From Aristotelian λεcombining acute accentξις to elocutio

Rhetorica - Journal of the History of Rhetoric

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 47-80

  Calboli, Gualtiero ^a  

^a NONE   (Italy)

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EID: 61949418614     PISSN: 07348584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/rh.1998.16.1.47     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. R. Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship, From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).
2. This is the opinion of F. Montanari in La philologie grecque à l'époque hellénistique et romaine, ed. F. Montanari (Vandoeuvres - Genève: Fondation Hardt, Entretiens XL, 1994), p. 29.
3. I agree with him but recall that Pfeiffer also pointed out the importance of Aristotle and the Peripatos for Hellenistic philology: cf., e.g., pp. 192;
4. 197 of the Italian translation by M. Gigante and S. Cerasuolo (Napoli: Macchiaroli, 1973).
5. The origin and development of the doctrine of tropes and figures is not clear. It has been investigated by K. Barwick, Probleme der stoischen Sprachlehre und Rhetorik (Berlin: Abhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Philol.-hist. Kl., Bd. 49, Hft. 3, Akademie-Verlag, 1957), pp. 88-111, but must be reconsidered now (see below).
6. Cf. Cic. Brut. 306;
7. Tusc. 2.9. When did Philo come to Rome?
8. The answer is given by W. Kroll in his Commentary ad loc, p. 217f.: "Die glücklichen Erfolge des Mithridates verleiteten die Athener, an deren Spitze sich der Peripatetiker Aristo stellte, im J. 88 von den Römern abzufallen und sich mit Archelaus, dem Feldherrn des Mithridates, zu verbünden. Die Optimaten, welche treu zu den Römern hielten, mußten nun flüchten".
9. Cf. also J.-M. David, Le patronat judiciaire au dernier siècle de la republique romaine (Roma: Ecole Française de Rome, Palais Farnèse, 1992), pp. 371 f.
10. C. Lévy, "Le mythe de la naissance de la civilisation chez Cicéron", in Mathesis e Philia, Studi in onore di M. Gigante (Napoli: Dipartimento di Filologia Classica, 1995), pp. 155-168.
11. G. Achard, Rhétorique à Herennius (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1989), pp. xxviii-xxx
12. J.-M. David, Le patronat judiciaire, pp. 369 f.
13. Cf. G. Calboli, "L'oratore M.Antonio e la «Rhetorica ad Herennium»", Giornale Italiano di Filologia, n.s. 3 (1972): 120-177, here pp. 149-172.
14. There is a parallel between the secularization of the juridical culture in Rome and the expansion of Greek rhetoric from the very beginning of the first century B.C. The secularisation of the juridical activity began before Q. Mucius Scaevola (cos. 95) but with Scaevola's Iuris Civilis Libri XVIII we have the first great work written by a jurist: on this work see F. P. Bremer, Iurisprudentiae Antehadrianae Quae Supersunt (Leipzig: B.G.Teubner, 1896), I, pp. 58-103
15. A. Schiavone, Giuristi e Nobili nella Roma Repubblicana (Bari: Laterza, 1987), pp. 25-49.
16. Cf. E. Gabba, Esercito e Società nella Tarda Repubblica Romana (Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1973), pp. 383-406.
17. Cf. E. S. Gruen, Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy (Leiden: Brill, 1990), pp. 187-191
18. 2), pp. 503-506.
19. On this subject see A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster and J. Wisse, M. Tullius Cicero, De oratore libri III, Kommentar, 4. Band: Buch II, 291-367;
20. Buch III, 1-95 (Heidelberg: C.Winter, 1996), p. 305. I agree with the idea expressed on this page that a political intention cannot be excluded from the censorial action of 92 B.C.
21. The presumption of R. A. Kaster in denying any intention of this kind without considering the arguments of J. -M. David is not his only over-simplification and needs no further commentary: Cf. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus, ed. with a Translation, Introduction and Commentary by R. A. Kaster (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995), p. 293.
