Targeting stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag massive sulfide deposits in ireland through numerical modeling of coupled deformation, thermal transport, and fluid flow

Economic Geology

Volumn 103, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1437-1458

  Murphy, F C ^a   Ord, A ^b,c   Hobbs, B E ^b,c   Willetts, G ^b   Barnicoat, A C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE DEFORMATIONS; BASINAL SEDIMENTS; COMPETING PROCESS; COMPRESSIONAL; COUPLED DEFORMATIONS; CRITICAL PARAMETERS; DARCY FLOWS; ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS; EMPIRICAL DATUM; EXTENSIONAL FAULTS; FAULT DIPS; FLUID FLOWS; FLUID MIXING; GENETIC MODELS; HIGH-SALINITY FLUIDS; IRELAND; LISHEEN; LOCAL SCALE; MINERALIZING SYSTEMS; MODELING RESULTS; NUMERICAL MODELING; NUMERICAL MODELS; ORE FIELDS; REGIONAL SCALE; SALINITY FLUIDS; SILVERMINES; SINGLE-PHASE FLUIDS; SULFIDE DEPOSITS; THERMAL TRANSPORTS; THREE DIMENSIONS; TWO DIMENSIONS; TWO FLUIDS; TWO-DIMENSIONAL; VOLUME CHANGES;

AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS; BUILDINGS; CAPILLARITY; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; FLUIDS; LEAD; LEAD ALLOYS; LEAD DEPOSITS; MINERALOGY; NUMERICAL METHODS; ORES; PLASTIC DEFORMATION; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; SEAWATER; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SILVER; TURBULENT FLOW; ZINC; ZINC SULFIDE;

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

DARCY LAW; DEFORMATION; FAULT; FLUID FLOW; LEAD; MASSIVE SULFIDE; MINERALIZATION; NUMERICAL MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; POROSITY; SALINITY; SEAWATER; SILVER; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECT; ZINC;

