메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 200-208

Smoking patterns in ghanaian civil servants: Changes over three decades

Author keywords

Civil servants; Ghana; Smoking

Indexed keywords

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 61449133311     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6010200     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (21)
  • 1
    • 27844472511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes of cancer in the world: Comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors
    • Danaei, G.;Vander Hoorn, S.; Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J.; Ezzati, M. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 2005, 366, 1784-1793.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1784-1793
    • Danaei, G.1    Vander Hoorn, S.2    Lopez, A.D.3    Murray, C.J.4    Ezzati, M.5
  • 2
    • 23944454823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: Current patterns and data needs
    • Ezzati, M.; Henley, S.J.; Lopez, A.D.; Thun, M.J. Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 116, 963-971.
    • (2005) Int. J. Cancer , vol.116 , pp. 963-971
    • Ezzati, M.1    Henley, S.J.2    Lopez, A.D.3    Thun, M.J.4
  • 3
    • 23044450323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality
    • Ezzati, M.; Henley, S.J.; Thun, M.J.; Lopez, A.D. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation 2005, 112, 489-497.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 489-497
    • Ezzati, M.1    Henley, S.J.2    Thun, M.J.3    Lopez, A.D.4
  • 4
    • 0032841570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and social support observations from Mamre, South Africa, during social and political transition
    • Daniels, A.; Hoffman, M.; Lombard, C.; Steyn, K.; Levitt, N.S.; Katzenellenbogen, J. Blood pressure and social support observations from Mamre, South Africa, during social and political transition. J. Hum. Hypertens. 1999, 13, 689-693.
    • (1999) J. Hum. Hypertens , vol.13 , pp. 689-693
    • Daniels, A.1    Hoffman, M.2    Lombard, C.3    Steyn, K.4    Levitt, N.S.5    Katzenellenbogen, J.6
  • 6
    • 0019166999 scopus 로고
    • Relation between hypertension and occupational factors in rural and urban Africans
    • Oviasu, V.O.; Okupa, F.E. Relation between hypertension and occupational factors in rural and urban Africans. Bull World Health Organ. 1980, 58, 485-489.
    • (1980) Bull World Health Organ , vol.58 , pp. 485-489
    • Oviasu, V.O.1    Okupa, F.E.2
  • 7
    • 40749157119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: Estimates from the demographic health surveys
    • Pampel, F. Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: estimates from the demographic health surveys. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 66, 1772-1783.
    • (2008) Soc. Sci. Med , vol.66 , pp. 1772-1783
    • Pampel, F.1
  • 8
    • 0030048185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco and the developing world
    • Mackay, J.; Crofton, J. Tobacco and the developing world. Br. Med. Bull 1996, 52, 206-221.
    • (1996) Br. Med. Bull , vol.52 , pp. 206-221
    • Mackay, J.1    Crofton, J.2
  • 9
    • 43249106707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans
    • Stein, L.; Urban, M.I.; Weber, M.; Ruff, P.; Hale, M.; Donde, B.; Patel, M.; Sitas, F. Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98, 1586-1592.
    • (2008) Br. J. Cancer , vol.98 , pp. 1586-1592
    • Stein, L.1    Urban, M.I.2    Weber, M.3    Ruff, P.4    Hale, M.5    Donde, B.6    Patel, M.7    Sitas, F.8
  • 10
    • 0021388055 scopus 로고
    • The profile of the African smoker: The Ghana smoking studies
    • Pobee, J.O.; Larbi, E.B.; Kpodonu, J. The profile of the African smoker: the Ghana smoking studies. East Afr. Med. J. 1984, 61, 227-233.
    • (1984) East Afr. Med. J , vol.61 , pp. 227-233
    • Pobee, J.O.1    Larbi, E.B.2    Kpodonu, J.3
  • 11
    • 0003562177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population and Housing Census
    • Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Statistical Service: Accra, Ghana, pp. 2-10
    • Ghana Statistical Service. 2000 Population and Housing Census. Summary Report of Final Results. Ghana Statistical Service: Accra, Ghana, 2002; pp. 2-10.
    • (2000) Summary Report of Final Results , pp. 2002
  • 13
    • 61449113390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMFMR) and ORC Macro. 2004
    • Ghana Statistical Service GSS, Ghana Statistical Service: Accra, Ghana
    • Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMFMR) and ORC Macro. 2004. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. Ghana Statistical Service: Accra, Ghana, 2004.
    • (2004) Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 2003
  • 14
    • 0031049198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy elderly southwestern Nigerians
    • Ezenwaka, C.E.; Akanji, A.O.; Akanji, B.O.; Unwinn, C.; Adejuwonc. A. The prevalence of insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy elderly southwestern Nigerians. Atherosclerosis 1997, 128, 201-211.
    • (1997) Atherosclerosis , vol.128 , pp. 201-211
    • Ezenwaka, C.E.1    Akanji, A.O.2    Akanji, B.O.3    Unwinn, C.4    Adejuwonc, A.5
  • 15
    • 0018631016 scopus 로고
    • Occupational factors in hypertension in the Nigerian African
    • Oviasu, V.O.; Okupa, F.E. Occupational factors in hypertension in the Nigerian African. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 1979, 33, 274-278.
    • (1979) J. Epidemiol. Community Health , vol.33 , pp. 274-278
    • Oviasu, V.O.1    Okupa, F.E.2
  • 16
    • 0345543591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pauletto, P.; Puato, M.; Caroli, M.G.; Casiglia, E.; Munhambo, A.E.; Cazzolato, G.; Bittolo, Bon G.; Angeli, M.T.; Galli, C.; Pessina, A.C. Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study. Lancet 1996, 348, 784-788.
    • Pauletto, P.; Puato, M.; Caroli, M.G.; Casiglia, E.; Munhambo, A.E.; Cazzolato, G.; Bittolo, Bon G.; Angeli, M.T.; Galli, C.; Pessina, A.C. Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study. Lancet 1996, 348, 784-788.
  • 17
    • 13744261881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level
    • Blakely, T.; Hales, S.; Kieft, C.; Wilson, N. The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Bull World Health Organ. 2005, 83, 118-126.
    • (2005) Bull World Health Organ , vol.83 , pp. 118-126
    • Blakely, T.1    Hales, S.2    Kieft, C.3    Wilson, N.4
  • 18
    • 0001120212 scopus 로고
    • A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries
    • Lopez, A.D.; Collishaw, C.N.; Piha, T. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tob. Control 1994, 3, 242-247.
    • (1994) Tob. Control , vol.3 , pp. 242-247
    • Lopez, A.D.1    Collishaw, C.N.2    Piha, T.3
  • 19
    • 33645564542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in smoking prevalence in Russia, 1996-2004
    • Bobak, M.; Gilmore, A.; McKee, M.; Rose, R.; Marmot, M. Changes in smoking prevalence in Russia, 1996-2004. Tob. Control 2006, 15, 131-135.
    • (2006) Tob. Control , vol.15 , pp. 131-135
    • Bobak, M.1    Gilmore, A.2    McKee, M.3    Rose, R.4    Marmot, M.5
  • 20
    • 33746272211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and inequalities
    • Marmot, M. Smoking and inequalities. Lancet 2006, 368, 341-342.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 341-342
    • Marmot, M.1
  • 21
    • 48149104229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaming up for tobacco control
    • Teaming up for tobacco control. Lancet 2008, 372, 345.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 345


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.