Truffle cultivation in Sweden: Results from Quercus robur and Corylus avellana field trials on the island of Gotland

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 37-53

  Wedén, Christina ^a   Pettersson, Lina ^b   Danell, Eric ^c  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b Kalmar Kronoberg County Agricultural Society   (Sweden)

^c UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Carpinus betulus; Corylus avellana; Mycorrhiza; Quercus robur; Truffle cultivation; Tuber aestivum; Tuber uncinatum

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CONSERVATION; FORESTRY; LOCATION;

CARPINUS BETULUS; CORYLUS AVELLANA; MYCORRHIZA; QUERCUS ROBUR; TRUFFLE CULTIVATION; TUBER AESTIVUM; TUBER UNCINATUM;

ORCHARDS;

CALCIUM; CARPINUS BETULUS; CONSERVATION; CORYLUS; CULTIVATION; MYCORRHIZA; ORCHARDS; QUERCUS ROBUR; TUBERS;

CARPINUS BETULUS; CORYLUS; CORYLUS AVELLANA; QUERCUS; QUERCUS ROBUR; TUBER (TRUFFLE); TUBER AESTIVUM; TUBER UNCINATUM;

EID: 61949101688     PISSN: 02827581     EISSN: 16511891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02827580802562056     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Bellina-Agostinone, C., D'Antonio, M. & Pacioni, G. (1987). Odour composition of the summer truffle, Tuber aestivum. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 88, 568-569.
2. Belloli, S., Bologna, F., Gregori, G. & Zambonelli, A. (2001). Il tartufo nero di Fragno (Tuber uncinatum Chatin): Ecologia e coltivazione [The black truffle of Fragno (Tuber uncinatum Chatin): Ecology and cultivation]. In Actes du Vème Congrès International Science et Culture de la Truffe (pp. 367-371). Paris: Fédération Française des Trufficulteurs. (In Italian.)
3. Bencivenga, M., Tanfulli, M. & Donnini, D. (1997). Mycorrhization of Quercus cerris L. with Tuber oligospermum (Tul. and Tul.) Trappe. Micologia Italiana, 26, 89-93.
4. Bertini, L., Rossi, I., Zambonelli, A., Amicucci, A., Sacchi, A., Cecchini, M., et al. (2006). Molecular identification of Tuber magnatum ectomycorrhizae in the field. Microbiological Research, 161, 59-64.
5. Bohus-Jensen, E. (1989). Rödbrun tryffel åter funnen på Gotland [The red truffle found again on Gotland]. Rindi, 9, 45. (In Swedish.)
6. Boutekrabt, A., Chevalier, G., Pargney, J. C. & Dexheimer, J. (1990). Mycorhization par Tuber melanosporum Vitt. de vitroplants de Quercus robur L. et Quercus pubescens Wild. [Mycorrhization with Tuber melanosporum Vitt. of in vitro micropropagated plantlets of Quercus robur L. and Quercus pubescens Wild.]. Agronomie, 2, 127-132. (In French.)
7. Chevalier, G. (1973). Synthèse axénique des mycorhizes de Tuber brumale Vitt. à partir de cultures pures du champignon [Axenic synthesis of Tuber brumale Vitt. mycorrhiza starting from pure fungal cultures]. Annales de Phytopathologie, 5, 163-182. (In French.)
8. Chevalier, G. (1984). Une nouvelle méthode de production de plants mycorhizés par la truffe: L'inoculation en motte roulée Melfert [A new method for production of plants mycorrhized with truffle: Inoculation with rolled Melfert lump]. Agronomie, 4, 211. (In French.)
9. Chevalier, G. & Desmas, C. (1975). Axenic mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber melanosporum, T. uncinatum and T. rufum on Pinus silvestris from pure fungal cultures. Annales de Phytopathologie, 7, 338.
10. Chevalier, G. & Desmas, C. (1977a). Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber melanosporum with Corylus avellana on agar from spores. Annales de Phytopathologie, 9, 531.
11. Chevalier, G. & Desmas, C. (1977b). Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber melanosporum on seedlings of Quercus pubescens in hydroponic culture sensu stricto. Annales de Phytopathologie, 9, 532.
12. Chevalier, G. & Dupré, C. (1988). Recherche et experimentation sur la truffe et la trufficulture en France [Research and experimentation on truffles and truffle cultivation in France]. In M. Bencivenga, & B. Granetti (Eds.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazzionale sul Tartufo (pp. 157-166). Spoleto: Communità Montana dei Monti Martani e del Serano. (In French.).
13. Chevalier, G. & Frochot, H. (1987). Écologie et possibilité de culture en Europe de la truffe de Bourgogne [Ecology and possibility of culture in Europe of the Burgundy truffle]. Revue des Sciences Naturelles d'Auvergne, 53, 17-26. (In French.)