22. La dottrina degli "status" nella retorica greca e romana (Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann, 1986), pp. 197-206.
23. On the εcombining comma aboveγκύκ λιος παιδεί α see K. Barwick, Das rednerische Bildungsideal Ciceros (Berlin: Abhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Philol.-hist. Kl., Bd. 54, Hft. 3, Akademie-Verlag, 1963), pp. 13-17
24. G. Calboli, "La formazione oratoria di Cicerone", Vichiana 2 (1965): 3-30, here pp. 12-22.
25. The Rhodian school has been described by F. Della Corte, "Rodi e l'istituzione dei pubblici studi", in Opuscula I (Genova: Pubbl. dell'Istituto di Filologia Classica, 1971), pp. 12-15
26. F. Portalupi, Sulla corrente rodiese (Torino: G.Giappichelli, 1957), pp. 10-19. Both must be used with prudence. Hermagoras von Temnos has been considered a Rhodian by Della Corte and Portalupi, but we know only the origin (Temnos)
27. and almost nothing more of Hermagoras: see D. Matthes, "Hermagoras von Temnos 1904-1955", Lustrum 3 (1958): 58-214, here pp. 70-72.
28. K. Barwick, Probleme, pp. 102 ff.
29. De Theophrasti virtutibus dicendi (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1912), pp. 9-28.
30. Recently by D. Innes, "Theophrastus and the Theory of Style", in Theophrastus of Eresus, On His Life and Work, ed. W. W. Fortenbaugh-P. M. Huby-A. A. Long (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities, Vol. 2, Transaction Books, 1985), pp. 251-267.
31. See G. L. Hendrickson, "The Peripatetic Mean of Style and the Three Stylistic Characters", American Journal of Philology 25 (1904): 125-146;
32. in particular p.136: "the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean could never have tolerated the definition of types of style in the sense of the χαρακτη̂ρες λέξεως conceived of as types of individualism"
33. p. 140: "Manifestly the μεσότη ς was to Theophrastus not a style, but the style"
34. id., "The Origin and Meaning of the Ancient Characters of Style", American Journal of Philology 26 (1905): 250-290, here p. 290
35. J. Stroux, De Theophrasti virtutibus dicendi pp. 107-111
36. R. Nicolai, La storiografia nell'educazione antica (Pisa: Giardini, 1992), p. 120, n. 169.
37. "The Peripatetic Mean of Style", p. 142.
38. De Theophrasti virtutibus dicendi, p. 107.
39. I have already discussed this subject in G. Calboli, "Oratore senza microfono", in "Ars Rhetorica" Antica e Nuova (Genova: Istituto di Filologia Classica e Medievale, Università di Genova, 1983), pp. 23-53, here pp. 31-35.
40. "middle" is mine, to remain closer to Aristotle's text; "circumflex" is the adjective used by Kennedy.
41. For English translations of Aristotle's Rhetoric I am indebted to G. Kennedy, Aristotle, On Rhetoric, a Theory of Civic Discourse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
42. Instead of "delivery" it seems better to use the term "performance". That is the opinion of E. Fantham, "Quintilian on Performance: Traditional and Personal Elements in Institutio 11.3", Phoenix 36 (1982): 243-263, here p. 243
43. and W. W. Fortenbaugh, "Theophrastus on Delivery", in Theophrastus of Eresus, cit. in n. 17 above, pp. 269-288, here p.288 n. 49, who accepts Fantham's translation of υcombining reversed comma aboveπόκρισις.
44. It is likely that the υcombining reversed comma aboveπο ́κρισις was first developed by Theophrastus, who attached great importance to delivery, as appears from the following passage of Theophrastus quoted by Athanasius: Theoph. Athan. Proleg. Hermog. De Stat., RhG XIV 177.3-8 Rabe.