EURASIA; EUROPE; IRELAND; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 61849124620     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.7.1437     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Anderson G.M., and Garven G., 1987, Sulfate-sulfide-carbonate associations in Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 482-488.
2. Anderson G.M., and Macqueen R.W., 1988, Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits: Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 3, p. 79-81.
3. Andrew, C.J., 1992, Basin development chronology of the lowermost Carboniferous strata in the Irish north-central Midlands, in Bowden, A.A., Earls, G., O'Connor, P.G. and Pyne, J.F., eds. The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 143-169.
4. Appold, M. S., 1998, Modeling the effects of reactive fluid flow in the formation of the ores of the southern Missouri lead district: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Baltimore, John Hopkins University, 236 p.
5. Appold, M.S., and Garven, G., 2000, Reactive flow models of ore formation in the Southeast Missouri district: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 95, p. 1605-1626.
6. Ashton, J.H., Black, A., Geraghty, M., Holdstock, M., and Hyland, E., 1992, The geological setting and metal distribution patterns of Zn-Pb-Fe mineralization in the Navan Boulder Conglomerate, in Bowden, A.A., Earls, G., O'Connor, P.G. and Pyne, J.F., eds. The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 171-210.
7. Ashton, J.H., Holdstock, M.P., Geraghty, J.F., O'Keefe, W.G., Martinez, N., Peace, W., and Philcox, M.E., 2003, The Navan orebody - discovery and geology of the South West extension, in Kelly, J.G., Andrew, C.J., Ashton, J.H., Boland, M.E., Earls, G., Fusciardi, L., and Stanley, G. eds., Europe's major base metal deposits: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 405-436.
8. Banks, D.A., 1986, Hydrothermal chimneys and fossil worms from the Tynagh Pb-Zn deposit, Ireland, in Andrews, C. J., Crowe, R.W.A., Finlay, S. Pennell, W.M., and Pyne, J.F., eds., The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, p. 441-447.
9. Bear, J., 1972, Dynamics of fluids in porous media: New York, Elsevier, 764 p.
10. Borja, R.I., and Aydin. A., 2004, Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media. I: Geological and mathematical framework: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, v. 193, p. 2667-2698.
11. Bott, M.H.P., Long, R.E., Green, A.S.P., Lewis, A.H.J., Sinha, M.C., and Steveenson, D.L., 1985, Crustal structure south of the Iapetus suture beneath northern England: Nature, v. 314, p. 724-727.
12. Boyce, A.J., Coleman, M.L., and Russell, M., 1983, Formation of fossil hydrothermal chimneys and mounds from Silvermines, Ireland: Nature, v. 306, p. 545-550.
13. Brewer, J.A., Mathews, D.H., Warner, M.R., Hall, J., Smyth, D.K., and Whittington, R.J., 1983, BIRPS deep seismic reflection studies of the British Caledonides: Nature, v. 305, p. 206-210.
14. Burgess, P.M., and Gayer, R.A., 2000, Late Carboniferous tectonic subsidence in South Wales: Implications for Variscan basin evolution and tectonic history of SW Britain: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 157, p. 93-104.
15. Chen, W.F., and Han, D.J., 1988, Plasticity for structural engineers: New York, Springer-Verlag, 606 p.
16. Clifford, J.A., Ryan, P., and Kucha, H., 1986, A review of the geological setting of the Tynagh orebody, Co Galway, in Andrews, C.J., Crowe, R.W.A., Finlay, S. Pennell, W.M., and Pyne, J.F., eds., The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, p. 419-439.
17. th, Dublin, attachment to Proceedings.
18. Collins, I.F., and Houlsby, G.T., 1997, Application of thermodynamic principles to the modeling of geotechnical materials: Proceedings Royal Society, Series A, v. 453, p. 1975-2001.
19. Collins, W.J., and Hobbs, B.E., 2001, What caused the Early Silurian change from mafic to silicic (S-type) magmatism in the eastern Lachlan fold belt?: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 48, p. 25-41.
20. Cooper, M.A., Collins, D.A., Ford, M., Murphy, F.X,. and Trayner, P.M., 1984, Structural style, shortening estimates and the thrust front of the Irish Variscides: Geological Society Special Publication 14, p. 167-175
21. Corbella, M., and Ayora, C., 2003, Role of fluid mixing in deep dissolution of carbonates: Geologica Acta, v. 1, p. 305-313.
22. Corbella, M., Ayora, C., and Cardellach, E., 2004, Hydrothermal mixing, carbonate dissolution and sulfide precipitation in Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 39, p. 344-357.
23. Coussy, O., 2004, Poromechanics: Chichester, U.K., Wiley, 298 p.
24. Cox, S., 1999, Deformation controls on the dynamics of flow in mesothermal gold systems: Geological Society Special Publication 155, p. 123-140.
25. Deming, D., 1992, Catastrophic release of heat and fluid flow in the continental crust: Geology, v. 20, p. 83-86.
26. Detournay, E., and Cheng, A., H-D., 1993, Fundamentals of poroelasticity in Hudson J.A.., Brown E.T., Fairhurst C., and Hoek, E., eds., Comprehensive rock engineering: Principle, practice and projects: London, Pergamon Press, v. 2, p. 113-117.
27. NaCl: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 71, p. 4902-4919.
28. NaCl: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 71, p. 4880-4901.
29. Everett, C.E., Wilkinson, J.J., and Rye, D.M., 1999, Fracture-controlled fluid flow in the Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks of Ireland: Implications for the genesis of Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits: Geological Society Special Publication 155, p. 247-276.
