Origin of a crustal splay fault and its relation to the seismogenic zone and underplating at the erosional north Ecuador-south Colombia oceanic margin

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 113, Issue 12, 2008, Pages

  Collot, J Y ^a   Agudelo, W ^a   Ribodetti, A ^a   Marcaillou, B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS   (France)

^b JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCRETIONARY PRISM; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRETACEOUS; DECOLLEMENT; FAULTING; PRESTACK MIGRATION; RUPTURE; SEAMOUNT; SEISMICITY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC SETTING; UNDERPLATING; UPLIFT;

COLOMBIA; ECUADOR; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 61449195752     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JB005691     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Agudelo, W. (2005), Imagerie sismique quantitative de la marge convergente d'Equateur-Colombie, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
2. Agudelo, W., A. Ribodetti, S. Operto, and A. Gailler (2004), Imaging deep reflectors: Combination of MCS and wide-angle data for a better estimation of the velocity macro-model, paper presented at 66th EAGE Conference, Eur. Assoc. of Geosei. Eng., Paris, France.
3. Aitken, B. G., and L. M. Echeverría. (1984), Petrology and geochemistry of komatiites and tholeiites from Gorgona island, Colombia, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 86, 94-105, doi:10.1007/BF00373714.
4. Allen, P. A., and J. R. Allen (1993), Basins associated with strike-slip deformation, in Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, pp. 115-138, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, U.K.
5. Al-Yahya, K. (1989), Velocity analysis by iterative profile migration, Geophysics, 54, 718-729, doi:10.1190/1.1442699.
6. Bangs, N., T. H. Shipley, S. P. S. Gulick, G. F. Moore, S. Kuromoto, and Y. Nakamura (2004), Evolution of the Nankai Trough décollement from the trench into the seismogenic zone: Inferences from three-dimensional seismic reflection imaging, Geology, 32(4), 273-276, doi:10.1130/G20211.2.
7. Bangs, N. L. B., S. P. S. Gulick, and T. H. Shipley (2006), Seamount subduction erosion in the Nankai Trough and its potential impact on the seismogenic zone, Geology, 34(8), 701-704, doi:10.1130/G22451.1.
8. Beck, S. L., and L. J. Ruff (1984), The rupture process of the great 1979 Colombia earthquake: Evidence for the asperity model, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9281-9291, doi:10.1029/JB089iB11p0281.
9. Behrmann, J. H. (1991); Conditions for hydrofracture and the fluid permeability of accretionary wedges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 107, 550-558, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90100-V.
10. Boyer, S. E., and D. Elliott (1982), Thrust systems, AAPG Bull, 66(9), 1196-1230.
11. Brandsdóttir, B., W. Menke, P. Einarsson, R. S. White, and R. K. Staples (1997), Färoe-Iceland Ridge experiment: 2. Crustal structure of the Krafla central volcano, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 7867-7886, doi:10.1029/96JB03799.
12. Byrne, D. E., D. M. Davis, and L. R. Sykes (1988), Loci and maximum size of thrust earthquakes and the mechanics of the shallow region of subduction zones, Tectonics, 7(4), 833-857, doi:10.1029/ TC007i004p00833.
13. Calahorrano, A., Sallares, J.-Y. Collot, F. Sage, and C. R. Ranero (2008), Nonlinear variations of the physical properties along the southern Ecuador subduction channel: Results from depth-migrated seismic data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267(3-4), 453-467, doi:10.1016/ j.epsl.2007.11.061.
14. Caress, D. W., M. K. McNutt, R. S. Detrick, and J. C. Mutter (1995), Seismic imaging of hotspot-related crustal underplating beneath the Marquesas Islands, Nature, 373, 600-603, doi:10.1038/373600a0.
15. Cediel, F., R. Shaw and P. C. Cáceres (2003), Tectonic assembly of the northern Andean Block, in The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation, and Plate Tectonics, edited by C. Bartolini, R. T. Buffler, and J. Blickwede, AAPG Mem., 79, 815-848.
16. Charvis, P., A. Laesanpura, J. Gallart, A. Hirn, J.-C. Lépine, B. deVoogd, T. A. Minshull, Y. Hello, and B. Pontoise (1999), Spatial distribution of hotspot material added to,the lithosphere under La Réunion, from wide-angle seismic data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2875-2893, doi:10.1029/98JB02841.
