The whiteness of Ireland under and after the union

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 115-133

  Peatling, G K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61949167801     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/424982     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 1-8
2. Colette Guillaumin, Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology (London, 1995), pp. 99-107
3. See esp. Bronwen Walter, Outsiders Inside: Whiteness, Place and Irish Women (London, 2001)
4. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1995)
5. Roddy Doyle, The Commitments (1988; London, 1998), p. 9
6. Bill Rolston, "Are the Irish Black?" Race and Class 41, nos. 1-2 (July-December 1999): 95-102, esp. 95
7. Brian Dooley, Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America (London, 1998), p. 6
8. Luke Gibbons, "The Global Cure? History, Therapy and the Celtic Tiger," in Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society and the Global Economy, ed. Peadar Kirby, Luke Gibbons, and Michael Cronin (London, 2002), pp. 89-106, esp. p. 92
9. Also see Terry Eagleton, Saints and Scholars (London, 1990), p. 126, where Eagleton has James Connolly say, "Perhaps our skins should have been black, then the British might have known what they were dealing with."
10. Panikos Panayi, ed., The Impact of Immigration: A Documentary History of the Effects and Experiences of Immigrants in Britain since 1945 (Manchester, 1999), pp. 129-30, 146-50
11. Mary Hickman, "Alternative Historiographies of the Irish in Britain: A Critique of the Segregation/Assimilation Model," in The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension, ed. Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley (Dublin, 1999), pp. 236-53
12. Frederick Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844, trans. Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (London, 1892), pp. 90-94
13. Philip Cohen, "The Perversions of Inheritance: Studies in the Making of Multi-racist Britain," in Multi-Racist Britain, ed. Philip Cohen and Harwant S. Bains (Basingstoke, 1988), pp. 9-118, esp. p. 74
14. Ambalavaner Sivanandan, "Challenging Racism: Strategies for the 80s," Race and Class 25, no. 2 (Autumn 1983): 1-11, esp. 4
15. David Lloyd, "Race and Representation," Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 62-94, esp. 76, 77. In his criticism of this passage, Stephen Howe is possibly unfair in accusing Lloyd of "ascribing to the English the view that in the natural order of things the Irish, as colonial subjects, should be black." Lloyd suggests that the "impossible, catachrestic conjunction . . . 'if only they were black ...'... persists as an anomaly in English racist discourse," but he does not specifically ascribe this view to "the English" en masse
16. See Stephen Howe, Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford, 2000), p. 129
17. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York, 1995), esp. pp. 52-53
18. Claire Wills, "Language, Politics, Narrative, Political Violence," Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 21-60, esp. 21-22, 56, 56, n. 14
19. Luke Gibbons, "Race against Time: Racial Discourse and Irish History," Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 95-117, esp. 97, 95-96
20. Mary J. Hickman and Bronwen Walter, Discrimination and the Irish Community in Britain: A Report of Research Undertaken for the Commission for Racial Equality (London, 1997), p. 11
21. Bronwen Walter, "Challenging the Black/White Binary: The Need for an Irish Category in the 2001 Census," Patterns of Prejudice 32 (1998): 73-86
22. Carol Coulter, Ireland: Between the First and the Third Worlds (Dublin, 1990), pp. 9, 22
23. quoted in Rolston, "Are the Irish Black?" p. 99
24. Gibbons, "The Global Cure?" esp. pp. 105, 91, 105
25. Paul Cullen, Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in Ireland (Cork, 2000), pp. 7, 60