30. Fusciardi, L.P., Guven, J.F., Stewart, D.R.A., Carboni, V., and Walsh, J.J., 2003, The geology and genesis of the Lisheen Zn-Pb deposit, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, in Kelly, J.G., Andrew, C.J., Ashton, J.H., Boland, M.E., Earls, G., Fusciardi, L., and Stanley, G. eds., Europe's major base metal deposits: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 455-481.
31. Garven, G., 1985, The role of regional fluid flow in the genesis of the Pine Point deposit, western Canada sedimentary basin: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 307-324.
32. Garven, G., and Freeze, R.A., 1984a, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits: 1. Mathematical and numerical model: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 1085-1124.
33. - 1984b, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits: 2. Quantitative results: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 1125-1174.
34. rd ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 992 p.
35. Garven, G., Appold, M.S., Toptygina, V.I., and Hazlett, T.J., 1999, Hydrologic modeling of the genesis of carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ores: Hyrdogeology Journal v. 7, p. 108-126.
36. Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1992, Hydromechanical modeling of tectonically driven groundwater flow with application to the Arkoma foreland basin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. B9119-B69144.
37. 2O: Transport in Porous Media, v. 63, p. 399-434.
38. th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium, London, 22-25 August 1999: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 857-860.
39. Goodman, R.E., 1980, Introduction to rock mechanics: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 478 p.
40. Hazlett, T.J., 1997, A hydrogeologic analysis of the Irish carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University, 322 p.
41. Hitzman, M.W., 1995, Mineralization in the Irish Zn-Pb-(Ba-Ag) orefield: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 21, p. 25-61.
42. - 1999, Extensional faults that localize Irish syndiagenetic Zn-Pb deposits and their reactivation during Variscan compression deposits: Geological Society Special Publication 155, p. 233-245.
43. Hitzman, M.W and Beaty, D.W., 1996, The Irish Zn-Pb-(Ba) Orefield. Society of Economic Geologists. Special Publication, 4, p. 112-143.
44. Hitzman, M.W. and Large, D., 1986, A review and classification of the Irish carbonate-hosted base metal deposits, in Andrews, C.J., Crowe, R W. A., Finlay, S. Pennell, W.M. and Pyne, J.F., eds., The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, p. 217-238.
45. Hitzman, M.W., O'Connor, P., Shearley, E., Schaffakitzky, Beaty, D.W., Allan, J.R., and Thompson, T., 1986, Discovery and geology of the Lisheen Zn-Pb-Ag prospect, Rathdowney trend, Ireland, in Bowden, A.A., Earls, G., O'Connor, P.G., and Pyne, J.F., eds. The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 227-246.
46. Hobbs, B.E., Ord, A., Regenauer-Lieb, K., and Drummond, B., 2005, Fluid reservoirs in the crust and mechanical coupling between the upper and lower crust: Earth Planets Space, v. 56, p. 1151-1161.
47. Ingebritsen, S.E., and Sanford, W.E., 1998, Groundwater in geological processes: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 341 p.
48. Jaeger, J.C., 1962, Elasticity, fracture and flow: London, Methuen, 208 p.
49. Jaeger, J.C., and Cook, N.G.W., 1969, Fundamentals of rock mechanics: London, Methuen, 513 p.
50. Johnston, J.D., 1999, Regional fluid flow and the genesis of Irish Carboniferous base metal deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 34, p. 571-598.
51. Johnston, J.D., Coller, D., Millar, G., and Critchley, M.F., 1996, Basement structural controls on Carboniferous-hosted metal deposits in Ireland: Geological Society Special Publication 107, p. 1-21.
52. Jones, G., Fisher, Q.J., and Knipe, R.J., 1998, Faulting, fault sealing and fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs: Geological Society Special Publication 147, 319 p.
53. Leach, D.L., and Rowan, E.L., 1993, Fluid inclusion studies of regionally extensive epigenetic dolomites, Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southern Missouri: Evidence of multiple fluids during dolomitization and lead-zinc mineralization - alternative interpretation: Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, p. 968-978.
54. LeHuray, A.P., Caulfield, J.B.D., Rye, D., and Dixon, P.R., 1987, Basement controls on sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits: A lead isotope study of Carboniferous mineralization in Central Ireland: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1659-1709.
55. Lehner, F., and Leroy, Y., 2004, Sandstone compaction by intergranular pressure solution: International Geophysics Series 89, 450 p.
56. Lewis, H., and Couples, G.D., 1999, Carboniferous basin evolution of central Ireland - simulation of structural controls on mineralization: Geological Society Special Publication 155, p. 277-302.
57. Lewis, H., Couples, G.D., and Russell, M.J., 1995, Characterization of fluid-flow systems for Irish lead-zinc deposits - contributions from mass balance: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 104, p. B87-B156.
58. Lindsay, N.G., Murphy, F.C., Walsh, J. J., and Watterson, J., 1991, Outcrop studies of shale smears on fault surfaces: International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 15, p. 113-124.
59. Lopez, D., and Smith, L., 1995, Fluid flow in fault zones: Analysis of the interplay of convective circulation and topographically driven groundwater flow: Water Resources Research, v. 31, p. 1489-1503.
60. Lowther, J.M., Balding, A.B., McEvoy, F.M., Dunphy, S., MacEoin, P., Bowden, A.A., and McDermot, P., 2003, The Galmoy Zn-Pb orebodies: Structure and metal distribution - clues to the genesis of the deposits, in Kelly, J.G., Andrew, C.J., Ashton, J.H., Boland, M.E., Earls, G., Fusciardi, L. and Stanley, G. eds., Europe's major base metal deposits: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 437-454.