17. Cloos, M. (1992), Thrust-type subduction-zone earthquakes and seamount asperities: A physical model for seismic rupture, Geology, 20(7), 601-604, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0601:TTSZEA>2.3.CO;2.
18. Cloos, M., and R. L. Shreve (1996), Shear-zone thickness and seismicity of Chilean- and Marianas-type subduction zones, Geology, 24(2), 107-110, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0107:SZTATS>2.3.CO;2.
19. Cohen, C. R. (1982), Model for a passive to active continental margin transition: Implications for hydrocarbure exploration, AAPG Bull., 66(6), 708-718.
20. Coleman, R. G. (1971), Petrological and geophysical nature of serpentinites, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 897-918, doi:10.11130/ 0016-7606(1971)82[897:PAGNOS]2.0.CO;2.
21. Collot, J.-Y., and M. A. Fisher (1989), Formation of forearc basins by collision between seamounts and accretionary wedges: An example from the New Hebrides subduction zone, Geology, 17(10), 930-933, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0930:FOFBBC>2.3.CO;2.
22. Collot, J.-Y., S. Lallemand, B. Pelletier, J.-P. Eissen, G. Glaçon, M. A. Fisher, H. G. Greene, J. Boulin, J. Daniel, and M. Monzier (1992), Geology of the d'Entrecasteaux-New Hebrides Arc collision zone: Results from a deep submersible survey, Tectonophysics, 212, 213-241, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90292-E.
23. Collot, J.-Y., B. Marcaillou, F. Sage, F. Michaud, W, Agudelo, P. Charvis, D. Graindorge, M.-A. Gutscher, and G. Spence (2004), Are rupture zone limits of great subduction earthquakes controlled by upper plate structures? Evidence from multichannel seismic reflection data acquired across the northern Ecuador-southwest Colombia margin, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B11103, doi:10.1029/2004JB003060.
24. Collot, J.-Y., et al. (2005), Seafloor margin map helps in understanding subduction earthquakes, Eos Trans. AGU, 86(46), 464, doi:10.1029/ 2005EO460003.
25. Collot, J.-Y., F. Michaud, Y. Legonidec, A. Calahorrano, F. Sage, A. Alvarado, and Personal Científico y Técnico del INOCAR (2006), Mapas del margen continental Centro y Sur de Ecuador: Batimetria, Relieve, Reflectividad Acústica e Interpretación Geológica, Publ. IOA-CVM-04-Post, Inst. Oceanog. de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
26. Cummins, P. R., and Y. Kaneda (2000), Possible splay fault slip during the 1946 Nankai earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(17), 2725-2728, doi:10.1029/1999GL011139.
27. Cummins, P. R., T. Hori, and Y. Kaneda (2001), Splay fault and megathrust earthquake slip in the Nankai Trough, i Earth Planets Space, 53, 243-248.
28. Daly, M. (1989), Correlations between Nazca/Farallon plate kinematics and forearc basin evolution in Ecuador, Tectonics, 8(4), 769-790, doi:10.1029/TC008i004p00769.
29. Deniaud, Y. (2000), Enregistrements sédimentaire et structural de l'évolution géodynamique des Andes Equatoriennes an cours du Néogène: Etude des bassins d'avant-arc et bilans de masse, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
30. Dietrich, V. J., A. Gansser, J. Sommerauer, and W. E. Cameron (1981), Palaeogene komatiites from Gorgona Island, East Pacific - A primary magma for ocean floor basalts?, Geochem. J., 15, 141-161.
31. Dominguez, S., J. Malavieille, and S. Lallemand (2000), Deformation of margins in response to seamount subduction insights from sandbox experiments, Tectonics, 19(1), 182-196, doi:10.1029/1999TC900055.
32. Espinoza, J. (1992), Terremotos tsunamigenicos en el Ecuador, Acta Oceanogr. Pac. INOCAR, 7(1), 21-28.
33. Fisher, M. A., J. Y. Collot, and E. L. Geist (1991), Structures of the collision zone between Bougainville Guyot and the accretionary wedge of the New Hebrides Island Arc, southwest Pacific, Tectonics, 10(5), 887-903, doi:10.1029/91TC00860.
34. Fukao, Y. (1979), Tsunami earthquake and subduction processes near deep-sea trenches, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2301-2314.
35. Fuller, C. W., S. Willett, and M. T. Brandon (2006), Formation of fore-arc basins and their influence on subduction zone earthquakes, Geology, 34(2), 65-68, doi:10.1130/G21828.1.