26. David Lloyd, Ireland after History (Notre Dame, Ind., 1999), p. 105
27. Robbie McVeigh, "'There's No Racism because There's No Black People Here': Racism and Anti-racism in Northern Ireland," in Divided Society: Ethnic Minorities and Racism in Northern Ireland, ed. Paul Hainsworth (London, 1998), pp. 11-32
28. and "Is Sectarianism Racism? Theorising the Racism/ Sectarianism Interface," in Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism, ed. David Miller (London, 1998), pp. 179-94
29. Robbie McVeigh, The Racialization of Irishness: Racism and Anti-racism in Ireland (Belfast, 1996), p. 40
30. and "The Last Conquest of Ireland? British Academics in Irish Universities," Race and Class 37, no. 1 (July-September 1995): 109-22, esp. 113, 116-17
31. John McGarry, "Introduction: The Comparable Northern Ireland," in Northern Ireland and the Divided World: The Northern Ireland Conflict and the Good Friday Agreement in Comparative Perspective, ed. John McGarry (Oxford, 2001), pp. 1-33, esp. pp. 3-14
32. Brian Dooley, Black and Green, p. 132
33. Compare Andrew J. Wilson, Irish-America and the Ulster Conflict, 1968-1995 (Washington, D.C., 1995), pp. 31-40
34. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (New York, 1996), pp. 278-79
35. Dominick LaCapra, Writing History, Writing Trauma (Baltimore, 2001), pp. 25, 27, 28
36. Lloyd, Ireland after History, p. 106
37. L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Apes and Angels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature (1971; rev. ed., Washington, D.C., 1996), p. 147. The "perceptive" historian in question was G. M. Young
38. Carol Coulter, "Feminism and Nationalism in Ireland," in Rethinking Northern Ireland, pp. 160-78, esp. p. 164
39. Richard Ned Lebow, White Britain and Black Ireland: The Influence of Stereotypes on Colonial Policy (Philadelphia, 1976), p. 67
40. Stanley H. Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850 (Cambridge, 1988)
41. Colm Campbell, Emergency Law in Ireland, 1918-1925 (Oxford, 1994)
42. Hazel Waters, "The Great Famine and the Rise of Anti-Irish Racism," Race and Class 37, no. 1 (July-September 1995): 95-108, esp. 95, 98
43. Michael de Nie, "The Famine, Irish Identity and the British Press," Irish Studies Review 6 (1998): 27-35, esp. 34
44. Avtar Brah, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London, 1996), p. 15
45. Peter Gray, "National Humiliation and the Great Hunger: Fast and Famine in 1847," Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 126 (November 2000): 193-216, esp. 208
46. See also Christine Kinealy, "Potatoes, Providence and Philanthropy: The Role of Private Charity during the Irish Famine," in The Meaning of the Famine, ed. Patrick O'Sullivan (London, 1997), pp. 140-71
47. Peter Gray, Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society, 1843-1850 (Dublin, 1999), esp. pp. 331-32
48. Christine Kinealy, The Great Irish Famine: Impact, Ideology and Rebellion (Houndmills, 2002), esp. pp. 31-60
49. Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 69-70, 108-14
50. Lloyd, Ireland after History, p. 109, n. 11
51. Dooley, Black and Green, pp. 1, 14-17
52. Patricia Ferreira, "All but 'A Black Skin and Wooly Hair': Frederick Douglass's Witness of the Irish Famine," American Studies International 37, no. 2 (June 1999): 69-83, esp. 81
53. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), pp. 274-80
54. E. L. Godkin, "An American View of Ireland," Nineteenth Century 12 (July-December 1882): 175-92, esp. 177, 175
55. "Do the English Hate the Irish?" Spectator, no. 2823 (5 August 1882), pp. 1014-15, esp. p. 1014
56. Roy Foster, "Paddy and Mr. Punch," in Paddy & Mr. Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (Penguin, 1993), pp. 171-94
57. Godkin, "An American View of Ireland," pp. 179-80, 182
58. Goldwin Smith, "Mr. Godkin on Ireland," Spectator, no. 2832 (7 October 1882), p. 1285
59. Elisabeth Wallace, Goldwin Smith: Victorian Liberal (Toronto, 1957), pp. 95-96