45. "However, also Theophrastus the philosopher says in like manner that delivery is for an orator the greatest (help) in regard to persuasion. (He says this) referring to the principles and the emotions of the soul and the knowledge of these, so that the movement of the body and the pitch of the voice are in harmony with the entire science" = frg. 712 FHS&G in Theophrastus of Eresus. Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and Influence, ed. and transl. by W. W. Fortenbaugh, P. M. Huby, R. W. Sharples and D. Gutas (Leiden: Brill 1992).
46. See W. Ax, Laut, Stimme und Sprache. Studien zu drei Grundbegriffen der antiken Sprachtheorie (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986), pp. 158-162
47. M. Frede, "Principles of Stoic Grammar", in Essays in Ancient Philosophy, ed. M. Frede (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), pp. 301-325
48. D. M. Schenkeveld, "The Stoic Τέχνη περὶ φωνη̂ς", Mnemosyne 43 (1990): 86-108, here pp. 93-95
49. id. "Scholarship and Grammar", in La philologie grecque à l'époque hellénistique et romaine, ed. F. Montanari (Vandoeuvres - Genève: Fondation Hardt, Entretiens XL, 1994), pp. 263-306, here p. 272.
50. The Stoic, p. 104;
51. cf. W. Ax, "Quadripertita Ratio: Bemerkungen zur Geschichte eines aktuellen Kategoriensystems (Adiectio - Detractio - Transmutatio - Immutatio)", Historiographia Linguistica 13 (1986): 191-214, here pp. 158 ff..
52. See G. Calboli, Studi Grammaticali (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1962), pp. 154-156.
53. Praxiphanes is called Μιτυληναι ̂ος (Mytilenus) by both Clemens (Stromateis I cap. xvi 79.3
54. Wehrli fr. 10, ix, p. 96)
55. and the Vita Arati Latina (Commentariorum in Aratum reliquiae, ed. E.Maass, p. 149
56. Wehrli fr. 17, ix, p. 98)
57. but he is placed in the group of the celebrated Rhodian personalities by Strabon (xiv 2, 13 (655)
58. Wehrli fr. 1, ix, p. 93).
59. Wehrli thinks that Praxiphanes stayed in Rhodes where a Peripatetic school was established after Eudemos came back to the island from Athens: F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, Texte und Kommentar, Heft IX: Phainias von Eresos, Chamaileon, Praxiphanes (Basel/Stuttgart: Schwabe & Co, 2.Auflage, 1968-1969), p. 105.
60. Cf. F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles IX, pp. 105 f.;
61. G. Calboli, Studi, pp. 154 ff.
62. Cf. W. W. Fortenbaugh, "Theophrastus on Delivery", p. 272
63. and the fragments 273-298 B FHS&G.
64. See G. M. A. Grube, "Theophrastus as a Literary Critic", TAPhA 83 (1952): 172-183, here p. 175
65. D. Innes, "Theophrastus and the Theory of Style", p. 253.
66. G. M. A. Grube, A Greek Critic: Demetrius on Style (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), p. 111, recalls that Theophrastus' idea is connected with brevity, which is typical of the γένος ιcombining comma aboveσχνόν.
67. We must not miss this point, because brevity has been presented by Plato, Prot. 342d-e, as a very useful philosophical tool specific to the Spartan people.
68. In Plato's opinion, the Spartans were philosophically educated very well. Actually Plato writes: γνοι̂τε δ' αcombining reversed comma abovèν οcombining comma abovéτι εcombining reversed comma aboveγω ̀ ταυ̂τα αcombining comma aboveληθη̂ λέγω καὶ Λακεδαιμ όνι οι πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν καὶ λόγου ς αcombining comma abovéριστα πεπαίδευνται (Plato, Prot. 342d).
69. This is another point of view but it also regards the behaviour of the speaker towards the audience as a way of influencing the hearers as suggested by Theophrastus (on Laconian brevity see M. S. Celentano, "La laconicità: un atteggiamento etico-linguistico, una qualità retorica, un criterio estetico", in Studi di retorica oggi in Italia, ed. A. Pennacini (Bologna: Pitagora, 1987), pp. 110-115.
