Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: A review

Asian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 6-16

  da Silva, Tricia L ^a   Ravindran, Lakshmi N ^c   Ravindran, Arun V ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Alternative medicine; Anxiety disorders; Complementary therapy; Depressive disorders; Yoga

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DYSTHYMIA; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOOD DISORDER; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; YOGA;

EID: 61449096478     PISSN: 18762018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2008.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Ades P.A., Savage P.D., Brochu M., Tischler M.D., Lee N.M., and Poehlman E.T. Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 98 4 (2005) 1280-1285
2. Andrews G., Slade T., and Issakidis C. Deconstructing current comorbidity: data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Brit. J. Psychiatry 181 4 (2002) 306-314
3. Bandelow B., Seidler-Brandler U., Becker A., Wedekind D., and Rüther E. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of psychopharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 8 3 (2007) 175-187
4. Banerjee B., Vadiraj H.S., Ram A., Rao R., Jayapal M., Gopinath K.S., Ramesh B.S., Rao N., Kumar A., Raghuram N., Hegde S., Nagendra H.R., and Prakash Hande M. Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integr. Cancer. Ther. 6 3 (2007) 242-250
5. Barlow D., Gorman J., Shear M., and Woods S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 19 (2000) 2529-2536
6. Berger B.G., and Owen D.R. Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, and fencing. Res. Quart. Exer. Sport 59 2 (1988) 148-159
7. Blumenthal J.A., Emery C.F., Madden D.J., George L.K., Coleman R.E., Riddle M.W., McKee D.C., Reasoner J., and Williams R.S. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J. Gerontol. 44 5 (1989) M147-M157
8. Blumenthal J.A., Emery C.F., Madden D.J., Schniebolk S., Walsh-Riddle M., George L.K., McKee D.C., Higgenbotham M.B., Cobb F.R., and Coleman R.E. Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. J. Gerontol. 46 6 (1991) P352-P361
9. Bonadies V. A yoga therapy program for AIDS-related pain and anxiety: implications for therapeutic recreation. Ther. Recreat. J. 38 2 (2004) 148-166
10. Broota A., and Dhir R. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 6 1 (1990) 83-90
11. Broota A., and Sanghvi C. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in examination anxiety. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 10 1-2 (1994) 29-35
12. Broota A., Varma R., and Singh A. Role of relaxation in hypertension. J. Indian Acad. Appl. Psychol. 21 1 (1995) 29-36
13. Brown R.P., and Gerbarg P.L. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression. Part I. Neurophysiologic model. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11 1 (2005) 189-201
14. Brown R.P., and Gerbarg P.L. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression. Part II. Clinical applications and guidelines. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11 4 (2005) 711-717
15. Bruder G.E., Tenke C.E., Stewart J.W., Towey J.P., Leite P., Voglmaier M., and Quitkin F.M. Brain event-related potentials to complex tones in depressed patients: relations to perceptual asymmetry and clinical features. Psychophysiology 32 4 (1995) 373-381
16. Burke H.M., Davis M.C., Otte C., and Mohr D.C. Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30 9 (2005) 846-856
17. Butler L.D., Waelde L.C., Hastings T.A., Chen X.H., Symons B., Marshall J., Kaufman A., Nagy T.F., Blasey C.M., Seibert E.O., and Spiegel D. Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. J. Clin. Psychol. 64 7 (2008) 806-820
18. Carter, J., Byrne, G., 2004. A 2-year study of the use of yoga in a series of pilot studies as an adjunct to ordinary psychiatric treatment in a group of Vietnam War Veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved on August 1, 2008 from http://www.therapywithyoga.com/Vivekananda.pdf.