36. Gailler, A., P. Charvis, and E. R. Flueh (2007), Segmentation of the Nazea and South American Plates along the Ecuador subduction zone from wide angle seismic profiles, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 260, 444-464, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.045.
37. Gansser, A. (1973), Facts and theories on the Andes, J. Geol. Soc., 129, 93-131, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.129.2.0093.
38. Goosens, P. J., and W. I. Rose (1973), Chemical composition and age determination of tholeiitic rocks in the basic igneous complex, Ecuador, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1043-1052, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(1973)84<1043: CCAADO>2.0.CO;2.
39. Harding, T. P. (1990), Identification of wrench faults using subsurface structural data: Criteria and pitfalls, AAPG Bull., 74(10), 1590-1609.
40. Hardy, N. C. (1991), Tectonic evolution of the easternmost Panama Basin: Some new data and inferences, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 4(3), 261-269, doi:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90035-J.
41. Hashimoto, Y., and G. Kimura (1999), Underplating process from mélange formation to duplexing: Example from the Cretaceous Shimanto Subbelt, Kii Peninsula, southwest Japan, Tectonics, 18(1), 92-107, doi:10.1029/1998TC900014.
42. Hensen, C., K. Wallmann, M. Schmidt, C. R. Ranero, and E. Suess (2004), Fluid expulsion related to mud extrusion off Costa Rica, A window to the subducting slab, Geology, 32(3), 201-204, doi:10.1130/G20119.1.
43. Henstock, T., L. C. McNeill, and D. R. Tappin (2006), Seafloor morphology of the Sumatran subduction zone: Surface rupture during megathrust earthquakes?, Geology, 34(6), 485-488, doi:10.1130/ 22426.1.
44. Husen, S., E. Kissling, and R. Quintero (2002), Tomographic evidence for a subducted seamount beneath the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica: The cause of the 1990 Mw = 7.0 Gulf of Nicoya earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 1238, doi:10.1029/2001GL014045.
45. Hyndman, R. D., and K. Wang (1995), The rupture zone of the Cascadia great earthquakes from current deformation and the thermal regime, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,133-22,154, doi:10.1029/95JB01970.
46. Hyndman, R. D., K. Wang, and M. Yamano (1995), Thermal constraints on the seismogenic portion of the southwestern Japan subduction thrust, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15,373-15,392, doi:10.1029/95JB00153.
47. Hyndman, R. D., M. Yamano, and D. A. Oleskevich (1997), The seismogenic zone of subduction thrust faults, Isl. Arc, 6, 244-260, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1997.tb00175.x.
48. Ikesawa, E. A., A. Sakagushi, and G. Kimura (2003), Pseudotachylyte from an ancient accretionary complex: Evidence for melt generation during seismic slip along a master décollement?, Geology, 31(7), 637-640, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0637:PFAAAC>2.0.CO;2.
49. Ikesawa, E., G. Kimura, K. Sato, K. Ikehara, Y. Kitamura, A. Yamagushi, K. Ujiie, and Y. Hashimoto (2005), Tectonic incorporation of the upper part of the ocean crust to overriding plate of a convergent margin: An example for the cretaceous-early tertiary Mugi Melange, the Shimanto belt, Japan, Tectonophysics, 401, 217-230, doi:10.1016/ j.tecto.2005.01.005.
50. Jaillard, E., S. Benìtez, and G. H. Mascle (1997), Les déformations paléogènes de la zone d'avant-arc sud-équatorienne en relation avec l'évolution géodynamique, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 168(4), 403-412.
51. Kanamori, H., and J. W. Given (1981), Use of long-period surface waves for rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 27, 8-31, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90083-2.
52. Kanamori, H., and K. C. McNally (1982), Variable rupture mode of the subduction zone along the Ecuador-Colombia coast, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72(4), 1241-1253.
53. Kato, T. (1983), High-angle reverse faulting associated with the 1946 Nankaido earthquake, Tectonophysics, 96, 31-44, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(83)90242-1.
54. Kelleher, J. (1972), Rupture zones of large South American earthquakes and some predictions, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2087-2103, doi:10.1029/JB077i011p02087.
55. Kellogg, J. N., and V. Vega (1995), Tectonic development of Panama, Costa Rica, and the Colombian Andes: Constraints from Global Positioning System geodetic studies and gravity, in Geologic and Tectonic Development of the Caribbean Plate Boundary in Southern Central America, edited by P. Mann, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 295, 75-86.
