Root canal medicaments

International Dental Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 5-11

  Kawashima, Nobuyuki ^a,b   Wadachi, Reiko ^a   Suda, Hideaki ^a   Yeng, Thai ^a   Parashos, Peter ^a  

^a Dental University ^*

^b TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Endodontics; Intra canal medicaments; Multiple visits; Single visit

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849150544     PISSN: 00206539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1922/IDJ_2060Kawashima07     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Kawashima N, Suda H. Immunopathological aspects of pulpal and periapical inflammation. In: Ørstavik D, Pitt Ford T, eds. Essential Endodontology. 2nd ed 44-80. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2008.
2. Walton RE. Intracanal medicaments. Dent Clin North Am. 1984 28: 783-796.
3. Peters O A, Peters C I. Cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 9th ed 290-357. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
4. Byström A, Claesson R, Sundqvist G. The antibacterial effect of camphorated paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals. Endod Dent Traumatol 1985 1: 170-175.
5. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scand J Dent Res 1981 89: 321-328.
6. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the effect of 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite in endodontic therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983 55: 307-312.
7. Byström A, Sundqvist G. The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy. Int Endod J 1985 18:35-40.
8. Shuping G B, Ørstavik D, Sigurdsson A et al. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications. J Endod 2000 26: 751-5.
9. Sjögren U, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of ultrasonic root canal instrumentation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987 63: 366-70.
10. Albashaireh ZS, Alnegrish AS. Postobturation pain after single-and multiple-visit endodontic therapy. A prospective study. J Dent 1998 26: 227-32.
11. Ashkenaz PJ. One-visit endo. Dent Clin North Am 1984 28: 853-63.
12. Doran MG, Radtke PK. A review of endodontic medicaments. Gen Dent 1998 46: 484-8; quiz 9-90.
13. Eleazer PD, Eleazer KR. Flare-up rate in pulpally necrotic molars in one-visit vs two-visit endo treatment. J Endod 1998 24: 614-6.
14. Field JW, Gutmann JL, Solomon ES et al. A clinical radiographic retrospective assessment of the success rate of single-visit root canal treatment. Int Endod J 2004 37: 70-82.
15. Figini L, Lodi G, Gorni F et al. Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005296.
16. Ghoddusi J, Javidi M, Zarrabi MH et al. Flare-ups incidence and severity after using calcium hydroxide as intracanal dressing. N Y State Dent J 2006 72: 24-8.
17. Messer HH. Review of One-Visit Endodontic Treatment. Aust Endod J 2000 26: 81.
18. Morse DR, Furst ML, Koren LZ et al. Comparison of diflunisal and an aspirin-codeine combination in the management of patients having one-visit endodontic therapy. Clin Ther 1987 9: 500-11.
19. Pekruhn RB. Single-visit endodontic therapy: a preliminary clinical study. J Am Dent Assoc 1981 103: 875-7.
20. Pekruhn RB. The incidence of failure following single-visit endodontic therapy. J Endod 1986 12: 68-72.
21. Qualtrough AJ, Whitworth J M, Dummer P M. Preclinical endodontology: an international comparison. Int Endod J 1999 32: 406-14.
22. Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer HH. Effectiveness of single- versus multiple-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2005 38: 347-55.
23. Siqueira JF, Jr. Microbial causes of endodontic flare-ups. Int Endod J 2003 36: 453-63.
24. Stamos DE, Squitieri ML, Costas JF et al. Use of ultrasonics in single-visit endodontic therapy. J Endod 1987 13: 246-9.
25. Wahl MJ. Myths of single-visit endodontics. Gen Dent 1996 44: 126-31; quiz 41-2.
26. Waltimo T, Trope M, Haapasalo M, et al. Clinical efficacy of treatment procedures in endodontic infection control and one year follow-up of periapical healing. J Endod 2005 31: 863-6.
27. Walton R, Fouad A. Endodontic interappointment flare-ups: a prospective study of incidence and rekted factors. J Endod 1992 18: 172-7.
28. Flagg F. Creosote and cotton in fang filling Dent Cosmos 1860 1: 115-7.
29. Milas VB. History. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 1st ed 619-34. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1976.
30. Buckley J. The chemistry of pulp decomposition, with a rational treatment for this condition and its sequelae. Am Dent J 1904 3: 746-71.
31. Kasugai S, Hasegawa N, Ogura H. Application of the MTT colorimetric assay to measure cytotoxic effects of phenolic compounds on established rat dental pulp cells. J Dent Res 1991 70: 127-30.