60. E. L. Godkin, "Mr. Godkin and the Irish Question," Spectator, no. 2836 (4 November 1882), p. 1409
61. Alan O'Day, "Home Rule and the Historians," in The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy, ed. David George Boyce and Alan O'Day (London, 1996), pp. 141-62, esp. p. 159
62. Curtis, Apes and Angels, pp. xv, xxvii, n. 21
63. A recent example of this acceptance can be found in Susan Kingsley Kent's major survey Gender and Power in Britain, 1640-1990 (London, 1999), esp. pp. 212-14, 221. Kent's interpretation of mid-nineteenth-century British-Irish relations is almost entirely dependent on editions of books by Lebow and Curtis well over two decades old by time of publication
64. Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Tringe in British National Development, 1536-1966 (Berkeley, Calif., 1975), pp. xvi-xvii
65. L. P. Curtis, Jr., Anglo-Saxons and Celts: A Study of Anti-Irish Prejudice in Victorian England (Bridgeport, Conn., 1968), p. 4
66. J. L. Loughlin, Gladstone, Home Rule and the Ulster Question, 1882-93 (Dublin, 1986)
67. Curtis, Anglo-Saxons and Celts, pp. 13, 63, 80-83
68. [Godkin], "The Proposed Irish Parliament," New York Nation 42, no. 1087 (29 April 1886), pp. 356-57
69. Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865-1898 (London, 1999), pp. 434-35
70. Manchester Guardian (12 April 1912), p. 8b-c, (1 May 1912), p. 8b-c
71. G. K. Peatling, "New Liberalism, J. L. Hammond and the Irish Problem, 1897-1949," Historical Research 73, no. 180 (February 2000): 48-65
72. Andrew Gailey, "Failure and the Making of the New Ireland," in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879-1923, ed. David G. Boyce (Basingstoke, 1988), pp. 47-70, esp. p. 47
73. William M. Armstrong, E. L. Godkin: A Biography (Albany, 1978), esp. pp. xviii, 94-97
74. Edwin Lawrence Godkin miscellaneous personal papers, New York Public Library, Godkin to J. M. Libbey, 23 October 1882
75. A. B. Cooke and John Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Tarty Politics, 1885-1886 (Brighton, 1974), p. 39
76. John Vincent, "Gladstone and Ireland," Proceedings of the British Academy 63 (1977): 193-238
77. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Victorian Britain, 1850-1930 (Oxford, 1991)
78. G. K. Pearling, British Opinion and Irish Self Government, 1865-1925: From Unionism to Liberal Commonwealth (Dublin, 2001), pp. 1-7
79. David Cannadine, "British History: Past, Present and Future," Past and Present, no. 116 (August 1987): 169-191, esp. 189
80. Philip Cohen, "The Perversions of Inheritance," p. 74
81. Hickman, "Alternative Historiographies of the Irish in Britain," p. 245
82. Howe, Ireland and Empire, p. 129
83. Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1982), p. 96
84. What Science Is Saying about Ireland, 2d ed. (Kingston-upon-Hull, 1882). This pamphlet appeared in two editions, in 1881 and 1882, and may have been written by the M.P. Henry Chaplin
85. Ned Lebow, "British Historians and Irish History," Éire-Ireland 8, no. 4 (Winter 1973): 3-38, esp. 37-38
86. Michael de Nie, "'A Medley Mob of Irish-American Plotters and Irish Dupes': The British Press and Transatlantic Fenianism," Journal of British Studies 40, no. 2 (April 2001): 213-40, esp. 234-35, 214
87. Catherine Hall, "The Nation Within and Without," in Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the Reform Act of 1867, by Catherine Hall, Keith McClelland, and Jane Rendait (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 179-233, esp. p. 220
88. Also see Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830-1867 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002)
89. Greta Jones, "Contested Territories: Alfred Cort Haddon, Progressive Evolutionism and Ireland," History of European Ideas 24 (1998): 195-211
90. Goldwin Smith, "The Administration of Ireland," Contemporary Review 48 (July-December 1885): 1-9, esp. 6-7
91. J. A. Froude, "Ireland," Nineteenth Century 8 (September 1880): 341-69