56. Kerr, A. C. (2005), La Isla de Gorgona, Lithos, 84, 77-101.
57. Kerr, A. C., and J. Tarney (2005), Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean and northwestern South America: The case for accretion of two Late Cretaceous oceanic plateaus, Geology, 33(4), 269-272, doi:10.1130/ G21109.1.
58. Kimura, G., Y. Kitamura, Y. Hashimoto, A. Yamagushi, T. Shibata, K. Ujiie, and S. Okamoto (2007), Transition of accretionary wedge structures around the up-dip limit of the seismogenic subduction zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255, 471-484, doi:10.1016/ j.epsl.2007.01.005.
59. Kitamura, Y., et al. (2005), Mélange and its seismogenic roof décollement: A plate boundary fault rock in the subduction zone: An example from the Shimanto Belt, Japan, Tectonics, 24, TC5012, doi:10.1029/2004TC001635.
60. Lay, T., H. Kanamori, and L. Ruff (1982), The asperity model and the nature of large subduction zone earthquakes, Earthquake Predict. Res., 1, 3-71.
61. Lebras, M., F. Mégard, C. Dupuy, and J. Dostal (1987), Geochemistry and tectonic setting of pre-collision Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanic rocks of Ecuador, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 99, 569-578, doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(1987)99<569:GATSOP>2.0.CO;2.
62. Le Pichon, X., P. Henry, and S. Lallemant (1993), Accretion and erosion in subduction zones: The role of fluids, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 21, 307-331, doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.001515.
63. Lonsdale, P. (1978), Ecuadorian Subduction System, AAPG Bull, 62(12), 2454-2477.
64. Lonsdale, P. (2005), Creation of the Cocos and Nazca plates by fission of the Farallon plate, Tectonophysics, 404, 237-264, doi:10.1016/ j.tecto.2005.05.011.
65. Lonsdale, P., and K. D. Klitgord (1978), Structure and tectonic history of the eastern Panama Basin, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89, 981-999, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<981:SATHOT>2.0.CO;2.
66. Luzieux, L. D. A., F. Heller, R. Spikings, C. F. Vallejo, and W. Winkler (2006), Origin and Cretaceous tectonic history of the coastal Ecuadorian forearc between 1°N and 3°S: Paleomagnetic, radiometric and fossil evidence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 249, 400-414, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.008.
67. Marcaillou, B. (2003), Régimes tectoniques et thermiques de la marge Nord Equateur-Sud Colombie (0°-3.5°N): Implications sur la sismogenèse, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.
68. Marcaillou, B., and J.-Y. Collot (2008), Chronostratigraphy and tectonic deformation of the north Ecuador-south Colombian fore-arc basin, Mar. Geol., 255(1-2), 30-44.
69. Marcaillou, B., G. Spence, J.-Y. Collot, and K. Wang (2006), Thermal regime from bottom simulating reflectors along the north Ecuador-south Colombia margin: Relation to margin segmentation and great subduction earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B12407, doi:10.1029/ 2005JB004239.
70. Masson, D. G., L. M. Parson, J. Milsom, G. Nichols, N. Sikumbang, B. Dwiyanto, and H. Kallagher (1990), Subduction of seamounts at the Java Trench: A view with long-range sidescan sonar, Tectonophysics, 185, 51-65, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90404-V.
71. McGeary, S., and Z. Ben-Avraham (1986), The accretion of Gorgona Island, Colombia: Multichannel seismic evidence, in Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Circum-Pacific Region, Earth Sci. Ser., vol. 1, edited by D. G. Howell, pp. 543-554, Circum-Pac. Counc. for Energy and Miner. Resour., Houston, Tex.
72. Meissnar, R. O., E. R. Flueh, F. Stibane, and E. Berg (1976), Dynamics of the active plate boundary in southwest Colombia according to recent geophysical measurements, Tectonophysics, 35, 115-136, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90032-9.
73. Mendoza, C., and J. W. Dewey (1984), Seismicity associated with die great Colombia-Ecuador earthquakes of 1942, 1958 and 1979: Implications for barrier models of earthquake rupture, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 74(2), 577-593.
74. Moore, D. E., and M. J. Rymer (2007), Talc-bearing serpentinite and the creeping section of the San Andreas fault, Nature, 448, 795-797, doi:10.1038/nature06064.
