The peoples of britain and ireland, 1100-1400: Iv language and historical mythology

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 7, Issue , 1997, Pages 1-24

  Davies, R R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61449437830     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0080440100005351     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. 'Quoted in Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (revised edn, 1991), 67-68.
2. William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England (1906 edn), I, 7.
3. E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge, 1990), 58.
4. Cf. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe. Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change g950-135° (1993), 201
5. J. A. Watt in A New History of Ireland' II: Medieval Ireland II691534, ed. Art Cosgrove (Oxford, 1987), 346.
6. Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, ed. J. T. Gilbert, Rolls Series (1884-6), 11, 21-22.
7. ‘gens … haec Kambrica, aliave lingua’, Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer et al., Rolls Series (1861-91), vi, 227 (Description of Wales, Book II, chap. 10).
8. Royal and Other Historical Letters … of the Reign of Henry III, ed. W. W. Shirley, Rolls Series (1862-6), 11 230 (1962). Many other examples could be cited.
9. W. Stubbs, Select Charters of English Constitutional History (9th edn, 1913), 480.
10. Ian Short, ‘On Bilingualism in Anglo-Norman England’, Romance Philology, 33 (1979), 467-480.
11. T. Turville-Petre, ‘Politics and Poetry in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Case of Robert Manning's Chronicle’, Review of English Studies, new series 39 (1988), 1-28
12. T. Turville-Petre, ‘The “Nation” in English Writings in the Early Fourteenth Century’, in England in the Fourteenth Century, ed. N. Rogers (1993), 128-139
13. Mem, England the Nation. Language, Literature and National Identity 1290-1340 (1996)
14. “Ranulph Higden, Polychronicon, ed. C. Babington and J. R. Lumby, Rolls Series (1865-86), I, 160-163.
15. Cf. the distinction between the speech of south-country Englishmen, north-country Englishmen and English-speaking Scots referred to in a lawsuit of 1360: D. M. Owen, ‘White Annays and Others’, in Medieval Women, ed. D. Baker (1978), 332, 343~4- owe this reference originally to G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity. Scotland 1000-1306 (1981). I45-)
16. Cf. F. J. Byrne, Irish longs and High Kings (1973), 8.
17. J. E. Caerwyn Williams et al., eds., Gwaith Meilyr Biydydd a'i Ddisgynyddion (Cardiff, 1994), 29, 1. 5 and 30, 1. 30
18. Nerys A. Jones and Ann P. Owen, Gwaith Cynddelw Bydydd Mawr, I (Cardiff, 1991), 85, 1. 31.
19. Morfydd Owen et al., eds., Gwaith Uywelyn Fardd ac Eraill (Cardiff, 1994), 444, U. 136, 139.
20. Quoted in Colette Beaune, Naissance de la nation France (Paris, 1985), 297.
21. “The passage is published at length in C.M. D. Crowder, Unity, Heresy and Reform 1378-1460 (1977), 121
22. for a recent comment, J.-P. Genet, ‘English Nationalism: Thomas Polton at the Council of Constance’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 28 (1984), 60-78.
23. Ian Short, ‘Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 14 (1992), 229-249 at 244.
24. See also R. A. Lodge, ‘Language Attitudes and Linguistic Norms in France and England in the Thirteenth Century’, Thirteenth-Century England, 4 (1992), 73-85.
25. For Wales see in general Llinos Beverley Smith, ‘Pwnc yr iaith yng Nghymru, 12821536’, in Cof Cenedl I, ed. G. H. Jenkins (Llandysul, 1986), 3-33
26. Llinos Beverley Smith, ‘Yr Iaith yng Nghymru'r Oesoedd Canol’, Lien Cymru, 18 (1994-5), 179-191.
27. Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, VI, 14, 55, 67 (Itinerary through Wales Book 1, chaps., 7)*
28. B. G. Charles, ‘The Welsh, their Language and Placenames in Archenfield and Oswestry’, Angles and Britons. O'Donnell Lectures (Cardiff, 1963), 85-110
29. M. Richards, ‘The Population of the Welsh Border’, Trans. Cymmrodorion Society (1970), part I, 77-100.
30. Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, VI, 64–5 (Itinerary, Book I, chap. 6).
31. Gerald repeated the story in Expugnatio Hibemica, ed. A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin (Dublin, 1978), 108-111.
32. Flemish: Giraldus Cambrensis, Speculum Duorum, ed. M. Richter et al. (Cardiff, 1974), 37
33. Lauran Toorians, ‘Wizo Flandrensis and the Flemish Settlement in Pembrokeshire’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 20 (1990), 99-118
34. the Irish: see comments of D. Simon Evans, Historia Gruffiid vab Kenan (Cardiff, 1977), cix-cxiii.
35. Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous I2ig~i30j, no. 1870.
36. In the southern half of the Principality the interpreter was called walstottus: R. A. Griffiths, ed., The Prindpality of Wales in the Later Middle Ages, I: South Wales 1277-1536, 72. Examples of interpreters on Marcher pay-rolls: Public Record Office SC6/1234/2,5 (Chirk, Bromfield and Yale); Shrewsbury Public Library 9777 (Oswestry)
37. G. T. Clark, ed., Cartae…de Glamorgan (Cardiff, 1910), III, no. 920 (Kilvey).
38. For employment of interpreters in Ireland see, for example, ‘The Irish Pipe Roll of 14 John, 1211-12’, ed. O. Davies and D. B. Quinn, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, 4, supplement (1941), 44-45.
39. J. H. Matthews, ed., Records of the County Borough of Cardiff (Cardiff, 1898-1911), IV, 578
40. Smith, ‘Pwnc yr iaith yng Nghymru’, 13.
41. John Bannerman, ‘The King's Poet and the Inauguration of Alexander IIP’, Scottish Historical Review, 68 (1989), 120-149.
42. Quoted in D. Murison, ‘Linguistic Relationships in Medieval Scotland’, in The Scottish Tradition, ed. G. W. S. Barrow (1974), 71-83 at 80.
43. G. W. S. Barrow, ‘The Anglo-Scottish Border: Growth and Structure in the Middle Ages’, in Grenzen und Grenzregionen, ed. W. Haubrichs and R. Schneider (Saarbrücken, 1994)> i97~2I2j esP* 202-203
44. Daphne Brooke, ‘Gall-Gaidhil in Galloway’, in Galloway. Land nd Lordship, ed. R. D. Oram and G. R Stell (Edinburgh, 1991), 97-116.
45. See briefly Ranald Nicholson, Scotland. The Later Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1974), 24-25, 73-4, 274-5 and Map A
46. G. W. S. Barrow, Scotland and its Neighbours (1992), 106-108.
47. G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (3rd edn, Edinburgh, 1988), 69
48. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey, eds., The Westminster Chronicle 1381-g4 (Oxford, 1982), 348-349
49. Royal and Historical Letters during the Reign of Henry IV, ed. F. C. Hingeston, Rolls Series (1860-1965), 1, 24.
50. Quoted in Jenny Wormald, ‘The Creation of Britain: Multiple Kingdoms or Core and Colonies?’, ante, 6th ser., II (1992), 175-194 at lll-
51. John of Fordun, Chronica Scottorum, ed. W. F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1971-2), I, 42. Cf.
52. Calendar of Papal Registers. Papal Letters, IV, 1362-1404, 56
53. Acts of the Lords of the Isles 13361493, ed. J. Munro and R. W. Munro, Scottish History Society (1986), iviii.
54. G. W. S. Barrow, The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History (Oxford, 1980), 147.
55. A. Borst, Der Turmbau von Babel (Stuttgart, 1957-63)
56. and for an English summary of some of his views, A. Borst, Medieval Worlds, Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1991), esp. chap. 2.
57. Isidore of Seville, Etymologia … libri xx, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911), 9.1.1. (Quia ex linguis gentes, non de gentibus linguae exortae sunt.)
58. Claudius Marius Victor, quoted in Bartlett, The Making of Europe, 198.
59. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (1887-9), 31*
60. Regesta Regum Scottorum v. The Acts of Robert 1,1306-29, ed. A. A. M. Duncan (Edinburgh, 1988), no. 364.
61. Tke Book of Leinster, ed. R. I. Best et al. (Dublin 1954_Ö3), III, 573
62. quoted in D.Ó. Corráin, ‘Nationality and Kingship in Pre-Norman Ireland’, Historical Studies, II (1978), i'35 at 6. One early Irish tract, Auraicept na nEces, emphasised that the common origin of the Irish lay in their language rather than in an eponymous ancestor.
63. Quoted in Borst, Der Turmbau, 785.
64. Quoted in Bardett, The Making of Europe, 202.
65. Edmund Spenser, A View of the Present State of Ireland (1596), ed. W. L. Renwick (Oxford, 1970), 67.
66. See generally Short, ‘Patrons and Polyglots’.
67. Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, ed. R. C. Johnston (Oxford, 1981), 1. 631.