19. Center C., Davis M., Detre T., Ford D., Hansbrough W., Hendin H., Laszlo J., Litts D.A., Mann J., Mansky P.A., Michels R., Miles S.H., Proujansky R., Reynolds III C.F., and Silverman M.M. Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: a consensus statement. JAMA 289 23 (2003) 3161-3166
20. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112 1 (1992) 155-159
21. Cohen L., Warneke C., Fouladi R.T., Rodriguez M.A., and Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 100 10 (2004) 2253-2260
22. Cooper C., Balamurali T.B., Selwood A., and Livingston G. A systematic review of intervention studies about anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 22 3 (2007) 181-188
23. Craft L.L., and Perna F.M. The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry 6 3 (2004) 104-111
24. Culos-Reed S.N., Carlson L.E., Daroux L.M., and Hately-Aldous S. A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Psychooncology 15 10 (2006) 891-897
25. Danhauer S.C., Tooze J.A., Farmer D.F., Campbell C.R., McQuellon R.P., Barrett R., and Miller B.E. Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 6 2 (2008) 47-58
26. Dixon-Peters C.A. The psychological effects of Hatha yoga on low-income women who are survivors of domestic violence. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 68 1-B (2007) 619
27. Duraiswamy G., Thirthalli J., Nagendra H.R., and Gangadhar B.N. Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 116 3 (2007) 226-232
28. Elkins G., Rajab M.H., and Marcus J. Complementary and alternative medicine use by psychiatric inpatients. Psychol. Rep. 96 1 (2005) 163-166
29. Ernst E. Therapies: yoga (section 3). In: Ernst E. (Ed). The Desktop Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine: An Evidence-based Approach (2001), Mosby, Edinburgh 76-78
30. Fox K.R. The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutr. 2 3A (1999) 411-418
31. Frye M.A., Calabrese J.R., Reed M.L., and Hirschfeld R.M. Healthcare resource utilization in bipolar depression compared with unipolar depression: results of a United States population-based study. CNS Spectr. 11 9 (2006) 704-710
32. Galantino M.L., Bzdewka T.M., Eissler-Russo J.L., Holbrook M.L., Mogck E.P., Geigle P., and Farrar J.T. The impact of modified hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 10 2 (2004) 56-59
33. Gangadhar B.N., Janakiramaiah N., Sudarshan B., and Shety K.T. Stress-related biochemical effects of sudarshan kriya yoga in depressed patients. Presented at the Conference on Biological Psychiatry UN NGO Mental Health Committee. New York, May (2000)
34. Gediman H.K. Actual neurosis and psychoneurosis. Int. J. Psychoanal. 65 Pt. 22 (1984) 191-202
35. Girodo M. Yoga meditation and flooding in the treatment of anxiety neurosis. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 5 2 (1974) 157-160
36. Goldberg J.F., Garno J.L., and Harrow M. Long-term remission and recovery in bipolar disorder: a review. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 7 6 (2005) 456-461
37. Golden R.N., Heine A.D., Ekstrom R.D., Bebchuk J.M., Leatherman M.E., and Garbutt J.C. A longitudinal study of serotonergic function in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 5 (2002) 653-659
38. Granath J., Ingvarsson S., von Thiele U., and Lundberg U. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 35 1 (2006) 3-10
39. Gupta N., Khera S., Vempati R.P., Sharma R., and Bijlani R.L. Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50 1 (2006) 41-47
40. Holmer M.L. The effects of yoga on symptoms and psychosocial adjustment in fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 65 5-B (2004) 2630
41. Issakidis C., and Andrews G. Service utilization for anxiety in an Australian community sample. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 37 4 (2002) 153-163
42. Janakiramaiah N., Gangadhar B.N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy P.J., Harish M.G., Subbakrishna D.K., and Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J. Affect. Disord. 57 1-3 (2000) 255-259
43. Janakiramaiah N., Gangadhar B.N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy P.J., Taranath Shetty K., Subbakrishna D.K., Meti B.L., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in dysthymic disorder. NIMHANS J. 17 1 (1998) 21-28
44. John P.J., Sharma N., Sharma C.M., and Kankane A. Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial. Headache 47 5 (2007) 654-661
45. Jorm A.F., Medway J., Christenson H., Korten A.E., Jacomb P.A., and Rodgers B. Public beliefs about the helpfulness of interventions for depression: effects on actions taken when experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 34 4 (2000) 619-626
46. Jorm A.F., Christensen H., Griffiths K.M., Parslow R.A., Rodgers B., and Blewitt K.A. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Med. J. Aust. 181 7 (2004) S29-S46
