Posterior capsule opacification

Experimental Eye Research

Volumn 88, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 257-269

  Wormstone, I Michael ^a   Wang, Lixin ^a   Liu, Christopher S C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b SUSSEX EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cataract; growth; lens; posterior capsule opacification; wound healing

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLLEUCYLLEUCYLLEUCINAL; CELECOXIB; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; DEXAMETHASONE; DICLOFENAC; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FLUOROURACIL; INDOMETACIN; INTEGRIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; ROFECOXIB; THAPSIGARGIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2;

AQUEOUS HUMOR; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL DEGENERATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL MIGRATION; CELL MOTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG MECHANISM; EPITHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; HUMOR; LENS EPITHELIUM; LENS IMPLANT; MICROCAPSULE; NONHUMAN; ORGANIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STEM CELL; SURGICAL INJURY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VITREOUS BODY;

ANIMALS; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; LENS CAPSULE, CRYSTALLINE; LENSES, INTRAOCULAR; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PSEUDOPHAKIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

EID: 61849184083     PISSN: 00144835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.016     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Aviezer D., Hecht D., Safran M., Eisinger M., David G., and Yayon A. Perlecan, basal lamina proteoglycan, promotes basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor binding, mitogenesis, and angiogenesis. Cell 79 (1994) 1005-1013
2. Awasthi N., and Wagner B.J. Suppression of human lens epithelial cell proliferation by proteasome inhibition, a potential defense against posterior capsular opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 4482-4489
3. Awasthi N., Wang-Su S.T., and Wagner B.J. Downregulation of MMP-2 and -9 by proteasome inhibition: a possible mechanism to decrease LEC migration and prevent posterior capsular opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 1998-2003
4. Behar-Cohen F.F., David T., D'Hermies F., Pouliquen Y.M., Buechler Y., Nova M.P., Houston L.L., and Courtois Y. In vivo inhibition of lens regrowth by fibroblast growth factor 2-saporin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 2434-2448
5. Bender L., Spalton D.J., Uyanonvara B., Boyce J., Heatley C., Jose R., and Khan J. POCOman: new system for quantifying posterior capsule opacification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 30 (2004) 2058-2063
6. Bito L.Z. Species differences in the responses of the eye to irritation and trauma: a hypothesis of divergence in ocular defense mechanisms, and the choice of experimental animals for eye research. Exp. Eye Res. 39 (1984) 807-829
7. Buehl W., Menapace R., Findl O., Neumayer T., Bolz M., and Prinz A. Long-term effect of optic edge design in a silicone intraocular lens on posterior capsule opacification. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143 (2007) 913-919
8. Busbee B.G., Brown G.C., and Brown M.M. Cost-effectiveness of ocular interventions. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 14 (2003) 132-138
9. Cerra A., Mansfield K.J., and Chamberlain C.G. Exacerbation of TGF-beta-induced cataract by FGF-2 in cultured rat lenses. Mol. Vis. 9 (2003) 689-700
10. Chandler H.L., Barden C.A., Lu P., Kusewitt D.F., and Colitz C.M. Prevention of posterior capsular opacification through cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Mol. Vis. 13 (2007) 677-691
11. Choi J., Park S.Y., and Joo C.K. Hepatocyte growth factor induces proliferation of lens epithelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/SAPK. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (2004) 2696-2704
12. Cochener B., Bougaran R., Pandey S., Apple D., and Colin J. Non-biodegradable drug-sustained capsular ring for prevention of secondary cataract. Part I: in vitro evaluation. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 26 (2003) 223-231