68. Gesta Regis Henriä Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (1867), 11, 219.
69. Flores Historiarum, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (1890), 11, 481.
70. The first quotation is from ‘Of Arthur and of Merlin’, cited in Turville-Petre, ‘Politics and Poetry’ 27; the second is from Historical Mss. Commission. Manuscripts of Lord Middleton (1911), 239.
71. For a recent review of the chronology of the adoption of the vernacular in Scottish documents, see Hector MacQueen, Common Law and Feudal Society in Medieval Scotland (Edinburgh, 1993), 93-95.
72. Historia Grujfud vab Kenan, 25, 30-31
73. A. W. Wade-Evans, ed., Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff, 1944), 17.
74. Llauysgrif Hendregadredd, ed. J. Morris-Jones and T. H. Parry-Williams (Cardiff, 1933), 218
75. Gerald Morgan, ‘Nodiadau ar destun Barddoniaeth y Tywysogion yn Usg. NLW 4993’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 21 (1964-6), 149-150.
76. Stephen of Lexington, Letters from Ireland 1228-9, e<- B.W. O'Dwyer (Kalamazoo, 1982), 68, 91, 162.
77. J.A. Watt, ‘English Law and the Irish Church: The Reign of Edward I’, in Medieval Studies to Aubrey Gwynn ed. J.A. Watt et al. (Dublin, 1961), 137-167 at 150-1
78. G. O. Sayles, ed., Documents of the Affairs of Ireland before the King's Cornai (Dublin, 1979), 28 (Cum igitur Hybemica lingua vobis et vestra sit inimica), 72 (Irish and Scots described ‘come ceux qi heont lange engleise’).
79. Statutes … of Ireland, John to Henry V, ed. H. F. Berry (Dublin), 434–5.
80. Caithrêim Thoirdhealbhaigh, ed. S. H. Grady, Irish Texts Society (1929), 267, 30–1.
81. Quoted in D. B. Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish (Ithaca, 1966), 88.
82. ‘Annales Londonienses’, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (1882), 1, 41.
83. Examples: Public Record Office, Chester 25/25 m. lv; Chester 30/17 m. 23; Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. N. H. Nicolas (Record Commission, 1834-7), 555 Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench, ed. G. O. Sayles (Seiden Society, 1936-71), VII, 114-171.
84. Chronicon Adae de Usk, ed. E. Maunde Thompson (1904), 71.
85. M. C. Jones, The Feudal Barons of Powys (1865), 49
86. British Library Additional Charter, - l E. Perroy, LAngktme et le grand schisme d'occident (Paris, 1933), 395, 403.
87. Steven G. Ellis, Tudor Ireland 1470-1603 (1985), 138.
88. It was in the same spirit that an Act was introduced in 1336-7 enjoining clerks in Holy Orders in Ireland to do their best ‘to learn the English tongue and language and use English order and fashions’, D. B. Quinn, ‘The Bills and Statutes of the Irish Parliament of Henry VII and Henry VIH’, Analecta Hibemica, 10 (1941), 71-169 at 156.
89. It was for the same reason that the SPCK two centuries later advised against preaching in Irish, because it would ‘keep up the distinction of their people from ours to make us one people and of one religion, which would have but one language' ’Rawlinson Manuscripts (Class CV, Analecta Hibemica, 2 (1931), 1-44 at 27.
90. Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, 1986), 25.
91. P. P. Sims-Williams, ‘Some Functions of Origin Stories in Early Medieval Wales’, in History and Heroic Tale. A Symposium, ed. T. Nyberg et al. (Odense, 1988), 97-131 at 98.
92. D. O. Corráin, ‘Irish Origin Legends and Genealogy: Recurrent Aetiologies’, in History and Heroic Tale ed. Nyberg et ai, 51-96
93. E. J. Cowan, ‘Myth and Identity in Early Medieval Scotland’, Scottish Historical Review, 63 (1984), in-35.
94. The quotation is from T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish History and Mythology (Dublin, 1946), 194.
95. Documents of the Affairs of Ireland, 99-100. For comment, Robin Frame, ‘England and Ireland, 171-1399’, in England and her Neighbours 1066-1453. Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais, ed. M. Jones and M. Vale (1989), 139-157 at 152-3
96. Robin Frame, ‘Overlordship and Reaction, c. 1200-C.1450’, in Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History, ed. A. Grant and K.J. Stringer (1995), esp. 78-9.