47. Jorm A.F., Christensen H., Griffiths K.M., and Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med. J. Aust. 176 (2002) S84-S96
48. Judd L.L., Akiskal H.S., Schettler P.J., Endicott J., Maser J., Solomon D.A., Leon A.C., Rice J.A., and Keller M.B. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59 6 (2002) 530-537
49. Kabat-Zinn J., Massion A.O., Kristeller J., Peterson L.G., Fletcher K.E., Pbert L., Lenderking W.R., and Santorelli S.F. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 149 7 (1992) 936-943
50. Kawachi I., Sparrow D., Vokonas P.S., and Weiss S.T. Decreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from the Normative Aging Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 75 14 (1995) 882-885
51. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 6 (2005) 593-602
52. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., Wittchen H.U., and Kendler K.S. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in US: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51 1 (1994) 8-19
53. Kessler R.C., Soukup J., Davis R.B., Foster D.F., Wilkey S.A., Van Rompay M.I., and Eisenberg D.M. The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 2 (2001) 289-294
54. Kessler R.C., and Wang P.S. The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Ann. Rev. Public Health. 29 (2008) 115-129
55. Khalsa S.B. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 48 3 (2004) 269-285
56. Khalsa S.B., and Cope S. Effects of a yoga lifestyle intervention on performance-related charateristics of musicians: a preliminary study. Med. Sci. Monit. 12 8 (2006) CR325-C331
57. Khumar S.S., Kaur P., and Kaur S. Effectiveness of Shavasana on depression among university students. Indian J. Clin. Psychol. 20 2 (1993) 82-87
58. Kirkwood G., Rampes H., Tuffrey V., Richardson J., and Pilkington K. Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence. Brit. J. Sport. Med. 39 12 (2005) 884-891
59. Kjernisted K.D., and Bleau P. Long-term goals in the management of acute and chronic anxiety disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry 49 3 Suppl. 1 (2004) 51S-63S
60. Klein E., Cnaani E., Harel T., Braun S., and Ben-Haim S.A. Altered heart rate variability in panic disorder patients. Biol. Psychiatry 37 1 (1995) 18-24
61. Krishnamurthy M.N., and Telles S. Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: effects of yoga and ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 33 2 (2007) 17-23
62. Kuijpers H.J.H., van der Heijden F.M.M.A., Tuinier S., and Verhoeven W.M.A. Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology 40 6 (2007) 461-464
63. Kuttner L., Chambers C.T., Hardial J., Israel D.M., Jacobson K., and Evans K. A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Res. Manage. 11 4 (2006) 217-223
64. Lavey R., Sherman T., Mueser K.T., Osborne D.D., Currier M., and Wolfe R. The effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 28 4 (2005) 399-402
65. Long B.C., and Van-Stavel R. Effect of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 7 2 (1995) 167-189
66. Manocha R., Marks G.B., Kenchington P., Peters D., and Salome C.M. Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 57 2 (2002) 110-115
67. Mantella R.C., Butters M.A., Amico J.A., Mazumdar S., Rollman B.L., Begley A.E., Reynolds C.F., and Lenze E.J. Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 6 (2008) 773-781
68. Michalsen A., Grossman P., Acil A., Langhorst J., Ludtke R., Esch T., Stefano G.B., and Dobos G.J. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Med. Sci. Monit. 11 12 (2005) CR555-561
69. Miller J.J., Fletcher K., and Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 17 3 (1995) 192-200
70. Miller T.M. The integration of short-term dynamic therapy and yoga in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and depression. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 66 6-B (2005) 3419
71. Mishra M., and Sinha R.K. Effect of yogic practices on depression and anxiety. J. Project. Psychol. Mental Health 8 1 (2001) 23-27
72. Malathi A., and Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical students: role of yoga. Indian J. Psychiatry 43 2 (1999) 218-224
73. Naga Venkatesha Murthy P.J., Gangadhar B.N., Janakiramaiah N., and Subbakrishna D.K. Normalization of P300 amplitude following treatment in dysthymia. Biol. Psychiatry 42 8 (1997) 740-743
74. Naga Venkatesha Murthy P.J., Janakiramaiah N., Gangadhar B.N., and Subbakrishna D.K. P300 amplitude and antidepressant response to Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY). J. Affect. Disord. 50 1 (1998) 45-48
75. Norton G.R., and Johnson W.E. A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 14 3 (1983) 209-214