13. Cochener B., Pandey S., Apple D., Bougaran R., and Colin J. Nonbiodegradable drug-sustained capsular ring for prevention of secondary cataract. Part II: in vivo evaluation. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 26 (2003) 439-452
14. Davidson M.G., Wormstone M., Morgan D., Malakof R., Allen J., and McGahan M.C. Ex vivo canine lens capsular sac explants. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238 (2000) 708-714
15. Dawes L.J., Angell H., Sleeman M., Reddan J.R., and Wormstone I.M. TGFbeta isoform dependent smad2/3 kinetics in human lens epithelial cells: a cellomics analysis. Exp. Eye Res. 84 (2007) 1009-1012
16. Dawes L.J., Eldred J.A., Anderson I.K., Sleeman M., Reddan J.R., Duncan G., and Wormstone I.M. TGF beta-induced contraction is not promoted by fibronectin-fibronectin receptor interaction, or alpha SMA expression. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 650-661
17. Dawes L.J., Elliott R.M., Reddan J.R., Wormstone Y.M., and Wormstone I.M. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of human lens epithelial cells: TGFbeta regulated gene expression. Mol. Vis. 13 (2007) 1181-1197
18. De Groot V., Leysen I., Neuhann T., Gobin L., and Tassignon M.J. One-year follow-up of bag-in-the-lens intraocular lens implantation in 60 eyes. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 32 (2006) 1632-1637
19. De Groot V., Tassignon M.J., and Vrensen G.F. Effect of bag-in-the-lens implantation on posterior capsule opacification in human donor eyes and rabbit eyes. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31 (2005) 398-405
20. de Iongh R.U., Wederell E., Lovicu F.J., and McAvoy J.W. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lens: a model for cataract formation. Cells Tissues Organs 179 (2005) 43-55
21. Duncan G., Wang L., Neilson G.J., and Wormstone I.M. Lens cell survival after exposure to stress in the closed capsular bag. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 2701-2707
22. Duncan G., and Wormstone I.M. Calcium cell signalling and cataract: role of the endoplasmic reticulum. Eye 13 Pt 3b (1999) 480-483
23. Duncan G., Wormstone I.M., Liu C.S., Marcantonio J.M., and Davies P.D. Thapsigargin-coated intraocular lenses inhibit human lens cell growth. Nat. Med. 3 (1997) 1026-1028
24. Dwivedi D.J., Pino G., Banh A., Nathu Z., Howchin D., Margetts P., Sivak J.G., and West-Mays J.A. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors suppress transforming growth factor-{beta}-induced subcapsular cataract formation. Am. J. Pathol. 168 (2006) 69-79
25. Egeblad M., and Werb Z. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 (2002) 161-174
26. Elgohary M.A., Hollick E.J., Bender L.E., Heatley C.J., Wren S.M., Boyce J., Missotten T., Spalton D.J., and Dowler J.G. Hydrophobic acrylic and plate-haptic silicone intraocular lens implantation in diabetic patients: pilot randomized clinical trial. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 32 (2006) 1188-1195
27. Findl O., Buehl W., Menapace R., Georgopoulos M., Rainer G., Siegl H., Kaider A., and Pinz A. Comparison of 4 methods for quantifying posterior capsule opacification. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 106-111
28. Findl O., Menapace R., Sacu S., Buehl W., and Rainer G. Effect of optic material on posterior capsule opacification in intraocular lenses with sharp-edge optics: randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 112 (2005) 67-72
29. Frezzotti R., and Caporossi A. Pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification. Part I. Epidemiological and clinico-statistical data. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 16 (1990) 347-352
30. Garrett Q., Khaw P.T., Blalock T.D., Schultz G.S., Grotendorst G.R., and Daniels J.T. Involvement of CTGF in TGF-beta1-stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation and collagen matrix contraction in the presence of mechanical stress. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (2004) 1109-1116
31. Gordon-Thomson C., de Iongh R.U., Hales A.M., Chamberlain C.G., and McAvoy J.W. Differential cataractogenic potency of TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 and their expression in the postnatal rat eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 1399-1409
32. Gotoh N., Perdue N.R., Matsushima H., Sage E.H., Yan Q., and Clark J.I. An in vitro model of posterior capsular opacity: SPARC and TGF-beta2 minimize epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 4679-4687
