance of American lobster, Homarus americanus, on the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:1339-1349.
65. Willis, T. J., R. B. Millar, and R. C. Babcock. 2003. Protection of exploited fishes in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:214-227. (Pubitemid 36524542)
66. Witman, J. D., and K. R. Grange. 1998. Links between rain, salinity, and predation in a rocky subtidal community. Ecology 79:2429-2447. (Pubitemid 28472081)
67. Zeldis, R. J., R. A. Walters, M. J. N. Greig, and K. Image. 2004. Circulation over northeastern New Zealand continental slope, shelf and adjacent Hauraki Gulf, during spring and summer. Continental Shelf Research 24:543-561. (Pubitemid 38307978)