32. Soekanto A, Kasugai S, Mataki S et al. Toxicity of camphorated phenol and camphorated parachlorophenol in dental pulp cell culture. J Endod 1996 22: 284-9.
33. Spångberg L, Engstrom B, Langeland K. Biologic effects of dental materials. 3. Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of endodontic antiseptics in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973 36: 856-71.
34. Friedberg BH, Gartner LP. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of formocresol on developing chick embryos. J Endod 1990 16: 434-7.
35. Lewis BB, Chestner SB. Formaldehyde in dentistry: a review of mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. J Am Dent Assoc 1981 103: 429-34.
36. Block RM, Lewis RD, Sheats JB, et al. Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by formocresol within the root canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978 45: 282-92.
37. Block RM, Lewis RD, Sheats JB, et al. Cell-mediated immune response to dog pulp tissue altered by Formocresol within the root canal. J Endod 1977 3: 424-30.
38. van Mullem PJ, Simon M, Lamers AC. Formocresol: a root canal disinfectant provoking allergic skin reactions in presensitized guinea pigs. J Endod 1983 9: 25-9.
39. Neu HC The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992 257: 1064-73.
40. Trope M, Debelian G. Endodontc treatment of apical periodontitis. In: Ørstavik D, Pitt Ford T, eds. Essential endodontology. 2nd ed 347-80. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2008.
41. Hermann BW. Calciumhydroxid Als Mittel Zum Behandel and Füllungen Von Zahnwurzelkanälen. Medical Dissertation, September, Würzburg. 1920.
42. Fava LR, Saunders WP. Calcium hydroxide pastes: classification and clinical indications. Int Endod J 1999 32: 257-82.
43. Möller AJ. Microbiological examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Odontol Tidskr 1966 74: Suppl:1-380.
44. Siqueira JF, Jr., Magalhaes KM, Rocas IN. Bacterial reduction in infected root canals treated with 2.5% NaOCl as an irrigant and calcium hydroxide/camphorated paramonochlorophenol paste as an intracanal dressing. J Endod 2007 33: 667-72.
45. Figdor D, Sundqvist G. A big role for the very small-understanding the endodontic microbial flora. Aust Dent J 2007 52: S38-51.
46. Reit C, Molander A, Dahlen G. The diagnostic accuracy of microbiologic root canal sampling and the influence of antimicrobial dressings. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999 15: 278-83.
47. Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer HH. How useful is root canal culturing in predicting treatment outcome? J Endod 2007 33: 220-5.
48. Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: Part 1 - current molecular technologies for microbiological diagnosis. J Endod 2005 31: 411-23.
49. Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: Part 2-Redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endod 2005 31: 488-98.
50. Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN, Cunha CD et al. Novel bacterial phylotypes in endodontic infections. J Dent Res 2005 84: 565-9.
51. Rolph HJ, Lennon A, Riggio MP et al. Molecular identification of microorganisms from endodontic infections. J Clin Microbiol 2001 39: 3282-9.
52. Siqueira JF, Jr. Endodontic infections: concepts, paradigms, and perspectives. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002 94: 281-93.
53. Austin J, Taylor H. Behavior of hypochlorite and of chloramine-T solutions in contact with necrotic and normal tissue in vivo. J Exp Med 1918 27: 627-33.
54. Cvek M, Nord CE, Rollender L. Antimicrobial effect of root canal debridement in teeth with immature root. A clinical and microbiologic study. Odontol Revy 1976 27: 1-10.
55. Dakin H. On the use of certain antiseptic substances in treatment of infected wounds. Brit Med J 1915 2: 318-20.
56. Frais S, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Some factors affecting the concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium hypochlorite. Int Endod J 2001 34: 206-15.
57. Heling I, Rotstein I, Dinur T et al. Bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate solutions in vitro. J Endod 2001 27: 278-80.
58. Grossman L. Behavior of hypochlorite and of chloramine-T solutions in contact with necrotic and normal tissue in vivo. J Am Dent Assoc 1943 30: 1915-17.
59. Grossman L, Meiman B. Solution of pulp tissue by chemical agents. J Am Dent Assoc 1941 28: 223-5.
60. Hülsmann M, Hahn W Complications during root canal irrigation-literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000 33: 186-93.
61. Moorer WR, Wesselink PR. Factors promoting the tissue dissolving capability of sodium hypochlorite. Int Endod J 1982 15: 187-96.