33. Grewal D., Jain R., Brar G.S., and Grewal S.P. Pentacam tomograms: a novel method for quantification of posterior capsule opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (2008) 2004-2008
34. Hales A.M., Chamberlain C.G., and McAvoy J.W. Cataract induction in lenses cultured with transforming growth factor-beta. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (1995) 1709-1713
35. Hales A.M., Chamberlain C.G., and McAvoy J.W. Susceptibility to TGFbeta2-induced cataract increases with aging in the rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 3544-3551
36. Hales A.M., Chamberlain C.G., Murphy C.R., and McAvoy J.W. Estrogen protects lenses against cataract induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta). J. Exp. Med. 185 (1997) 273-280
37. Hales A.M., Schulz M.W., Chamberlain C.G., and McAvoy J.W. TGF-beta1 induces lens cells to accumulate alpha-smooth muscle actin, a marker for subcapsular cataracts. Curr. Eye Res. 13 (1994) 885-890
38. Hancox J., Spalton D., Heatley C., Jayaram H., Yip J., Boyce J., and Marshall J. Fellow-eye comparison of posterior capsule opacification rates after implantation of 1CU accommodating and AcrySof MA30 monofocal intraocular lenses. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 33 (2007) 413-417
39. Hayashi K., and Hayashi H. Posterior capsule opacification after implantation of a hydrogel intraocular lens. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88 (2004) 182-185
40. Hayashi K., Hayashi H., Nakao F., and Hayashi F. Changes in posterior capsule opacification after poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone, and acrylic intraocular lens implantation. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 27 (2001) 817-824
41. Hodgkinson L.M., Duncan G., Wang L., Pennington C.J., Edwards D.R., and Wormstone I.M. MMP and TIMP expression in quiescent, dividing, and differentiating human lens cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 4192-4199
42. Hollick E.J., Spalton D.J., Ursell P.G., Pande M.V., Barman S.A., Boyce J.F., and Tilling K. The effect of polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and polyacrylic intraocular lenses on posterior capsular opacification 3 years after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 106 (1999) 49-54 (discussion 54-5)
43. Ishida I., Saika S., Okada Y., and Ohnishi Y. Growth factor deposition in anterior subcapsular cataract. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31 (2005) 1219-1225
44. Ishizaki Y., Voyvodic J.T., Burne J.F., and Raff M.C. Control of lens epithelial cell survival. J. Cell. Biol. 121 (1993) 899-908
45. James C., Collison D.J., and Duncan G. Characterization and functional activity of thrombin receptors in the human lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 925-932
46. Joseph A., and Dua H.S. Late opacification of SC60B-OUV acrylic intraocular lenses. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 86 (2002) 484-485
47. Kappelhof J.P., Vrensen G.F., de Jong P.T., Pameyer J., and Willekens B.L. The ring of soemmerring in man: an ultrastructural study. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 225 (1987) 77-83
48. Kim N.J., and Lee J.H. Effect of an acrylic posterior chamber intraocular lens on posterior capsule opacification in cataract patients with associated risk factors. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 1575-1578
49. Lafleur M.A., Handsley M.M., Knauper V., Murphy G., and Edwards D.R. Endothelial tubulogenesis within fibrin gels specifically requires the activity of membrane-type-matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs). J. Cell. Sci. 115 (2002) 3427-3438
50. Laurell C.G., and Zetterstrom C. Effects of dexamethasone, diclofenac, or placebo on the inflammatory response after cataract surgery. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 86 (2002) 1380-1384
51. Linnola R.J., Sund M., Ylonen R., and Pihlajaniemi T. Adhesion of soluble fibronectin, vitronectin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 146-152
52. Liu C.S., Wormstone I.M., Duncan G., Marcantonio J.M., Webb S.F., and Davies P.D. A study of human lens cell growth in vitro. A model for posterior capsule opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) 906-914
53. Lois N., Dawson R., McKinnon A.D., and Forrester J.V. A new model of posterior capsule opacification in rodents. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 3450-3457