61. Lydon, J.W., 1986, Models for the generation of metalliferous hydrothermal systems within sedimentary rocks and their application to the Irish Carboniferous Zn-Pb deposits, in Andrews, C.J., Crowe, R.W.A., Finlay, S., Pennell, W.M., and Pyne, J.F., eds., The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 555-557.
62. th, Dublin, Proceedings, p. 291-294.
63. O'Keefe, W.G., 1986, Age and postulated source rocks for mineralization in Central Ireland, in Andrews, C.J., Crowe, R.W.A., Finlay, S. Pennell, W.M., and Pyne, J.F., eds., The Irish Minerals Industry 1980-1990: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 671-624.
64. Oliver, J., 1986, Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts: Their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena: Geology, v. 14, p. 99-102.
65. Oliver, N.H.S., McLellan, J.G., Hobbs, B.E., Cleverley, J.S., Ord, A., and Feltrin, L., 2006, Numerical models of extensional deformation, heat transfer, and fluid flows across basement-cover interfaces during basin-related mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 1-31.
66. Ord, A., Hobbs, B.E., Zhang, Y., Broadbent, G.C., Brown, M., Willetts, G., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Walshe, J.L., and Zhao, C., 2002, Geodynamic modeling of the Century deposit, Mt. Isa, Queensland: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 49, p. 1011-1039.
67. Peace, W.M., and Wallace, M.W., 2000, Timing of mineralization at the Navan Zn-Pb deposit: A post-Arundian age for Irish mineralization: Geology, v. 28, p. 711-714.
68. Peace, W.M., Wallace, M.W., Holdstock, M.P., and Ashton, J.H., 2003, Ore textures within the U lens of the Navan Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland: Mineralrum Deposita, v. 38, p. 568-584.
69. Penney, S.R.P., Allen, R.M., Harrisson, S., Lees, T.C., Murphy, F.C., and Norman, A.R., 2004, The global distribution of zinc mineralization, an analysis based on a new zinc deposits database: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 113, p. B171-B182.
70. Phillips, O.A., 1991, Flow and reactions in permeable rocks: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 285 p.
71. Phillips, W.E.A., Stillman, C.J., and Murphy, T., 1976, A Caledonian plate tectonic model: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 132, p. 579-609.
72. Plumlee, G.S., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A.H., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E.L., and Viets, J.G., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US mid-continent: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1361-1383.
73. Raffensperger, J.P., and Vlassopoulos, D., 1999, The potential for free and mixed convection in sedimentary basins: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 7, p. 505-520.
74. Reed, C.P., and Wallace, M.W., 2004, Zn-Pb mineralization in the Silvermines district, Ireland: A product of burial diagenesis: Mineralium Deposita, v. 39, p. 87-102.
75. Russell, M.J., 1968, Structural controls of base metal mineralization in Ireland in relation to continental drift: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 77, p. B117-B128.
76. Russell, M.J., 1978, Downward-excavating hydrothermal cells and Irish-type ore deposits: Importance of an underlying thick Caledonian prism: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, v. 84, p. B161-B171.
77. Samson, I.M., and Russell, M.J., 1987, Genesis of the Silvermines zinc-leadbarite deposit, Ireland: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 371-394.
78. Sanderson, D.J., 1984, Structural variation across the northern margin of the Variscides in NW Europe: Geological Society Special Publication 14, p. 149-166.
79. Sevastopulo, G.D., and Redmond, P., 1999, Age of mineralization of carbonate-hosted base metal deposits in the Rathdowney trend, Ireland in McCaffrey, K.J.W., Lonergan, L., and Wilkinson, J.J., eds., Fractures, fluid flow and mineralization: Geological Society Special Publication 155, p. 303-311.
80. Sheldon, H.A., and Ord, A., 2005, Evolution of porosity, permeability and fluid pressure in dilatant faults post-failure: implications for fluid flow and mineralization: Geofluids, v. 5, p. 272-288.
81. Sheldon, H.A., Barnicoat, A.C., and Ord, A., 2006, Numerical modeling of faulting and fluid flow in porous rocks: An approach based on critical state soil mechanics: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 1468-1482.
82. Todd, S.P., Murphy, F.C., and Kennan, P.S., 1991, On the trace of the Iapetus suture in Ireland and Britain: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 148, p. 869-880.
83. Vermeer, P.A., and de Borst, R., 1984. Non-associated plasticity for soils, concrete and rock: Heron, v. 29, p. 1-63.
84. Wilkinson, J.J., Boyce, A.J., Everett, C.E., and Lee , M.J., 2003, Timing and depth of mineralization in the Irish Zn-Pb orefield, in Kelly, J.G., Andrew, C.J., Ashton, J.H., Boland, M.E., Earls, G., Fusciardi, L. and Stanley, G. eds., Europe's major base metal deposits: Dublin, Irish Association for Economic Geology, p. 483-498.
85. Wong, T-f., David, C., and Menendez, B., 2004, Mechanical compaction: International Geophysics Series 89, 450 p.
86. Zhao, C., Hobbs. B.E., Muhlhaus, H.B., Ord, A., and Lin, G., 2003, Conveetive instability of three-dimensional fluid saturated geological fault zones heated from below: Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, p. 213-220.
87. Zhao, C., Hobbs, B.E., Ord, A., Peng, S., Muhlhaus, H.B., and Liu, L., 2004, Theoretical investigation of convective instability in inclined and fluid-saturated three-dimensional fault zones: Tectonophysics, v. 387, p. 47-64.