70. "Theophrastus and the Theory of Style", pp. 261 f.
71. It would be interesting to clarify whether a link existed between Philodemus and Peripatetic rhetoric. A connection with the Peripatetic Critolaus has been claimed by Radermacher and Sudhaus (vol. I, p. XXVII)
72. but Durandi showed that Philodemus, in agreement with Epicurus, criticized Aristotle for abandoning philosophy to rhetoric, see T. Dorandi, "Epicuro contro Aristotele sulla Retorica", in Peripatetic Rhetoric after Aristotle, ed. W. W. Fortenbaugh and D. C. Mirhady (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities VI, Transaction Publishers, 1994), pp. 111-120.
73. Probleme, pp. 95f.; 102-110.
74. The Art of Persuasion in Greece (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 276f.
75. Barwick, Probleme, pp. 97-110.
76. "Figures and tropes. A border-case between grammar and rhetoric", in Rhetorik zwischen den Wissenschaften, ed. G. Ueding (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1991), pp. 149-157;
77. "Scholarship and Grammar", pp. 263 ff. with reference to previous papers).
78. This idea has already been hinted at by Barwick, Probleme, p. 102.
79. The Greek and Roman correspondences to these tropes are given in my edition Cornifici Rhetorica ad C. Herennium, pp. 374-395
80. and in "Rhetorica ad Herennium" -Rhetorik an Herennius, Incerti Auctoris Libri IV de arte dicendi, Eines Unbekannten 4 Bücher über Redekunst, ed. F. Müller (Aachen: Verlag Shaker, 1994), pp. 231-233. The ancient rhetoricians were uncertain whether the υcombining reversed comma aboveπερβότον (superlatio) was a trope or a figure.
81. Quintilian himself puts the υcombining reversed comma aboveπερβατόν into both tropes (Inst. 8.6.62-67) and figures (9.1.3). The same is done by Quintilian of the περίφρασις and the οcombining comma aboveνοματοπ οιί α.
82. As examples in the passage just quoted of the Rhet.Her. 4.45 we find: "Italiam tumultus expergefecit, extinxit civitatem, cottidianis nuptiis delectatur, explere inimicitias - crudelitatem saturare, in rebus difficillimis aspiravit, rei publicae rationes exaruerunt, revirdescent." The metaphors are: Italiam, civitatem, inimicitias, crudelitatem considered as human beings, nuptiis instead of an obscene word, aspiravit instead of favit where a favourable wind is understood as replacement of a person, exaruerunt and revirdescent as a badly or well cultivated garden instead of a badly or well administered state. In all these cases the metaphor concerns specifically only one word, but to construct it the author frequently needs two words (cottidianis nuptiis, explere inimicitias, crudelitatem saturare, rationes exaruerunt, [rationes] revirdescent).
83. The same is the case with Aristotle's metaphor, e.g. by the αcombining reversed comma aboveνάλογ ον: Poet. 1457 b 20.
84. I give the text as it has been read by Francesca Longo Auricchio who kindly checked for me the papyrus and the Neapolitan drawing and sent me the new text in a letter of November 15th, 1996. I very much thank Prof. Longo Auricchio for her help. The new text is not very different from the text by Sudhaus, but the reading of Prof. Longo Auricchio shows that some reconstructions by Sudhaus are actually present in the papyrus and at one point, at the end of the passage, Sudhaus's reading μέγε θος cannot be accepted. The translation is mine and here I propose tentatively the integration με [σότ ητ]α so as to accord with the theory of three (or four) styles, see Dion.Hal. mim.31.2, II 206.21 f. U.-R.