54. Lois N., Taylor J., McKinnon A.D., and Forrester J.V. Posterior capsule opacification in mice. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123 (2005) 71-77
55. Lois N., Taylor J., McKinnon A.D., Smith G.C., van't Hof R., and Forrester J.V. Effect of TGF-beta2 and anti-TGF-beta2 antibody in a new in vivo rodent model of posterior capsule opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 4260-4266
56. Maidment J.M., Duncan G., Tamiya S., Collison D.J., Wang L., and Wormstone I.M. Regional differences in tyrosine kinase receptor signaling components determine differential growth patterns in the human lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (2004) 1427-1435
57. Maloof A.J., Pandey S.K., Neilson G., and Milverton E.J. Selective death of lens epithelial cells using demineralized water and Triton X-100 with perfect capsule sealed capsule irrigation: a histological study in rabbit eyes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123 (2005) 1378-1384
58. Mansfield K.J., Cerra A., and Chamberlain C.G. Effects of dexamethasone on posterior capsule opacification-like changes in a rat lens explant model. Mol. Vis. 10 (2004) 728-737
59. Mansfield K.J., Cerra A., and Chamberlain C.G. FGF-2 counteracts loss of TGFbeta affected cells from rat lens explants: implications for PCO (after cataract). Mol. Vis. 10 (2004) 521-532
60. Marcantonio J.M., Rakic J.M., Vrensen G.F., and Duncan G. Lens cell populations studied in human donor capsular bags with implanted intraocular lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 1130-1141
61. Marcantonio J.M., and Reddan J.R. TGFbeta2 influences alpha5-beta1 integrin distribution in human lens cells. Exp. Eye Res. 79 (2004) 437-442
62. McAvoy J.W., and Chamberlain C.G. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) induces different responses in lens epithelial cells depending on its concentration. Development 107 (1989) 221-228
63. Nagamoto T., and Bissen-Miyajima H. A ring to support the capsular bag after continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 20 (1994) 417-420
64. Nagata T., and Watanabe I. Optic sharp edge or convexity: comparison of effects on posterior capsular opacification. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 40 (1996) 397-403
65. Namiki M., Tagami Y., Yamamoto M., Yamanaka A., Itoh M., and Kanoh M. Presence of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human aqueous. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 96 (1992) 652-656
66. Nishi O. Influence of intraocular lens material and design on the development of posterior capsule opacification. Ophthalmologe 102 (2005) 572-578
67. Nishi O., Nishi K., Morita T., Tada Y., Shirasawa E., and Sakanishi K. Effect of intraocular sustained release of indomethacin on postoperative inflammation and posterior capsule opacification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 22 Suppl. 1 (1996) 806-810
68. Nishi O., Yamamoto N., Nishi K., and Nishi Y. Contact inhibition of migrating lens epithelial cells at the capsular bend created by a sharp-edged intraocular lens after cataract surgery. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 33 (2007) 1065-1070
69. Ohta K., Yamagami S., Taylor A.W., and Streilein J.W. IL-6 antagonizes TGF-beta and abolishes immune privilege in eyes with endotoxin-induced uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 2591-2599
70. Paralkar V.M., Vukicevic S., and Reddi A.H. Transforming growth factor beta type 1 binds to collagen IV of basement membrane matrix: implications for development. Dev. Biol. 143 (1991) 303-308
71. Prosdocimo G., Tassinari G., Sala M., Di Biase A., Toschi P.G., Gismondi M., and Corbanese U. Posterior capsule opacification after phacoemulsification: silicone CeeOn Edge versus acrylate AcrySof intraocular lens. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 1551-1555
72. Rabsilber T.M., Limberger I.J., Reuland A.J., Holzer M.P., and Auffarth G.U. Long-term results of sealed capsule irrigation using distilled water to prevent posterior capsule opacification: a prospective clinical randomised trial. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 91 (2007) 912-915
73. Richiert D.M., and Ireland M.E. Matrix metalloproteinase secretion is stimulated by TGF-beta in cultured lens epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 19 (1999) 269-275
