Saiksa-dharmas revisited: Further considerations of mahasamghika origins

History of Religions

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 258-270

  Prebish, Charles S ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61949377667     PISSN: 00182710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/463427     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. See especially Marcel Hofinger, Etude sur le concile de Vaisall (Louvain: Bureaux du Muséon, 1946)
2. Andre Bareau, Les premiers conciles bouddhiques (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955)
3. Paul Demieville, "A propos du concile de Vaisall, "T'oung Pao 40 (1951): 239-96
4. and Charles S. Prebish, "A Review of Scholarship on the Buddhist Councils," Journal of Asian Studies 33, no. 2 (February 1974): 239-54
5. A summary of the basic argument regarding the new approach to Buddha's historical dating is best revealed by Richard Gombrich's article "Dating the Buddha: A Red Herring Revealed," in Die Datierung des historischen Buddha, pt. 2, ed. Heinz Bechert (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), pp. 239-59, in which Gombrich dates the death of the Buddha to around 405 B.C.E. (actually between 411 and 399)
6. A concise statement of the position on the Vais'ali council, dating the council to 70-80 years after Buddha's death, is Lance S. Cousins's "The 'Five Points' and the Origins of the Buddhist Schools," The Buddhist Forum, vol. 2, ed. Tadeusz Skorupski (New Deli: Heritage, 1992), pp. 27-31 and 54-60
7. Refer to R. O. Franke, "The Buddhist Councils at Rajagaha and Vesali as Alleged in Cullavagga XI, XII," Journal of the Pali Text Society (1908), p. 70; and Demiéville, p. 258
8. See Hofinger, p. 249, and Bareau, Les premiers conciles bouddhiques, p. 87
9. See Charles S. Prebish, Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press," 1975), pp. 70, 80, 88, and 90
10. See Jean Przyluski, Le Concile de Rajagrha (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1926-1928), pp. 309-14
11. Charles S. Prebish and Janice J. Nattier, "Mahasarnghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism," History of Religions 16, no. 3 (February 1977): 238-39
12. Thich Thien Chau, "The Literature of the Pudgalavadins," Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 7, no. 1 (1984): 7-16
13. and "Les Réponses des Pudgalavadin aux Critiques des Écoles Bouddhiques," Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10, no. 1 (1987): 33-53
14. Peter Skilling, "The Samskrtasamskrta-Vinisaya of Dasabalasrīmitra," Buddhist Studies Review 4, no. 1 (1987): 3-23
15. André Bareau, Les Secies bouddhiques du petit vehicule (Saigon: Ecole Francaise d'Extréme-Orient, 1955), pp. 17, 21
16. James Legge, trans., A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-hsien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline (reprint, New York: Paragon, Dover, 1965), p. 98. One may also refer to Fa-hsien's Chinese translation of the Mahasamghika Vinaya (Taisho 1425, 1426,1427), carried out with the assistance of Buddhabhadra between 416-418 C.E., where he offers the same conclusion
17. See Charles S. Prebish, "The Pratimoksa Puzzle: Fact versus Fantasy," Journal of the American Oriental Society 94, no. 2 (April-June 1974): 168-76
18. and "Vinaya and Pratimoksa: The Foundation of Buddhist Ethics," Studies in the History of Buddhism, ed. A. K."Narain (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1980), pp. 223-64
19. Prebish, "The Pratimoksa Puzzle," p. 174
20. John Holt, Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapitaka (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981), pp. 102-3
21. I. B. Horner, trans., The Book of the Discipline, pt. 3 (reprint, London: Luzac, 1957), p. xxviii
22. Prebish, "Vinaya and Pratimoksa," p. 251
23. The Sanskrit text for each of the rules is taken from W. Pachow and Ramakanta Mishra, eds., "The Pratimoksa Sutra of the Mahasarnghikas," Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute 10, no. 1 (November 1952); no. 2 (February 1953); no. 3 (May 1953); no. 4 (August 1953), app. 1-48
24. For another edition of the text, see Nathmal Tatia, ed., Pratimoksasutram of the Lokottaravadi-Mahasanghika School, Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series, vol. 16 (Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, 1976). The English translations are taken from Prebish, Buddhist Monastic Discipline (n. 8 above)
25. There is no Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit or Pali equivalent for osaktika. The nuns' text records the same form, but Gustav Roth offers no explanation in his edition of the text, other than to indicate that it could not be traced in any dictionary. See Gustav Roth, ed., Bhiksuni-Vinaya: Including the Bhiksuni-Prakirnaka and a Summary of the Bhiksu-Prakirnaka Arya-Mahasamghika- Lokottaravadin, Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series, vol. 12 (Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, 1970), pp. 297,349. The closest parallel is utsaktika, listed in both the Mahavyutpatti (no. 8542) and Franklin Edgerton's Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, 2 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1953) (although the latter cites the former as its source). It's only possible correspondent in the various Pratimoksa-sutras is in that of the Mulasarvastivadin nikaya (Saiksa-dharma no. 18)
26. Gustav Roth, "Bhiksunivinaya and Bhiksu-Prakirnaka and Notes on the Language," Journal of the Bihar Research Society 52, nos. 1-4 (January-December 1966): 38-39
27. Roth, Bhiksunl-Vinaya, pp. lv-lxi
28. The Pali text is adapted from the Venerable Nanamoli Thera, ed. and trans., The Patimokkha: 227 Fundamental Rules of a Bhikkhu (Bangkok: Social Science Association of Thailand, 1966). The translations are mine
29. This text appears in Valentina Stache-Rosen, trans., Upā lipariprcchāsūtra: Ein Text zur buddhislischen Ordendisziplin, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen no. 140 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984)
30. See Akira Hirakawa, "The Rise of Mahāyanā Buddhism and Its Relationship to the Worship of Stāūpas," Memoirs of the Toyo Bimkyo Research Department 22 (1963): 57-106
31. Gregory Schopen, "The Phrase 'sa prthivāūī pradeśaś caityabhūto bhavet' in the Vajracchedika: Notes on the Cult of the Book in Māhayāna," Indo-Iranian Journal 17 (1975): 147-81
32. "Māhayāna in Indian Inscriptions," Indo-Iranian Journal 21 (1979): 1-19
33. and "Two Problems in the History of Indian Buddhism: The Layman/Monk Distinction and the Doctrines of the Transference of Merit," Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 10 (1985): 9-47
34. and Paul Williams, Māhayāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 20-33
35. For a full description of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, see Charles S. Prebish, A Survey of Vinaya Literature, Dharma Lamp Series, vol. 1 (Taipei: Jin Luen Publishing House, 1994), pp. 70-76