The free gracilis perforator flap: Anatomical study and clinical refinements of a new perforator flap

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 123, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 578-588

  Peek, Alberto ^a   Müller, Miriam ^a   Ackermann, Guido ^a   Exner, Klaus ^a   Baumeister, Steffen ^a  

^a Breast Center   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BREAST RECONSTRUCTION; CADAVER; CONTRACTURE; DISSECTION; DONOR SITE; FREE TISSUE GRAFT; GRACILIS FLAP; GRACILIS MUSCLE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP; PERFORATOR FLAP; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCAR; SKIN DEFECT; THIGH; VASCULAR PEDICLE; ACHILLES TENDON; FEMALE; HISTOLOGY; INNERVATION; MALE; PLASTIC SURGERY; SAPHENOUS VEIN; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VASCULARIZATION;

ACHILLES TENDON; ADULT; DISSECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MAMMAPLASTY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SAPHENOUS VEIN; SURGICAL FLAPS; THIGH;

EID: 61449212251     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181956519     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Allen RJ, Tucker C Jr. Superior gluteal artery perforator free flap for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;95: 1207-1212.
2. Angrigiani C, Grilli D, Siebert J. Latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flap without muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96: 1608-1614.
3. Koshima I, Soeda S. Inferior epigastric artery skin flaps without rectus abdominis muscle. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42:645-648.
4. Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, Kawata S, Ohta S, Ikeda A. The gluteal perforator-based flap for repair of sacral pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;91:678-683.
5. Peek A, Muller M, Exner K. The free gracilis perforator flap for autologous breast reconstruction (in German). Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2002;34:245-250.
6. Coquerel-Beghin D, Milliez PY, Auquit-Auckbur I, Lemierre G, Duparc F. The gracilis musculocutaneous flap: Vascular supply of the muscle and skin components. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28:588-595.
7. Juricic M, Vaysse P, Guitard J, Moscovici J, Becue J, Juskie-wenski S. Anatomic basis for use of a gracilis muscle flap. Surg Radiol Anat. 1993;15:163-168.
8. Kappler UA, Constantinescu MA, Buchler U, Vogelin E. Anatomy of the proximal cutaneous perforator vessels of the gracilis muscle. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58:445-448.
9. Lykoudis EG, Spyropoulou GA, Vlastou CC. The anatomic basis of the gracilis perforator flap. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58: 1090-1094.
10. Baek SM. Two new cutaneous free flaps: The medial and lateral thigh flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;71:354-365.
11. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: A new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg. 1984;37:149-159.
12. Acland RD, Schusterman M, Godina M, Eder E, Taylor GI, Carlisle I. The saphenous neurovascular free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;67:763-774.
13. Har-Shai Y, Hirshowitz B, Marcovich A, Eliachar I, Peretz BA. Blood supply and innervation of the supermedial thigh flap employed in one-stage reconstruction of the scrotum and vulva: An anatomical study. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;13:504-510.
14. Hirshowitz B, Moscona R, Kaufman T, Pnini A. One-stage reconstruction of the scrotum following Fournier's syndrome using a probable arterial flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:608-612.
15. Hirshowitz B, Peretz BA. Bilateral superomedial thigh flaps for primary reconstruction of scrotum and vulva. Ann Plast Surg. 1982;8:390-396.
16. Nakajima H, Imanishi N, Fukuzumi S. Vaginal reconstruction with the femoral veno-neuroaccompanying artery fasciocutaneous flap. Br J Plast Surg. 1999;52:547-553.
17. Wang TN, Whetzel T, Mathes SJ, Vasconez LO. A fasciocu-taneous flap for vaginal and perineal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;80:95-103.
18. Wee JT, Joseph VT. A new technique of vaginal reconstruction using neurovascular pudendal-thigh flaps: A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:701-709.
19. Woods JE, Alter G, Meland B, Podratz K. Experience with vaginal reconstruction utilizing the modified Singapore flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;90:270-274.
20. Giordano PA, Abbes M, Pequignot JP. Gracilis blood supply: Anatomical and clinical re-evaluation. Br J Plast Surg. 1990; 43:266-272.
21. Yousif NJ, Matloub HS, Kolachalam R, Grunert BK, Sanger JR. The transverse gracilis musculocutaneous flap. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;29:482-490.
22. Whetzel TP, Lechtman AN. The gracilis myofasciocutaneous flap: Vascular anatomy and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:1642-1652.
23. Lykoudis EG, Spyropoulou GA, Vlastou CC. The conjoint medial circumflex femoral perforator and gracilis muscle free flap: Anatomical study and clinical use for complex facial paralysis reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:1589-1595.
24. Taylor GI, Palmer JH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: Experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg. 1987;40:113-141.
25. Core GB, Weimar R, Meland NB. The turbo gracilis myocutaneous flap. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1992;8:267-275.
26. Hallock GG. The medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) local perforator flap: A local medial groin perforator flap. Ann Plast Surg. 2003;51:460-464.
27. McCraw JB, Massey FM, Shanklin KD, Horton CE. Vaginal reconstruction with gracilis myocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;58:176-183.
28. McCraw JB, Dibbell DG. Experimental definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1977;60:212-220.
29. Taylor GI, Pan WR. Angiosomes of the leg: Anatomic study and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:599-616.
30. Haertsch P. The surgical plane in the leg. Br J Plast Surg. 1981;34:464-469.
31. Ponten B. The fasciocutaneous flap: Its use in soft tissue defects of the lower leg. Br J Plast Surg. 1981;34:215-220.
32. Cormack GC, Lamberty BG. The blood supply of thigh skin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75:342-354.
33. Onishi K, Maruyama Y, Iwahira Y. Cutaneous and fascial vasculature of the leg: Anatomic study of fasciocutaneous vessels. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1986;2:181-189.
34. Castro M, Brenda E, Marques A, Pereira M. Anatomic study of the external pudendal vessels to the anterior scrotal region. Eur J Plast Surg. 1998;21: 86.
35. Shimizu T, Fisher DR, Carmichael SW, Bite U. An anatomic comparison of septocutaneous free flaps from the thigh region. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38:604-610.
36. Hallock GG. The gracilis (medial circumflex femoral) perforator flap: A medial groin free flap? Ann Plast Surg. 2003; 51:623-626.
37. Hallock GG. Further experience with the medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) perforator free flap. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004;20:115-122.
38. Hallock GG. The conjoint medial circumflex femoral perforator and gracilis muscle free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 113:339-346.
39. Moschella F, Cordova A. Innervated island flaps in morpho-functional vulvar reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000; 105:1649-1657.
40. Zukowski M, Lord J, Ash K, Shouse B, Getz S, Robb G. The gracilis free flap revisited: A review of 25 cases of transfer to traumatic extremity wounds. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;40: 141-144.
41. Deutinger M, Kuzbari R, Paternostro-Sluga T, et al. Donor-site morbidity of the gracilis flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 95:1240-1244.
42. Mathes JS, Nahai F. Clinical Applications for Muscle and Musculocutaneous Flaps. St. Louis: Mosby; 1982:408-418.
43. Rees MJ, Taylor GI. A simplified lead oxide cadaver injection technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:141-145.