74. Saika S., Kono-Saika S., Tanaka T., Yamanaka O., Ohnishi Y., Sato M., Muragaki Y., Ooshima A., Yoo J., Flanders K.C., and Roberts A.B. Smad3 is required for dedifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium following retinal detachment in mice. Lab. Invest. 84 (2004) 1245-1258
75. Saika S., Miyamoto T., Ishida I., Shirai K., Ohnishi Y., Ooshima A., and McAvoy J.W. TGFbeta-Smad signalling in postoperative human lens epithelial cells. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 86 (2002) 1428-1433
76. Saika S., Miyamoto T., Tanaka S., Tanaka T., Ishida I., Ohnishi Y., Ooshima A., Ishiwata T., Asano G., Chikama T., Shiraishi A., Liu C.Y., Kao C.W., and Kao W.W. Response of lens epithelial cells to injury: role of lumican in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 2094-2102
77. Saika S., Okada Y., Miyamoto T., Ohnishi Y., Ooshima A., and McAvoy J.W. Smad translocation and growth suppression in lens epithelial cells by endogenous TGFbeta2 during wound repair. Exp. Eye Res. 72 (2001) 679-686
78. Sawhney R.S. Expression and regulation of SPARC, fibronectin, and collagen IV by dexamethasone in lens epithelial cells. Cell. Biol. Int. 26 (2002) 971-983
79. Saxby L., Rosen E., and Boulton M. Lens epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and metaplasia following capsulorhexis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82 (1998) 945-952
80. Scaramuzza A., Fernando G.T., and Crayford B.B. Posterior capsule opacification and lens epithelial cell layer formation: hydroview hydrogel versus AcrySof acrylic intraocular lenses. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 27 (2001) 1047-1054
81. Schlotzer-Schrehardt U., Zenkel M., Kuchle M., Sakai L.Y., and Naumann G.O. Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its latent form binding protein in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Exp. Eye Res. 73 (2001) 765-780
82. Schulz M.W., Chamberlain C.G., and McAvoy J.W. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta-induced cataractous changes in lens explants by ocular media and alpha 2-macroglobulin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) 1509-1519
83. Sciscio A., and Liu C. Anterior capsular phimosis following AcrySof lens insertion. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 83 (1999) 989-990
84. Smine A., and Plantner J.J. Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in human ocular tissues. Curr. Eye. Res. 16 (1997) 925-929
85. Smith S.R., Daynes T., Hinckley M., Wallin T.R., and Olson R.J. The effect of lens edge design versus anterior capsule overlap on posterior capsule opacification. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 138 (2004) 521-526
86. Sponer U., Pieh S., Soleiman A., and Skorpik C. Upregulation of alphavbeta6 integrin, a potent TGF-beta1 activator, and posterior capsule opacification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31 (2005) 595-606
87. Streilein J.W. Ocular immune privilege and the faustian dilemma. The proctor lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) 1940-1950
88. Stump R.J., Lovicu F.J., Ang S.L., Pandey S.K., and McAvoy J.W. Lithium stabilizes the polarized lens epithelial phenotype and inhibits proliferation, migration, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. J. Pathol. 210 (2006) 249-257
89. Symonds J.G., Lovicu F.J., and Chamberlain C.G. Differing effects of dexamethasone and diclofenac on posterior capsule opacification-like changes in a rat lens explant model. Exp. Eye Res. 83 (2006) 771-782
90. Taliana L., Evans M.D., Ang S., and McAvoy J.W. Vitronectin is present in epithelial cells of the intact lens and promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial explants. Mol. Vis. 12 (2006) 1233-1242
91. Tanaka T., Saika S., Ohnishi Y., Ooshima A., McAvoy J.W., Liu C.Y., Azhar M., Doetschman T., and Kao W.W. Fibroblast growth factor 2: roles of regulation of lens cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in response to injury. Mol. Vis. 10 (2004) 462-467
92. Tassignon M.J., De Groot V., and Vrensen G.F. Bag-in-the-lens implantation of intraocular lenses. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 28 (2002) 1182-1188
93. Taylor H.R. Cataract: how much surgery do we have to do?. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84 (2000) 1-2
94. Tholozan F.M., Gribbon C., Li Z., Goldberg M.W., Prescott A.R., McKie N., and Quinlan R.A. FGF-2 release from the lens capsule by MMP-2 maintains lens epithelial cell viability. Mol. Biol. Cell. 18 (2007) 4222-4231