85. and Consulti Fortunatiani Ars Rhetorica, Introduzione, Edizione Critica, Traduzione e Commento ed. L. Calboli Montefusco (Bologna: Pàtron, 1979), pp. 447 f. Prof. Longo Auricchio kindly sent me a xerocopy of the Neapolitan drawing where it is possible to distinguish clearly two other letters of the missing word. These letters are TH. So we actually have ME...TH...A and it is not difficult to suppose μεσότητα .
86. Already H. Schrader, "ΣΧΗΜΑ und ΤΡΟΠΟΣ in den Homer-Scholien. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte beider Wörter", Hermes 39 (1904): 563-603, here p. 591 Anm. 3
87. has proposed μεσότητ' without any doubt and has written: "Ohne Zweifel ist Philod. p. 165, 4 das μ...zu μεσότητ', nicht mit Sudhaus zu μέγεθος, zu ergänzen". It seems to me that we have now, thanks to Prof. Longo Auricchio's new examination, more evidence in favour of μεσ ότητα.
88. "Figures and tropes", p. 156.
89. Diog. Laert. 9.53 f.
90. See G. Calboli, "I modi del verbo greco e latino 1903-1966", Lustrum 11 (1966): 173-349, here p. 176;
91. D. M. Schenkeveld, "Stoic and Peripatetic Kinds of Speech Act and the Distinction of Grammatical Moods", Mnemosyne 37 (1984): 291-353, here pp. 292 f.
92. Arist. Poet. 1457 b3 f.
93. "By 'standard term' I mean one used by a community" (Trans. by S. Halliwell).
94. In the same passage Aristotle cites the οcombining reversed comma aboveμοιοτέλευτ ον and the πτω̂σις (Rhet. 1410 a 27 and 1410 b 1) and it must be said that his knowledge of the Gorgianic figures, the παρονομασι ́α excepted, is complete.
95. As for the παρονομασι ́α, Ax, "Quadripertita Ratio" pp. 208-210, demonstrated that the four criteria of the adiectio, detractio, transmutatio and immutatio which produce the παρονομασι ́α are originally Aristotelian (see below). Therefore we can say that none of the Gorgianic figures is outside the Peripatetic attention.
96. Cornifici Rhetorica ad C. Herennium, p. 374;
97. Cf. U. Wilcken, "Mitteilungen aus der Würzburger Papyrussammlung", in Berliner Akademieschriften zur Alten Geschichte und Papyruskunde (1883-1942) (Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der DDR, 1970), p. 27. At p. 23 he says: "Die Vergleichung mit jenen griechischen Traktaten [die im III. Band der Ausgabe Spengels vorliegen] ergab mir, daß der Würzburger Text, dessen Handschrift (II. Jahrh.) ja bei weitem die älteste uns erhaltene Tradition darstellt, auch inhaltlich in manchen Beziehungen als altertümlicher und eine ältere Schicht der Entwicklung repräsentiert." In his commentary Wilcken has been helped by the great specialist on Greek rhetoric, Johannes Stroux.
98. D. M. Schenkeveld, "Figures and tropes", translates (p. 155) the last two lines in this way: "because the grammarians make use of these when explaining the literal or figurative expressions in poetry", and he comments thus: "Explanation of literal expressions does not entail application of the theory of tropes and here Tryphon betrays the existence of the wider sense [of trope]." However I think that grammarians also used the doctrine of tropes when they considered the κύρι α οcombining reversed comma abovéνομα τα, by explaining the κύριον οcombining comma abovéνομα through the difference with the corresponding trope (in particular with metaphor).
99. Cf. H. Schrader, ΣΧΗΜΑ und ΤΡΟΠ ΟΣ, p. 602.
100. Cf. M. Baratin, La naissance de la syntaxe à Rome (Paris: Les éditions de Minuit, 1989), pp. 292-322.
101. Sex. Emp. Adv. Math. viii. 224 f.;
102. W. Kneale and M.Kneale, The Development of Logic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), pp. 162-176
103. M. Frede, Die stoische Logik (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974), pp.136-148.
104. Frede also quotes the definition by Diogenes Laertius (vii 76).
105. Baratin, La naissance de la syntaxe à Rome, p. 317.
106. The great Stoic philosopher Poseidonios was teaching in Rhodes (see Jacoby T 2.4.6.8).
107. See P. Moraux, Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen. Von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisia (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1973), I, pp. 8-10.