97. See in general Kathleen Hughes, The Early Celtic Idea of History and the Modem Historian (Cambridge, 1976)
98. F. J. Byrne, ‘Senchas: The Nature of the Gaelic Historical Tradition’, Historical Studies, (1970), 137-159
99. John Carey, The Irish National Origin-Legend. Synthetic Pseudohistory (Cambridge, 1994).
100. Kathleen Hughes, Early Christian Ireland. Introduction to the Sources (1972), 282-283
101. D. O. Corráin, ‘Nationality and Kingship in pre-Norman Ireland’, Historical Studies, 11 (1978), 1-35, esp. 5-7.
102. B. F. Roberts, ‘Geoffrey of Monmouth and Welsh Historical Tradition’, Nottingham Medieval Studies 20 (1976), 29-40
103. J. B. Smith, The Sense of History in Medieval Wales (Aberystwyth, 1989).
104. For differing emphases on the antiquity or otherwise of Scottish historical traditions, see, on the one hand, Bannerman, ‘The King's Poet’, and
105. D. Broun, ‘The Origin of Scottish Identity’, in C. Björn et ai, Nations, Nationalism and Patriotism in the European Past (Copenhagen, 1994), 35-56, and
106. on the other, R. James Goldstein, The Matter of Scotland. Historical Narrative in Medieval Scotland (Nebraska, 1993). Cf. also A.A.M. Duncan's trenchant comment (Cedpath go, 8): ‘Scotland was a political creation without any attested early mythical history to service the kingship.’
107. E. L. G. Stones, ed., Anglo-Scottish Relations 1174-1382. Some Selected Documents (2nd edn, Oxford, 1970), 284-285.
108. J. Bannerman, Studies in the History ofDalriada (Edinburgh, 1974), 27-157.
109. Quoted in H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Bede and the “English People”’, Journal of Religious History, il (1981), 523
110. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, I, 1, 30, 56, 67, 260, etc.
111. See in particular James Campbell's seminal study, ‘Some Twelfth-Century Views of the Anglo-Saxon Past’, Peritia, 3 (1984), 131-150
112. reprinted in his Essays in Anglo-Saxon Histoy (1986), chap. 13.
113. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, II, 518; Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. Thomas Arnold, Rolls Series (1879), 3, 47–48, 52, 134, 163, 172
114. ed. D. Greenway (Oxford, 1996), 4, 96-98, 106, 264, 317, 334-6; William of Newburgh, ‘Historia Rerum Anglicarum’, Chronicles of the Reims of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, ed. R. Howlett, Rolls Series (1884-9), I 28.
115. Remonstrance: Walter Bower, Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt et al. (Aberdeen, 1987), VI, 384–403
116. Declaration of Arbroath: A. A. M. Duncan, The Nation of Scots and the Declaration of Arbroath 1320, Historical Association (1970).
117. See in general Susan Reynolds, ‘Medieval Origines Gentium and the Community of the Realm’, History, 68 (1983), 375-390.
118. M. Lapidge, ‘Welsh Latin Poetry of Sulien's Family’, Studia Celtica, 8–9 (i973-4), 68106 at 83.
119. See in general Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge, 1989)
120. James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford, 1992).
121. J. Conway Davies, ed., The Welsh Assize Roll 1277-84 (Cardiff, 1940), 161-162.
122. Rosamond Faith, ‘The “Great Rumour” of 1377 and Peasant Ideology’, in The English Rising of 1381, ed. R. H. Hilton and T. H. Aston (Cambridge, 1984), 43-74.
123. Ó. Corráin, ‘Irish Origin Legends’, at 55.
124. Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, VI, 200 (Description of Wales, Book 1, chap. 17)
125. F. Jones, ‘An Approach to Welsh Genealogy’, Transactions of Cymmrodorion Society, (1948), 303466
126. M. H. Brown, ‘Kinship, Land and Law in Fourteenth-Century Wales: The Kindred of Iorwerth ap Cadwgan’, Welsh History Review, 17 (1995), 495-5i9
127. A. D. M. Barreli and R. R. Davies, ‘Land, Lineage and Revolt in North-East Wales, 1243-1441: A Case Study’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 29 (1995), 27-51.
128. For ‘rhymers and wasters’ etc. in Wales, see R. R. Davies, The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr (Oxford, 1995), 92-93 and sources cited there
129. for similar assemblies in Ireland, see Katherine Simms, From Kings to Warlords. The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1987), 72-75.
130. Edward Owen, ed., A Catalogue of Manuscripts relating to Wales in the British Museum, Cymmrodorion Record Series (1900-22), I, 72.
131. Daniel Defoe, A Tour through England and Wales (1724-6) (Everyman edn, 1928), II, 54, 67-8.