75. Moore, D. E., D. A. Lockner, M. Shengi, R. Summers, and J. D. Byerlee (1997), Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B7), 14,787-14,801, doi:10.1029/97JB00995.
76. Moore, G. F., N. L. Bangs, A. Taira, S. Kuramoto, E. Pangborn, and H. J. Tobin (2007), Three-dimensional splay fault geometry and implications for tsunami generation, Science, 318, 1128-1131, doi:10.1126/ science.1147195.
77. Moore, J. C., and D. Saffer (2001), Up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone beneath the accretionary prism of southwest Japan: An effect of diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic processes and increasing effective stress, Geology, 29(2), 183-186, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2001)029<0183; ULOTSZ>2.0.CO;2.
78. Mountney, N. P., and G. K. Westbrook (1997), Quantitative analysis of Miocene to recent forearc basin evolution along the Colombian margin, Basin Res., 9, 177-196, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00040.x.
79. Mukoyoshi, H., A. Sakagushi, K. Otsuki, T. Hirono, and W. Soh (2006), Co-scismic frictional melting along an out-of-sequence thrust in the Shimanto accretionary complex. Implications on the tsunamigenic potential of splay fault in modern subduction zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 330-343.
80. Operto, S. (1996), RSTTI package: Ray based seismic travel time inversion, in Tech. Rep. 148, edited by Univ. of Tex. Inst. for Geophys., Austin.
81. Pardo-Casas, F., and P. Molnar (1987), Relative motion of the Nazca (Farrallon) and South America plates since Late Cretaceous time, Tectonics, 6(3), 233-248, doi:10.1029/TC006i003p00233.
82. Park, J.-O., T. Tsuru, S. Kodaira, A. Nakanishi, S. Miura, Y. Kaneda, and Y. Kono (2000), Out-of-sequence thrust faults developed in die co-seismic slip zone of the 1946 Nankai earthquake (Mw = 8.2) off Shikoku, southwest Japan, Geophys, Res. Lett., 27(7), 1033-10316, doi:10.1029/1999GL008443.
83. Park, J.-O., T. Tsuru, S. Kodaira, P. R. Cummins, and Y. Kaneda (2002a), Splay fault branching along the Nankai subduction zone, Science, 297, 1157-1160, doi:10.1126/science.1074111.
84. Park, J., T. Tsuru, N. Takahashi, T. Hori, S. Kodaira, A. Nakanishi, S. Miura, and Y. Kaneda (2002b), A deep strong reflector in the Nankai accretionary wedge from multichannel seismic data: Implications for underplating and interseismic shear stress release, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2061, doi:10.1029/2001JB000262.
85. Plafker, G. (1972), Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and Chilean earthquake of 1960: Implications for are tectonic, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 901-925, doi:10.1029/JB077i005p00901.
86. Ranero, C. R., and R. von Huene (2000), Subduction erosion along the Middle America convergent margin, Nature, 404, 748-752, doi:10.1038/35008046.
87. Ranero, C. R., I. Grevemeyer, H. Sahling, U. Barckhausen, C. Hensen, K. Wallmann, W. Weinrebe, P. Vannucchi, R. von Huene, and K. McIntosh (2008), Hydrogeological system of erosional convergent margins and its influence on tectonics and interplate seismogenesis, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q03S04, doi:10.1029/2007GC001679.
88. Ratzov, G., M. Sosson, J.-Y. Collot, S. Migeon, F. Michaud, E. Lopez, and Y. Le Gonidec (2007), Submarine landslides along the North Ecuador-South Colombia convergent margin. Possible tectonic control, in Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Adv. Nat. Technol. Hazards Res., vol. 27, edited by V. Lykousis, D. Sakellariou, and J. Locat, 47-55, Springer, New York.
89. Reinen, L. A., J. D. Weeks, and T. E. Tullis (1991), The frictional behavior of serpentinite: Implications for aseismic creep on shallow crustal faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18(10), 1921-1924.
90. Reynaud, C., E. Jaillard, H. Lapierre, M. Mamberti, and G. H. Mascle (1999), Oceanic plateau and island arcs of southwestern Ecuador: Their place in the geodynamic evolution of northwestern South America, Tectonophysics, 307, 235-254, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00099-2.
91. Saffer, D., and C. Marone (2003), Comparison of smectite- and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: Application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megaduust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 219-235, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00424-2.
92. Sage, F., J.-Y. Collot, and C. R. Ranero (2006), Interplate patchiness and subduction-erosion mechanisms: Evidence from depth migrated seismic images at the central Ecuador convergent margin, Geology, 34(12), 997-1000, doi:10.1130/G22790A.1.