62. Pashley EL, Birdsong NL, Bowman K, et al. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod 1985 11: 525-8.
63. Sabala CL, Powell SE. Sodium hypochlorite injection into periapical tissues. J Endod 1989 15: 490-2.
64. Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN, Favieri A et al. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 2000 26: 331-4.
65. Sirtes G, Waltimo T, Schaetzle M et al. The effects of temperature on sodium hypochlorite short-term stability, pulp dissolution capacity, and antimicrobial efficacy. J Endod 2005 31: 669-71.
66. Zehnder M, Kosicki D, Luder H et al. Tissue-dissolving capacity and antibacterial effect of buffered and unbuffered hypochlorite solutions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 2002 94: 756-62.
67. Dalton BC, Ørstavik D, Phillips C et al. Bacterial reduction with nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation. J Endod 1998 24: 763-7.
68. McGurkin-Smith R, Trope M, Caplan D et al. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using GT rotary instrumentation, 5.25% NaOCl, EDTA, and Ca(OH)2. J Endod 2005 31: 359-63.
69. Ray HA, Trope M. Periapical status of endodontically treated teeth in relation to the technical quality of the root filling and the coronal restoration. Int Endod J 1995 28: 12-8.
70. Tronstad L, Asbjornsen K, Doving L et al. Influence of coronal restorations on the periapical health of endodontically treated teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000 16: 218-21.
71. Heling I, Gorfil C, Slutzky H et al. Endodontic failure caused by inadequate restorative procedures: review and treatment recommendations. J Prosthet Dent 2002 87: 674-8.
72. Spångberg L. Endodontic treatment of teeth without apical periodontitis. In: Ørstavik D, Pitt Ford T, eds. Essential Endodontics 316-46. St. Louis: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2008.
73. Chance K, Lin L, Shovlin FE et al. Clinical trial of intracanal corticosteroid in root canal therapy. J Endod 1987 13: 466-8.
74. Laws A. Calcium hydroxide as a possible root filling material. N Zealand Dent J 1962 58: 199-215.
75. Safavi KE, Dowden WE, Introcaso JH et al. A comparison of antimicrobial effects of calcium hydroxide and iodine-potassium iodide. J Endod. 1985 11: 454-6.
76. Safavi K E, Nichols F C. Effect of calcium hydroxide on bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Endod 1993 19: 76-8.
77. Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Alteration of biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by calcium hydroxide treatment. J Endod 1994 20: 127-9.
78. Siqueira JF, Jr., de Uzeda M. Disinfection by calcium hydroxide pastes of dentinal tubules infected with two obligate and one facultative anaerobic bacteria. J Endod 1996 22: 674-6.
79. Sjögren U, et al. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod J 1991 24: 119-25.
80. Tronstad L, Andreasen JO, Hasselgren G, et al. pH changes in dental tissues after root canal filling with calcium hydroxide. J. Endod 1981 7: 17-21.
81. Chong BS, Pitt Ford TR. The role of intracanal medication in root canal treatment. Int Endod J 1992 25: 97-106.
82. Heithersay GS. Calcium hydroxide in the treatment of pulpless teeth with associated pathology. J Br Endod Soc 1975 8: 74-93.
83. Kikuchi I, Wadachi R, Yoshioka T et al. An experimental study on the vasoconstriction effect of calcium hydroxide using rat mesentery. Aust Endod J 2003 29: 116-9.
84. Cliff WC, Ricupito MR. Calcium hydroxide as an interim treatment dressing. J Calif Dent Assoc 1995 23: 51-4, 6.
85. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990 6: 142-9.
86. Bergenholtz G, Dahlén G. Advances in the study of endodontic infections: introduction Endodontic Topics 2004 9: 1-4.
87. Mitchell DF, Shankwalker GB. Osteogenic potential of calcium hydroxide and other materials in soft tissue and bone wounds. J Dent Res 1958 37: 1157-63.
88. Haikel Y, Braun JJ, Zana H et al. Anaphylactic shock during endodontic treatment due to allergy to formaldehyde in a root canal sealant. J Endod 2000 26: 529-31.
89. Freeman K, Ludington JR, Jr., Svec TA et al. Continuously infused calcium hydroxide: its influence on hard tissue repair. J Endod 1994 20: 272-5.
90. Heithersay G S. Endodontic treatment in Australia. Int Endod J 1984 17: 125-38.
91. Majorana A, Bardellini E, Conti G et al. Root resorption in dental trauma: 45 cases followed for 5 years. Dent Traumatol '2003 19: 262-5.