95. Ueda Y., Chamberlain C.G., Satoh K., and McAvoy J.W. Inhibition of FGF-Induced {alpha}A-crystallin promoter activity in lens epithelial explants by TGF{beta}. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 1833-1839
96. Ursell P.G., Spalton D.J., Pande M.V., Hollick E.J., Barman S., Boyce J., and Tilling K. Relationship between intraocular lens biomaterials and posterior capsule opacification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 24 (1998) 352-360
97. Vaughan-Thomas A., Gilbert S.J., and Duance V.C. Elevated levels of proteolytic enzymes in the aging human vitreous. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 3299-3304
98. Waheed K., Eleftheriadis H., and Liu C. Anterior capsular phimosis in eyes with a capsular tension ring. J. Cataract Refract Surg. 27 (2001) 1688-1690
99. Walker J., and Menko A.S. Integrins in lens development and disease. Exp. Eye Res. (2008) 10.1016/j.exer.2008.06.020
100. Walker J.L., Wolff I.M., Zhang L., and Menko A.S. Activation of SRC kinases signals induction of posterior capsule opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 2214-2223
101. Wang L., Wormstone I.M., Reddan J.R., and Duncan G. Growth factor receptor signalling in human lens cells: role of the calcium store. Exp. Eye Res. 80 (2005) 885-895
102. Weaver M.S., Sage E.H., and Yan Q. Absence of SPARC in lens epithelial cells results in altered adhesion and extracellular matrix production in vitro. J. Cell Biochem. 97 (2006) 423-432
103. Weaver M.S., Toida N., and Sage E.H. Expression of integrin-linked kinase in the murine lens is consistent with its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells in vitro. Mol. Vis. 13 (2007) 707-718
104. Wejde G., Kugelberg M., and Zetterstrom C. Posterior capsule opacification: comparison of 3 intraocular lenses of different materials and design. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29 (2003) 1556-1559
105. Wong T.T., Daniels J.T., Crowston J.G., and Khaw P.T. MMP inhibition prevents human lens epithelial cell migration and contraction of the lens capsule. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88 (2004) 868-872
106. Wormstone I.M. Posterior capsule opacification: a cell biological perspective. Exp. Eye Res. 74 (2002) 337-347
107. Wormstone I.M., Anderson I.K., Eldred J.A., Dawes L.J., and Duncan G. Short-term exposure to transforming growth factor beta induces long-term fibrotic responses. Exp. Eye Res. 83 (2006) 1238-1245
108. Wormstone I.M., Collison D.J., Hansom S.P., and Duncan G. A focus on the human lens in vitro. Env. Tox. Pharmacol. 21 (2006) 215-221
109. Wormstone I.M., Del Rio-Tsonis K., McMahon G., Tamiya S., Davies P.D., Marcantonio J.M., and Duncan G. FGF: an autocrine regulator of human lens cell growth independent of added stimuli. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (2001) 1305-1311
110. Wormstone I.M., Liu C.S., Rakic J.M., Marcantonio J.M., Vrensen G.F., and Duncan G. Human lens epithelial cell proliferation in a protein-free medium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38 (1997) 396-404
111. Wormstone I.M., Tamiya S., Anderson I., and Duncan G. TGF-beta2-induced matrix modification and cell transdifferentiation in the human lens capsular bag. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) 2301-2308
112. Wormstone I.M., Tamiya S., Eldred J.A., Lazaridis K., Chantry A., Reddan J.R., Anderson I., and Duncan G. Characterisation of TGF-beta2 signalling and function in a human lens cell line. Exp. Eye Res. 78 (2004) 705-714
113. Wunderlich K., Pech M., Eberle A.N., Mihatsch M., Flammer J., and Meyer P. Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in plaques of human anterior subcapsular cataracts and membranes of posterior capsule opacification. Curr. Eye. Res. 21 (2000) 627-636
114. Yayon A., Klagsbrun M., Esko J.D., Leder P., and Ornitz D.M. Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64 (1991) 841-848
115. Zarnegar R., and Michalopoulos G.K. The many faces of hepatocyte growth factor: from hepatopoiesis to hematopoiesis. J. Cell. Biol. 129 (1995) 1177-1180
116. Zhang H., Duncan G., Wang L., Liu P., Cui H., Reddan J.R., Yang B.F., and Wormstone I.M. Arsenic trioxide initiates ER stress responses, perturbs calcium signalling and promotes apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 85 (2007) 825-835