92. James Higgin, The Irish Government Difficulty Considered as a Race Question (Manchester, 1867)
93. Goldwin Smith, "What Science Is Saying about Ireland," Pall Mall Gazette (25 March 1882), p. 2
94. G. K. Peatling, "Victorian Imperial Theorist? Goldwin Smith and Ireland," in Victoria's Ireland? Irishness and Britishness, 1837-1901, ed. Peter Gray (Dublin, 2004), pp. 27-36
95. [Godkin], "Some Questions for the President's Opponents," New York Nation 24, no. 615 (12 April 1877), p. 216
96. E. L. Godkin, "American Home Rule," in Handbook of Home Rule, ed. James Bryce, 2d ed. (London, 1887), pp. 1-23. Such instances seem to problematize attempts to draw close associations between support of the North in the American Civil War and subsequent advocacy of reform in a British-American context
97. See Hugh Dubrulle, '"We Are Threatened with . . . Anarchy and Ruin': Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy during the American Civil War," Albion 33, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 583-613
98. R. M. Douglas, "Anglo-Saxons and the Attacotti: The Racialization of Irishness in Britain between the Wars," Ethnic and Racial Studies 25, no. 1 (January 2002): 40-63, esp. 57
99. Tracey Connolly, "Emigration from Ireland to Britain during the Second World War," in The Irish Diaspora, ed. Andy Bielenberg (Harlow, 2000), pp. 51-64
100. Douglas, "Anglo-Saxons and the Attacotti," p. 44
101. Peatling, British Opinion and Irish Self-Government, pp. 163-64
102. Jim Ring, Erskine Childers (London, 1996)
103. Tom Cox, Damned Englishman: A Study of Erskine Childers, 1870-1922 (Hicksville, N.Y., 1975)
104. Erskine Childers, The Framework of Home Rule (London, 1912), pp. 152, 144-45
105. Lebow, "British Historians and Irish History," pp. 5-6
106. Childers, The Framework of Home Rule, p. 77
107. "The Framework of Home Rule," Spectator 108, no. 4363 (10 February 1912), pp. 231-33, esp. p. 232
108. "Home Rule Idealised," Glasgow Herald (28 December 1911), p. 9c
109. Robert Lynd, "A Book of the Day," Daily News (12 December 1911), p. 3b
110. Robert Lynd, "If the Germans Conquered England," in If the Germans Conquered England, and Other Essays (Dublin, 1917), pp. 1-8, esp. p. 3
111. and "A Book of the Day," p. 3b
112. Mary J. Hickman and Bronwen Walter, "Racializing the Irish in England: Gender, Class and Ethnicity," in Reclaiming Gender: Transgressive Identities in Modern Ireland, ed. Marilyn Cohen and Nancy J. Curtin (New York, 1999), pp. 267-92, esp. p. 268
113. Keith Jeffery, ed., "An Irish Empire?" Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996)
114. Donald Harman Akenson, If the Irish Ran the World: Montserrat, 1630-1730 (Montreal, 1997)
115. Hiram Morgan, "An Unwelcome Heritage: Ireland's Role in British Empire-building," History of European Ideas 9 (1994): 619-25
116. Ring, Erskine Childers, pp. 272-80
117. "The Basis of Home Rule," Daily News (1 February 1912), p. 4b-c
118. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 46, cols. 1218-27 (8 January 1913)
119. J. L. Hammond, "The Catastrophe of Paris," Nation 25, no. 10 (7 June 1919), p. 288
120. William H. Kamt, The Anglo-Irish War, 1916-1921: A People's War (Westport, Conn., 1999)
121. D. W. Harkness, The Restless Dominion: The Irish Free State and the British Commonwealth of Nations, 1921-31 (London, 1969)
122. See Henry McDonald, "Anger over Trimble's Irish Insult," Observer (10 March 2002), http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northem-Ireland/Story/0, 2763,665110,00.html
123. Arthur Aughey, Under Siege: Ulster Unionism-and the Anglo-Irish Agreement (Belfast, 1989), pp. 28, 207-8
124. Richard English, "The Same People with Different Relatives? Modern Scholarship, Unionists and the Irish Nation," in Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, ed. Richard English and Graham Walker (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 220-35, esp. p. 230