14. Chevalier, G. & Frochot, H. (1989). Ecology and possibility of culture in Europe of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber uncinatum Chatin). Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 28, 71-73.
15. Chevalier. G. & Frochot, H. (1997a). La truffe de Bourgogne [The Burgundy truffle]. Levallois-Perret: Éditions Pétrarque. (In French.)
16. Chevalier, G. & Frochot, H. (1997b). La maîtrise de la culture de la truffe. Les possibilités d'application en vue de l'amélioration de la production des champignons comestibles [The control of truffle cultivation. The possibilities of application with the aspect of improving the production of edible mushrooms]. Revue Forestière Française, 49, 201-213. (In French.)
17. Chevalier, G. & Frochot, H. (2002). The truffle cultivation in France: Assessment of the situation after 25 years of intensive use of mycorrhizal seedlings. In I. R. Hall, Y. Wang, A. Zambonelli & E. Danell (Eds.), Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms [CD-ROM]. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research.
18. Chevalier, G. & Grente, J. (1973). Mycorhizal spreading by truffle from excised roots and mycorhizated seedlings. Annales de Phytopathologie, 5, 317-318.
19. Chevalier, G. & Grente, J. (1979). Application pratique de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne: Production à grande échelle de plants mycorhizés par la truffe (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) [Practical application of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: Large scale production of plants mycorrhized by the truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.]. Mushroom Science, X, 483-505. (In French.)
20. Chevalier, G., Grente, J. & Pollacsek, A. (1973). Mycorrhizae obtained with different Tuber spp. by synthesis from spores in gnotoxenic conditions and from pure mycelium cultures in axenic and gnotoxenic conditions. Annales de Phytopathologie, 5, 107-108.
21. Chevalier, G., Mousain, D. & Couteaudier, Y. (1975). Associations ectomycorhiziennes entre des Tuberacées et des Cistacées [Ectomycorrhizal associations between Tuberaceae and Cistaceae]. Annales de Phytopathologie, 7, 355-356. (In French.)
22. Delmas, J. & Poitou, N. (1979). La mycorhization de Quercus pubescens par Tuber melanosporum en conditions contrôlées: Influence de quelques facteurs du milieu [The mycorrhization of Quercus pubescens with Tuber melanosporum under controlled conditions: Influence of some environmental factors]. Mushroom Science, X, 995-1006. (In French.)
23. Donnini, D., Bencivenga, M., Calandra, R. & Tanfulli, M. (1997). Influence of the substrate reaction on mycorrhiza of Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. with Tuber melanosporum Vitt. and Sphaerosporella brunnea (A.E.S.) Svreck e. Kubicka. Micologia Italiana, 26, 17-22.
24. Donnini, D., Falini, L. B. & Bencivenga, M. (2003). Preliminary investigation on similarities between Quercus pubescens and Ostrya carpinifolia as host plants for Tuber melanosporum, Tuber aestivum and Tuber brumale. Micologia Italiana, 32, 27-35.
25. Fassi, B. & Fontana, A. (1967). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) and Tuber maculatum. I. Mycorrhizae and seedling development in the second growing season. Allionia, 13, 177-186.
26. Fassi, B. & Fontana, A. (1969). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) and Tuber maculatum. II. Development of transplanted seedlings and production of ascocarps. Allionia, 15, 115-120.
27. Fischer, C. & Colinas, C. (1996). Fase 3. Metodología y resultados de la síntesis de micorrizas entre Quercus ilex y 3 especies de hongos del género Tuber [Phase 3. Methodology and results of the synthesis of mycorrhizae between Quercus ilex and 3 fungal species of the genus Tuber]. In Metodo de control de planta de Quercus ilex inoculada con Tuber melanosporum. Informe a la Junta de Castilla y León. (In Spanish.)
28. Fontana, A. (1967). Sintesi micorrizica tra Pinus strobus e Tuber maculatum [Mycorrhizal synthesis between Pinus strobus and Tuber maculatum]. Giornale Botanico Italiano, 101, 298-299. (In Italian.)
29. Fontana, A. (1968). Miceli di funghi ipogei in coltura pura [Mycelium of hypogeous fungi in pure culture]. In Bencivenga, M. & Granetti, B. (Eds.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazzionale sul Tartufo (p. 127). Spoleto: Communità Montana dei Monti Martani e del Serano. (In Italian.)