93. Sallares, V., and P. Charvis (2003), Crustal thickness constraints on the geodynamic evolution of the Galapagos Volcanic Province, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 545-559, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00373-X.
94. Sample, J. C., and D. M. Fisher (1986), Duplex accretion and underplating in an ancient accretionary complex, Kodiak Islands, Alaska, Geology, 14, 160-163.
95. Scholl, D. W., R. von Huene, T. L. Vallier, and D. G. Howell (1980), Sedimentary masses and concepts about tectonic processes at underthrust ocean margins, Geology, 8(12), 564-568, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1980)8<564:SMACAT>2.0.CO;2.
96. Scholz, C. H. (1998), Earthquakes and friction laws, Nature, 391, 37-42, doi:10.1038/34097.
97. Scholz, C. H., and C. Small (1997), The effect of seamount subduction on seismic coupling, Geology, 25(6), 487-490, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1997)025<0487:TEOSSO>2.3.CO;2.
98. Shipley, T. H., G. F. Moore, N. Bangs, J. C. Moore, and P. L. Stoffa (1994), Seismically inferred dilatancy distribution, northern Barbados Ridge décollement: Implications for fluid migration and fault strength, Geology, 22(5), 411-414, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1994)022<0411: SIDDNB>2.3.CO;2.
99. Shreve, R. L., and M. Cloos (1986), Dynamics of sediment subduction, melange formation, and prism accretion, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10,229-10,245, doi:10.1029/JB091iB10p10229.
100. Sinton, C. W., R. A. Duncan, M. Storey, J. Lewis, and J. J. Estrada (1998), An oceanic flood basalt province within the Caribbean plate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 155, 221-235, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(97)00214-8.
101. Storey, M., J. J. Mahoney, L. W. Kroenke, and A. D. Saunders (1991), Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation?, Geology, 19(4), 376-379, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0376:AOPSOK>2.3.CO;2.
102. Swenson, J. L., and S. L. Beek (1996), Historical 1942 Ecuador and 1942 Peru subduction earthquakes, and earthquake cycles along Colombia-Ecuador and Peru subduction segments, Pure Appl. Geophys., 146(1), 67-101, doi:10.1007/BF00876670.
103. Thierry, P., S. Operto, and G. Lambaré (1999), Fast 2-D ray+Born migration/inversion in complex media, Geophysics, 64, 162-181, doi:10.1190/1.1444513.
104. Trenkamp, R., J. N. Kellogg, J. T. Freymueller, and H. P. Mora (2002), Wide plate margin deformation, southern Central America and northwestern South America, CASA GPS observations, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 15, 157-171, doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(02)00018-4.
105. Tsuru, T., J. Park, S. Miura, S. Kodaira, Y. Kido, and T. Hayashi (2002), Along-arc structural variation of the plate boundary at the Japan Trench margin: Implication of interplate coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2357, doi:10.1029/2001JB001664.
106. von Huene, R., and S. Lallemand (1990), Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 102, 704-720, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0704:TEATJA>2.3.CO;2.
107. von Huene, R., C. R. Ranero, W. Weinrebe, and K. Hinz (2000), Quaternary convergent margin tectonics of Costa Rica, segmentation of the Cocos Plate and Central American volcanism, Tectonics, 19(2), 314-334, doi:10.1029/1999TC001143.
108. von Huene, R., C. R. Ranero, and P. Vannucchi (2004), Generic model of subduction erosion, Geology, 32(10), 913-916, doi:10.1130 /G20563.1.
109. Walther, C. H. E. (2003), The crustal structure of the Cocos ridge off Costa Rica, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B3), 2136, doi:10.1029/ 2001JB000888.
110. Wang, K., and Y. Hu (2006), Accretionary prisms in subduction earthquake cycles: The theory of dynamic Coulomb wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B06410, doi:10.1029/2005JB004094.
111. Wibberley, C. A. J. (2007), Talc at fault, Nature, 448, 756-757, doi:10.1038/448756a.
112. Woodcock, N. H., and M. Fisher (1986), Strike-slip duplexes, J. Struct. Geol., 8(7), 725-735, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(86)90021-0.
113. Zelt, C. A., and R. B. Smith (1992), Seismic travel time inversion for 2-D crustal velocity structure, Geophys. J. Int., 108, 16-34, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00836.x.