108. Cf. Calboli, Cornifici Rhet. Her., p. 216
109. R. Nicolai, La storiografia, p. 125, n. 174.
110. In one case I cannot accept Schenkeveld's opinion. He writes (p. 150) that "from the very first occurrence of tropos in the sense of trope in a Greek text [Philodemus, Rhet. I, 164, 18ff.] tropes are not confined to single words." As we have already seen the trope is explained through the example of both metaphor and allegory.
111. The metaphor is clearly and constantly related to a single word and allegory is considerd a chain of metaphors (Rhet. Her. 4.46;
112. Cic. orat. 94 "iam cum fluxerunt continuae plures translationes, alia plane fit oratio;
113. itaque genus hoc Graeci appellant αcombining comma aboveλληγορίαν," Quint, Inst. 8.6.44 "allegoria [...] fit [..] plerumque continuatis tralationibus";
114. 9.2.46 "[ειcombining comma aboveρωνε ία] ut, quem ad modum αcombining comma aboveλληγορίαν facit continua μεταφορά, sic hoc schema faciat tropos ille contextus").
115. Allegory is termed λόγος by Tryphon, III 193.9 Sp.
116. but λεcombining comma aboveξις by Anon. trop. III 207.11
117. and φράσις by Würz. Pap. 19.1.22.
118. On the other hand allegory has always been considered a trope. Therefore, notwithstanding Quint. Inst. 9.2.46, I am not sure that Schenkeveld is right on this point.
119. G. Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion, p. 278.
120. Cf. G. Calboli, "Cornificiana 2", Atti della Acc. delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, Memorie 51-52 (1964): 1-114, here pp. 20-29.
121. 2), p. 168
122. Calboli, Studi grammaticali, p. 260
123. J. Cousin, Quintilien, Institution oratoire (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1975-1980), V, pp. 138-141.
124. Cf. P. Moraux, Der Aristotelismus, I, p. 15.
125. See L. Calboli Montefusco, La dottrina degli "status", p. 180, n. 74
126. and also A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster and E. Rabbie, M. Tullius Cicero, De oratore libri III, Kommentar, 3. Band: Buch II, 99-290 (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1989), p. 51:
127. "Obgleich die Ambiguität bereits bei Aristoteles (Rhet. 1375b11)
128. und Anaximenes S.85, 8 F. erwähnt wird, fand sie eine eingehende dialektische Behandlung erst bei den Stoikern."
129. Cf. G. Calboli, L'oratore M. Antonio, pp. 146-149.
130. Probleme, pp. 100-110.
131. "Scholarship and Grammar", pp. 294 f.
132. M. Baratin, La naissance de la syntaxe à Rome, pp. 261-322.
133. Probleme, pp. 102 f.
134. About the distinction between uincit "fesselt" and uincit "besiegt" which was made in the spoken Latin of this time see F. Sommer, Handbuch der Lateinischen Laut und Formenlehre (Heidelberg: Winter, 1948), p. 147.
135. Cf. Cornifici Rhetorica ad Herennium, pp. 337 and 343.
136. Cf. Calboli, Cornifici Rhetorica ad Herennium pp. 340-343
137. L. Calboli Montefusco, Consulti Fortunatiani Ars Rhetorica p. 459
138. M. Squillante, De Figuris vel Schematibus, Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione e commento di M.S. (Roma: Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale, 1993), p. 154.
139. Cf. "Cornificiana 2", pp. 12-19.
140. At any rate Quintilian did not understand or appreciate the poetical origin of the metrical criterion suggested for παρον ομασία (adnominatio).