30. Fontana, A. & Bonfante-Fasolo, P. (1971). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Tuber brumale Vitt. and Pinus nigra Arnold. Allionia, 17, 15-18.
31. Fontana, A. & Giovannetti, G. (1978-79). Mycorrhizal symbiosis between Cistus incanus L. ssp. incanus and Tuber melanosporum Vitt. Allionia, 23, 5-11.
32. Fontana, A. & Palenzona, M. (1969). Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber albidum in pure culture, on Pinus strobus and Euroamerican poplar. Allionia, 15, 99-104.
33. Frank, B. (1885). Üeber die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhenden Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze [About certain trees' nutritional dependence on hypogeous fungi]. Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 3, 128-145. (In German.)
34. Gärdenfors, U. (Ed.) (2005). The 2005 red list of Swedish species. Uppsala: Artdatabanken, SLU.
35. Giomaro, G., Zambonelli, A., Sisti, D., Cecchini, M., Evangelista, V. & Stocchi, V. (2000). Anatomical and morphological characterisation of mycorrhizae obtained in vitro using Tilia platyphyllos Scop. plantlets and five different strains of Tuber borchii Vittad. Mycorrhiza, 10, 107-114.
36. Giomaro, G., Sisti, D., Zambonelli, A., Amicucci, A., Cecchini, M., Comandini, O. & Stocchi, V. (2002). Comparative study and molecular characterisation of ectomycorrhizas in Tilia americana and Quercus pubescens with Tuber brumale. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 216, 9-14.
37. Giovannetti, G. & Fontana, A. (1980-81). Mycorrhizal symbiosis of Tuber macrosporum Vitt. with Fagales. Allionia, 24, 13-17.
38. Giovannetti, G. & Fontana, A. (1982). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae. New Phytologist, 92, 533-537.
39. Giovannetti, G., Roth-Bejerano, N., Zanini, E. & Kagan-Zur, V. (1994). Truffles and their cultivation. Horticultural Reviews, 16, 71-107.
40. Gong, M., Chen, Y. & Wang, F. (2003). A study of mycorrhizal synthesis effect of Tuber melanosporum on seedlings. Forest Research, 16, 52-57.
41. Granetti, B., Angelini, P. & Rubini, A. (1995). Morphology and structure of the mycorrhizae of Tuber magnatum Pico and Tuber borchii Vitt. with Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Micologia Italiana, 24, 27-34.
42. Grente, J., Chevalier, G. & Pollacsek, A. (1972). La germination de l'ascospore de Tuber melanosporum et la synthèse sporale des mycorhizes [The germination of ascospores of Tuber melanosporum and the mycorrhizal synthesis from spores]. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, 275, 743-746. (In French.)
43. Guinberteau, J., Salesses, G., Olivier, J. M. & Poitou, N. (1988). Mycorhization de vitroplants de noisetiers clones [Mycorrhization of in vitro micropropagated clones of hazel plantlets]. In M. Bencivenga & B. Granetti (Eds.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazzionale sul Tartufo (pp. 205-210). Spoleto: Communità Montana dei Monti Martani e del Serano. (In French.)
44. Hall, I. & Wang, Y. (1998). Methods for cultivating edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. In A. Varma (Ed.), Mycorrhiza manual (pp. 99-114). Springer Laboratory Manual. Heidelberg: Springer.
45. Hall, I. & Wang, Y. (2002). Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies: Tuber melanosporum. In I. R. Hall, Y. Wang, A. Zambonelli & E. Danell (Eds.), Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms [CD-ROM]. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research.
46. Hall, I., Buchanan, P. K., Wang, Y. & Cole, A. L. J. (1998a). Edible and poisonous mushrooms. An introduction. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research.
47. Hall, I., Zambonelli, A. & Primavera, F. (1998b). Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies. 3. Tuber magnatum, Tuberaceae. Economic Botany, 52, 192-200.
48. Hall, I., Wang, Y. & Amicucci, A. (2003). Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, 433-438.
49. Hall, I. R., Zambonelli, A. & Brown, G. T. (2007). Taming the truffle. The history, lore and science of the ultimate mushroom. Portland: Timber Press.
50. Iotti, M., Amicucci, A., Stocchi, V. & Zambonelli, A. (2002). Morphological and molecular characterization of mycelia of some Tuber species in pure culture. New Phytologist, 155, 499-505.