92. Dominguez Reyes A, Munoz Munoz L, Aznar Martin T. Study of calcium hydroxide apexification in 26 young permanent incisors. Dent Traumatol 2005 21: 141-5.
93. Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO et al. Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. I. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol 2007 23: 66-71.
94. Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, et al. Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol 2007 23: 130-6.
95. Hammarström LE, Blomlof LB, Feiglin B et al. Effect of calcium hydroxide treatment on periodontal repair and root resorption. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986 2: 184-9.
96. Heithersay GS. Management of tooth resorption. Aust Dent J 2007 52: S105-21.
97. Ehnevid H, Jansson L, Lindskog S, et al. Endodontic pathogens: propagation of infection through patent dentinal tubules in traumatized monkey teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1995 11: 229-34.
98. Nerwich A, Figdor D, Messer HH. pH changes in root dentin over a 4-week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. J Endod 1993 19: 302-6.
99. Lengheden A, Blomlof L, Lindskog S. Effect of delayed calcium hydroxide treatment on periodontal healing in contaminated replanted teeth. Scand J Dent Res 1991 99: 147-53.
100. Lengheden A, Blomlof L, Lindskog S. Effect of immediate calcium hydroxide treatment and permanent root-filling on periodontal healing in contaminated replanted teeth. Scand J Dent Res 1991 99: 139-46.
101. Cameron A, Widmer R. Trauma Management. In: Cameron A, Widmer R, eds. Handbook of Peadiatric Dentistry 95-141. London: Mosby, 1998.
102. Yeng T, Parashos P. An Investigation Into Dentists' Management Methods of Dental Trauma to Maxillary Permanent Incisors in Victoria, Australia. Dent Traumatol. in press.
103. Moule AJ, Moule CA. The endodontic management of traumatized permanent anterior teeth: a review. Aust Dent J 2007 52: S122-37.
104. Rafter M. Apexification: a review. Dent Traumatol 2005 21: 1-8.
105. Sheehy EC, Roberts GJ. Use of calcium hydroxide for apical barrier formation and healing in non-vital immature permanent teeth: a review. Br Dent J 1997 183: 241-6.
106. Felippe MC, Felippe WT, Marques MM et al. The effect of the renewal of calcium hydroxide paste on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. Int Endod J 2005 38: 436-42.
107. Felippe WT, Felippe MC, Rocha MJ. The effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. Int Endod J 2006 39: 2-9.
108. El-Meligy OA, Avery DR. Comparison of apexification with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide. Pediatr Dent 2006 28: 248-53.
109. Card SJ, Sigurdsson A, Ørstavik D et al. The effectiveness of increased apical enlargement in reducing intracanal bacteria. J Endod 2002 28: 779-83.
110. Law A, Messer H. An evidence-based analysis of the antibacterial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments. J Endod 2004 30: 689-94.
111. Ehrmann EH. The Effect of Triamcinolone with Tetracycline on the Dental Pulp and Apical Periodontium. J Prosthet Dent 1965 15: 144-52.
112. Pierce A, Lindskog S. The effect of an antibiotic/corticosteroid paste on inflammatory root resorption in vivo. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987 64: 216-20.
113. Thong YL, Messer HH, Siar CH et al. Periodontal response to two intracanal medicaments in replanted monkey incisors. Dent Traumatol 2001 17: 254-9.
114. Chng H. Root Canal Therapy-Single-Visit or Multiple-Visit Approach? Singapore Dent J 2003 25: 31-3.
115. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The Effects of Surgical Exposures of Dental Pulps in Germ-Free and Conventional Laboratory Rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965 20: 340-9.
116. Möller AJ, Fabricius L, Dahlen G et al. Influence on periapical tissues of indigenous oral bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue in monkeys. Scand J Dent Res 1981 89: 475-84.
117. Sjögren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G et al. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod 1990 16: 498-504.
118. Wu MK, Dummer PM, Wesselink PR. Consequences of and strategies to deal with residual post-treatment root canal infection. Int Endod J 2006 39: 343-56.
119. Bergenholtz G, Spångberg L. Controversies in Endodontics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004 15: 99-114.
120. Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer H. Antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2007 40: 2-10.
121. Fabricius L, Dahlen G, Sundqvist G etal. Influence of residual bacteria on periapical tissue healing after chemomechanical treatment and root filling of experimentally infected monkey teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 2006 114: 278-85.