The German Gendarmerie, the Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft and the 'second wave' of Jewish killings in occupied Ukraine: German policing at the local level in the Zhitomir Region, 1941-1944

German History

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 168-192

  Dean, Martin C ^a  

^a Metropolitan Police War Crimes Unit   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 61449476814     PISSN: 02663554     EISSN: 1477089X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026635549601400203     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. See Y. Arad, S. Krakowski, and S. Spector (eds), The Einsatzgruppen Reports (New York, 1989), for edited extracts in English
2. H. Heer (ed.), Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1995)
3. See therein especially Hannes Heer, '"Killing Fields": Die Wehrmacht und der Holocaust', pp. 57-77
4. T. J. Schulte, The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia (Oxford, 1989)
5. M. Gilbert, The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy (London, 1986)
6. R. Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews, 3 vols (London, 1986)
7. S. Spector, The Holocaust of the Volhynian Jews, 1941-44 (Jerusalem, 1990)
8. Y. Arad, 'The Holocaust and Soviet Jewry in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union', Yad Vashem Studies, 21 (1991)
9. On some of the dangers inherent in the use of investigative sources, see C. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1992), pp. xvi-xvii
10. Browning, Ordinary Men, p. 10
11. See for example the contributions of Jürgen Förster, Christian Streit, and Orner Bartov in David Cesarani (ed.), The Final Solution: origins and implementation (London, 1994)
12. C. Browning, Ordinary Men
13. R. Breitmann, 'Himmler's Police Auxiliaries in the Occupied Soviet Territories', Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 7 (1990), 23-9
14. K. Kwiet, 'Auftakt zum Holocaust. Ein Polizeibatallion im Osteinsatz', in W. Benz, H. Buchheim, and H. Mommsen (eds), Der National-sozialismus. Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), pp. 191-208
15. and T. P. Mulligan, The Politics of Illusion and Empire. German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1942-43 (Westport, Conn., and London, 1988), especially their neglect of the local role of the Order Police
16. BA-MA Freiburg, RH 26/125-4, XXXXIX Corps Order No. 48, 20.7.1941
17. BA-MA Freiburg, RH 22/5, Bfh. rückw. H. Geb. Süd, 5.8.41
18. SAM, 1275-3-662, pp. 3-13. Reports of FK 675, Abt. VII to SD 444, 1.8.41, 11.8.41
19. SAM, 1275-3-662, pp. 3-13, 30-7. Reports of FK 675, Abt. VII to SD 444, 1.8.41, 11.8.41, 30.8.41
20. BA-MA Freiburg, RW 41/4, order of Daluege for Himmler re. security forces, 31.7.1941; BA-MA Freiburg, RH 22/9, Commander Rear Area South Abt. Ia, 14.11.1941
21. SAM, 1275-3-662. Reports of FK 675, Abt. VII to SD 444 on 11., 13., 30., 31.8.41
22. SAM, 1275-3-662. Reports of FK 675, Abt. VII to SD 444 on 1., 11., 13., 30.8.41: BA-MA Freiburg, RH22/5, Commander of Rear Army Area South, Abt. VII, 21.7.41
23. SAM, 1275-3-662, pp. 20a-26, Field Command 675, Abt. VII, to SD 444 on 25.8.41, and to the interim administration of the Vinnitsa area on 23.8.41. On the issue of retaining the Kolkhoz system in Byelorussia, see also B. Chiari, 'Deutsche Zivilverwaltung in Weißrußland 1941-44. Die lokale Perspektive der Besatzungsgeschichte', in Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 52 (1993), 76-7
24. J. A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism (London, 1963), pp. 91-3
25. See especially H. Krausnick and H.-H. Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938-42 (Stuttgart, 1981) and note 2 above
26. BA, R58/217, EM 88, p. 8
27. ZA, 1151-1-2. These appear to be OUN reports in German. It is not clear whether the OUN were reporting directly to the Germans or whether the Germans had captured the documents and then translated them themselves. The latter seems likely as none of the documents has been signed
28. ZSL, II 204 AR-Z 133/67, concluding report, p. 6
29. SAM, 1323-2-230, Schmidt to Rattenhuber, 12.1.42
30. A.F. Vysotsky et al., Nazi Crimes in Ukraine, 1941-44: Documents and Materials (Kiev, 1987), pp. 162-3
31. On the policy regarding the treatment of Soviet prisoners, see C. Streit, Keine Kameraden: die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941-45 (Stuttgart, 1978)
32. Schulte, The German Army, pp. 180-210
33. BA, R43II/686a, pp. 3-9
34. ZA 1182-1-23, pp. 533-4. Preliminary Service instructions for the Gendarmerie of the Generalkommissariat Zhitomir, issued by the Commander of the Gendarmerie Zhitomir on 15.1.42
35. BA, R6/310, pp. 1-40
36. B. Chiari, 'Deutsche Zivilverwaltung in Weißrußland', 87
37. ZA, 1182-1-8, p. 114; 1182-1-10, p. 26
38. ZA, 1182-1-3, p. 58, Commander of the Gendarmerie Zhitomir. Command Order 4/41, 8.12.41. ZA, 1151-1-21, pp. 65-6
39. ZA, 1182-1-3, p. 59. Generalkommissar to Gebiets/Stadtkommissar in Kasatin. 3.12.41. Encloses letter of Reichskommissar dated 8.12.41
40. ZA, 1182-1-17, pp. 123-5, 128, 150. BdO Ukraine Guidelines for Training of the Schutzmannschaft, 9.4.43. RFSS and Head of German Police Order re: Training and schooling of Schutzmannschaft in local posts, 19.8.42. Commander of Gendarmerie Zhitomir, Captaincy Vinnitsa to Gendarmerie District Leaders, 10.8.42
41. ZA, 1182-1-17, p. 129. Guidelines for the Training of the Schutzmannschaft in the area of BdO Ostland and Ukraine. I. Political education and direction
42. ZA, 1465-1-1, p. 9
43. ZA, 1465-1-1, p. 74
44. BA, R6/15, p. 26. Stadtkommissar Vinnitsa report, 26.10.42
45. BA, R58/221, EM 191
46. ZSL, II 204a AR-Z 188/67, Vol. I, pp. 221-55
47. ZA, 1182-1-6, p. 156
48. For the most illuminating study to date on Soviet partisan warfare, see J. A. Armstrong, Soviet partisans in World War II (Wisconsin, 1964)
49. For a somewhat apologetic account of Ukrainian resistance to the Germans, see W. Kosyk, L'allemagne national-socialiste et l'Ukraine (Paris, 1986)
50. ZA, 1182-1-26, pp. 121-31
51. B. Chiari, 'Deutsche Zivilverwaltung in Weißrußland', 69