51. Kagan-Zur, V., Wenkart, S., Mills, D., Freeman, S., Luzzati, Y., Ventura, Y., et al. (2002). Tuber melanosporum research in Israel. In I. R. Hall, Y. Wang, A. Zambonelli & E. Danell (Eds.), Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms [CD-ROM]. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research.
52. Larsson, K. H. (1997). Rödlistade svampar i Sverige - Artfakta [Red listed fungi in Sweden - Species information]. Uppsala: Artdatabanken, SLU. (In Swedish.)
53. Malençon, M. G. (1938). Les truffes européennes [The European truffles]. Revue de Mycologie, 3. (In French.)
54. Mamoun, M. & Olivier, J. M. (1996). Receptivity of cloned hazels to artificial ectomycorrhizal infection by Tuber melanosporum and symbiotic competitors. Mycorrhiza, 6, 15-19.
55. Mamoun, M. & Olivier, J. M. (1997). Mycorrhizal inoculation of cloned hazels by Tuber melanosporum: Effect of soil disinfestation and co-culture with Festuca ovina. Plant and Soil, 188, 221-226.
56. Matruchot, L. (1903). Germination des spores des truffes, culture et caractères du mycelium truffier [Spore germination of truffles, cultivation and characteristics of the truffle mycelium]. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris. (In French.)
57. Olivier, J. M., Savignac, J. C. & Sourzat, P. (1996). Truffe et trufficulture [Truffles and truffle cultivation]. Périgueux: Editions Fanlac. (In French.).
58. Palenzona, M. (1969). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Tuber aestivum Vitt., Tuber brumale Vitt., Tuber melanosporum Vitt. and seedlings of Corylus avellana L. Allionia, 15, 121-131.
59. Palenzona, M., Chevalier, G. & Fontana, A. (1972). Mycorrhizal synthesis between the mycelia in culture of Tuber brumale, T. melanosporum, T. rufum, and conifer and broad-leaved seedlings. Allionia, 18, 41-52.
60. Paolocci, F., Rubini, A., Riccioni, C., Topini, F. & Arcioni, S. (2004). Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: Two morphotypes or two species? FEMS Microbiology Letters, 235, 109-115.
61. Paolocci, F., Rubini, A., Riccioni, C. & Arcioni, S. (2006). Reevaluation of the life cycle of Tuber magnatum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 2390-2393.
62. Parladé, J., Pera, J. & Alvarez, I. F. (1996). Inoculation of containerized Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus pinaster seedlings with spores of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 6, 237-245.
63. Pinkas, Y., Maimon, M., Shabi, E., Elisha, S., Shmulewich, Y. & Freeman, S. (2000). Inoculation, isolation and identification of Tuber melanosporum from old and new oak hosts in Israel. Mycological Research, 104, 472-477.
64. Pruett, G., Bruhn, J. & Mihail, J. (2004). Effect of lime type, truffle source and inoculation technique on colonization of Quercus robur roots by Tuber aestivum syn. T. uncinatum. MSA Meeting, Asheville, NC, USA, 18-21 July 2004.
65. Pruett, G. E., Bruhn, J. N. & Mihail, J. D. (2008). Colonization of pedunculate oak by the Burgundy truffle fungus is greater with natural than with pelletized lime. Agroforestry Systems, 72, 41-50.
66. Rauscher, T., Agerer, R. & Chevalier, G. (1995). Ektomykorrhizen von Tuber melanosporum, Tuber mesentericum und Tuber rufum (Tuberales) an Corylus avellana [Ectomycorrhiza of Tuber melanosporum, Tuber mesentericum and Tuber rufum (Tuberales) with Corylus avellana]. Nova Hedwigia, 61, 281-322. (In German.)
67. Rubini, A., Riccioni, C., Arcioni, S. & Paolocci, F. (2007). Troubles with truffles: Unveiling more of their biology. New Phytologist, 174, 256-259.
68. Samils, N., Olivera, A., Danell, E., Alexander, S. J. & Colinas, C. (2003). Aportación de la truficultura al desarrollo socioeconómico [The socioeconomic impact of truffle cultivation]. Vida Rural, 181, 54-60. (In Spanish.)
69. Sisti, D., Giomaro, G., Zambonelli, A., Rossi, I., Ceccaroli, P., Citterio, B., et al. (1998). In vitro mycorrhizal synthesis of micropropagated Tilia platyphyllos Scop. plantlets with Tuber borchii Vittad. mycelium in pure culture. Acta Horticulturae, 457, 379-387.
70. Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Cambridge: Academic Press.