141. Cf. F. Della Corte, La filologia Latina, pp. 99-104.
142. Cf. F. Marx ed., Incerti Auctoris De ratione dicendi ad C.Herennium Libri IV, (Leipzig: Teubner, 1894) pp. 159 f.
143. This strange example from sculpture - in rhetorical works Myron, Polycleitos, Lysippus, Phydias, Alcamenes are quoted but nowhere the Rhodian Chares. This can be explained by assuming that the Rhetorica ad Herennium had a Rhodian source, cf. my Commentary, p. 284. On this argument about the Rhodian influence on De Inventione and the Rhet.Her.
144. see also the quotations of Rhodian elements by Cic. Inv. 1. 47, 2. 87, 2. 98.
145. The only Stoic element which we find in the doctrine of tropes and figures of the Rhet. Her. is the fact that the ten tropes (4. 42-46) are put together. This can be considered a first distinction from figures. But this is the same position we find in the combination of Aristotle's Poetics and Rhetoric and it is therefore difficult to see a Stoic element in such an arrangement. This confirms the prevailing Peripatetic nature of such a doctrine in Rhet. Her.
146. Cf. W. W. Fortenbaugh, "Theophrastus, the Characters and Rhetoric", in Peripatetic Rhetoric after Aristotle, cit. in n. 35 above, pp. 15-35, here p. 29.
147. The question of the authenticity of the 'Definitions' in the Characters has been reconsidered recently by M. Stein, Definition und Schilderung in Theophrasts Charakteren (Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner, 1992), pp. 282-285
148. and the review by W. W. Fortenbaugh, Gnomon 68 (1996): 453-456. At any rate this aspect is not relevant to our question.
149. L. Torraca: Teofrasto, Caratteri, Introduzione, traduzione e note di LT. (Milano: Garzanti, 1994), p. xxviii.
150. Four Peripatetics must be remembered as authors of Χαρ ακτηcombining inverted breveρες, Erakleides Ponticos (Diog. Lart. v. 88)
151. Licon, Ariston and Satyros (Athen, vi 168 c-d).
152. For Licon see Rut. Lup. 2.7
153. for Ariston see Philod. De vit. X. fr. 14.i-ix Wehrli
154. (Torraca, Teofrasto, pp. xviii-xiii).
155. Cf. W. Fortenbaugh, "Theophrastus, the Characters and Rhetoric" p. 29.
156. Terenz' und Menanders Heautontimorumenos (München: C. H. Beck, 1994), p. 101.
157. "Oh, Menedemus, you're too extreme in each direction with your excessive generosity or your excessive tightfistedness; you'll fall into the same trap from the one as from the other" (trans. by A. J. Brothers).
158. See A. J. Brothers: Terence, The Self-Tormentor, Edited with translation and commentary by A. J. B. (Warminster: Arris & Philipps, 1988), p. 190: "the presence in the line of αcombining comma aboveνδρ ός "a man" seems odd in a conversation between two women"
159. On the relation between Theophrastus and Menander see now M. Massioni, Teofrasto in Menandro e Terenzio, Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca (Bologna, 1996).
160. I would say that a comparison can be made between the pagan custom of putting every important function under a god and the rhetorician's custom of inventing a figure for every linguistic function. This idea should be investigated further.
161. Greek source
162. The order of the exornationes which we find in the Rhetorica ad Herennium is the distinction between exornationes verborum (4.19-46) and exornationes sententiarum (4.47-68) and inside the first group of figures and precisely at the end of them (4. 42-46) the ten tropes which have been mentioned above. The Aristotelian order depends, of course, on the distribution of matter in each work, i.e. in the Poetics and in the Rhetoric, but in the Poetics Aristotle puts the σχήματα λέξ εως before metaphor like the author of Rhetorica ad Herennium and in the Rhetoric the Gorgianic figures before metaphor, again, like the author of Rhetorica ad Herennium.