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The relaxation time, τ, is given by τ 1/ZD where Z is vacancy sink strength, taken as 1015 / m2, and D is the vacancy(-O complex) diffusion coefficient taken as D 10-4 exp (-1.55/kT) m2 /s. Note very high concentrations of vacancies that escape annihilation would precipitate as vacancy clusters or gas bubbles. The recovery of the vacancy clusters is slower than for individual vacancies, but only gas (Ar and, possibly, O2) bubbles are persistent at temperatures higher than about 1100°C (Ref.).
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The relaxation time, τ, is given by τ 1/ZD where Z is vacancy sink strength, taken as 1015 / m2, and D is the vacancy(-O complex) diffusion coefficient taken as D 10-4 exp (-1.55/kT) m2 /s. Note very high concentrations of vacancies that escape annihilation would precipitate as vacancy clusters or gas bubbles. The recovery of the vacancy clusters is slower than for individual vacancies, but only gas (Ar and, possibly, O2) bubbles are persistent at temperatures higher than about 1100°C (Ref.).
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The 26% is the pore volume of close-packed equally sizes spheres. The void fraction of packed powders varies from this limit, and is generally larger.
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The 26% is the pore volume of close-packed equally sizes spheres. The void fraction of packed powders varies from this limit, and is generally larger.
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20
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61549096064
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Transition phases have higher free energies than the equilibrium phases, but they initially win the kinetic alloy decomposition race. One classic example of transition phases (of many) is the lower temperature decomposition sequence that occurs in Al-Cu alloys proceeding as: GP-zone → θ″ → θ′ →θ, where θ is the equilibrium Al2 Cu phase. Note, that transition phase formation is the rule, rather than the exception, under conditions where the free energy decreases upon their formation is sufficient. For a basic exposition on this topic, see Ref..
-
Transition phases have higher free energies than the equilibrium phases, but they initially win the kinetic alloy decomposition race. One classic example of transition phases (of many) is the lower temperature decomposition sequence that occurs in Al-Cu alloys proceeding as: GP-zone → θ″ → θ′ →θ, where θ is the equilibrium Al2 Cu phase. Note, that transition phase formation is the rule, rather than the exception, under conditions where the free energy decreases upon their formation is sufficient. For a basic exposition on this topic, see Ref..
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