71. Ståål, E. (1994). Framtagning av ekbestånd ur självföryngrad blandskog [Propagation of oak stands from spontaneously rejuvenated mixed forest]. In U. Olsson (Ed.), Ekfrämjandet 50 år (pp. 32-39). Ronneby: Ekfrämjandet and Skogsvå rdsstyrelsen. (In Swedish.)
72. Trappe, J. M. (1988). Use of truffles and false truffles around the world. In M. Bencivenga & B. Granetti (Eds.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazzionale sul Tartufo (pp. 19-21). Spoleto: Communità Montana dei Monti Martani e del Serano.
73. Trappe, J. M. & Castellano, M. A. (1991). Keys to the genera of truffles (Ascomycetes). McIlvainea, 10, 47-65.
74. Wedén, C. (2004). Black truffles of Sweden. Systematics, population studies, ecology and cultivation of Tuber aestivum syn. T. uncinatum. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1043, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
75. Wedén, C. & Danell, E. (1998). Tuber aestivum and other truffles in Sweden. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 92, 65-80. (In Swedish.)
76. Wedén, C., Ericsson, L. & Danell, E. (2001). Research on Tuber aestivum syn. T. uncinatum, and T. mesentericum reported from Sweden for the first time. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 95, 205-211. (In Swedish.)
77. Wedén, C., Chevalier, G. & Danell, E. (2004a). Tuber aestivum (syn. T. uncinatum) biotopes and their history on Gotland, Sweden. Mycological Research, 108, 304-310.
78. Wedén, C., Danell, E., Camacho, F. J. & Backlund, A. (2004b). The population of the hypogeous fungus Tuber aestivum syn. T. uncinatum on the island of Gotland. Mycorrhiza, 14, 19-23.
79. Wedén, C., Danell, E. & Tibell, L. (2005). Species recognition in the truffle genus Tuber: The synonyms Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Environmental Microbiology, 7, 1535-1546.
80. Wenkart, S., Roth-Bejerano, N., Mills, D. & Kagan-Zur, V. (2001). Mycorrhizal associations between Tuber melanosporum mycelia and transformed roots of Cistus incanus. Plant Cell Reports, 20, 369-373.
81. Zambonelli, A. & Branzanti, M. B. (1984). Prove di micorrizazione del nocciolo con Tuber aestivum e Tuber albidum [Experimental mycorrhizal synthesis of hazel with Tuber aestivum and Tuber albidum]. Micologia Italiana, 13, 47-52. (In Italian.)
82. Zambonelli, A. & Branzanti, M. B. (1989). Mycorrhizal synthesis of Tuber albidum Pico with Castanea sativa Mill., Quercus suber L. and Alnus cordata Loisel. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 28, 563-568.
83. Zambonelli, A. & Govi, G. (1988). Studi sulle ectomicorrize di Tuber aestivum var. uncinatum Chatin [Study of ectomycorrhizal of Tuber aestivum var. uncinatum Chatin]. In M. Bencivenga & B. Granetti (Eds.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazzionale sul Tartufo (pp. 247-255). Spoleto: Communità Montana dei Monti Martani e del Serano. (In Italian.)
84. Zambonelli, A., Salomoni, S. & Pisi, A. (1993). Caratterizzazione anatomo-morfologica delle micorrize di Tuber spp. su Quercus pubescens Willd. [Anatomical-morphological characterization of Tuber spp. mycorrhizae on Quercus pubescens Willd.]. Micologia Italiana, 22, 73-90. (In Italian.)
85. Zambonelli, A., Salomoni, S. & Pisi, A. (1995). Caratterizzazione anatomo-morfologica delle micorrize di Tuber borchii, Tuber aestivum, Tuber mesentericum, Tuber brumale, Tuber melanosporum su Pinus pinea [Anatomical-morphological characterization of Tuber borchii, Tuber aestivum, Tuber mesentericum, Tuber brumale and Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizae on Pinus pinea]. Micologia Italiana, 24, 119-137. (In Italian.)
86. Zambonelli, A., Iotti, M., Amicucci, A. & Pisi, A. (1999). Anatomical-morphological characterisation of Tuber maculatum mycorrhiza on Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Micologia Italiana, 28, 29-35.
87. Zambonelli, A., Iotti, M., Giomaro, G., Hall, I. & Stocchi, V. (2002). T. borchii cultivation: An interesting perspective. In I. R. Hall, Y. Wang, A. Zambonelli & E. Danell (Eds.), Edible mycorrhizal mushrooms and their cultivation. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms [CD-ROM]. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research.
88. Zambonelli, A., Iotti, M., Zinoni, F., Dalla Valle, E. & Hall, I. R. (2005). Effect on mulching on Tuber uncinatum ectomycorrhizas in an experimental truffle orchard. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 33, 65-73.