76. Oken B.S., Kishiyama S., Zajdel D., Bourdette D., Carlsen J., Haas M., Hugos C., Kraemer D.F., Lawrence J., and Mass M. Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62 11 (2004) 2058-2064
77. Oretzky S. The effects of yoga on elevated depressive and somatic symptoms in young adults. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 67 9-B (2007) 5458
78. Pampallona S., Bollini P., Tibaldi G., Kupelnick B., and Munizza C. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 7 (2004) 714-719
79. Patel S.R. The effects of yoga on mood disturbance and pain in an underserved breast cancer population. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 66 2-B (2005) 1181
80. Paterniti A. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of a mindfulness-based program to a skills-training program in the treatment of test anxiety. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 68 10-B (2008) 6977
81. Pilkington K., Kirkwood G., Rampes H., and Richardson J. Yoga for depression: the research evidence. J. Affect. Disord. 89 1-3 (2005) 13-24
82. Pollack M.H., Otto M.W., Roy-Byrne P.P., Coplan J.D., Rothbaum B.O., Simon N.M., and Gorman J.M. Novel treatment approaches for refractory anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety 25 6 (2008) 467-476
83. Ragavendra R.M., Nagarathna R., Nagendra H.R., Gopinath K.S., Srinath B.S., Ravin B.D., Patil S., Ramesh B.S., and Nalini R. Effects of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer Care 16 6 (2007) 462-474
84. Ramaratnam S., and Sridharan K. Yoga for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3 (2000) CD001524
85. Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 10 2 (2004) 20-21
86. Rohini V., Pandey R.S., Janakiramaiah N., Gangadhar B.N., and Vedamuthachar A. A comparative study of full and partial Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in major depressive disorder. NIMHANS J. 18 1-2 (2000) 53-57
87. Ropper A.H., and Brown R.H. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology. 8th ed. (2005), McGraw-Hill Professional, New York
88. Rosnow R.L., and Rosenthal R. Computing contrasts, effect sizes and counternulls on other people's published data: general procedures for research consumers. Psychol. Method 1 4 (1996) 331-340
89. Sahasi G., Mohan D., and Kacker C. Effectiveness of yogic techniques in the management of anxiety. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 5 1 (1989) 51-55
90. Salmon P. Effect of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 21 1 (2001) 33-61
91. Schiefelbein V.L., and Susman E.J. Cortisol levels and longitudinal cortisol change as predictors of anxiety in adolescents. J. Early Adolesc. 26 4 (2006) 397-413
92. Shannahoff-Khalsa D.S., and Beckett L.R. Clinical case report: efficacy of yogic techniques in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders. Int. J. Neurosci. 85 1-2 (1996) 1-17
93. Shannahoff-Khalsa D.S., Ray L.E., Levine S., Gallen C.C., Schwartz B.J., and Sidorowich J.J. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 4 12 (1999) 34-47
94. Shannahoff-Khalsa D.S. An Introduction to Kundalini Yoga meditation techniques that are specific for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. J. Altern. Complement Med. 10 1 (2004) 91-101
95. Shapiro D., Cook I.A., Davydov D.M., Ottaviani C., Leuchter A.F., and Abrams M. Yoga as a complementary treatment of depression: effects of traits and moods on treatment outcome. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 4 4 (2007) 493-502
96. Sharma I., Azmi S.A., and Settiwar R.M. Evaluation of the effect of pranayama in anxiety state. Altern. Med. 3 4 (1991) 227-235
97. Sharma V.K., Das S., Mondal S., Goswami U., and Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49 4 (2005) 462-468
98. Sharma V.K., Das S., Mondal S., Goswami U., and Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neurocognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50 4 (2006) 375-383
99. Shearer A. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (1982), Bell Tower, New York
100. Sims A.C. Neurotic illness: conserving a threatened concept. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19 Suppl. 1 (1985) 9S-15S
101. Streeter C.C., Jensen J.E., Perlmutter R.M., Cabral H.J., Tian H., Terhune D.B., Ciraulo D.A., and Renshaw P.F. Yoga Asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: a pilot study. J. Altern. Complement Med. 13 4 (2007) 419-426
102. Taneja I., Deepak K.K., Poojary G., Acharya I.N., Pandey R.M., and Sharma M.P. Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 29 1 (2004) 19-33
103. Telles S., Naveen K.V., and Dash M. Yoga reduces symptoms of distress in tsunami survivors in the Andaman islands. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 4 4 (2007) 503-509
104. Udupa K., Madanmohan, Bhavanani A.B., Vijyalakshmi P., and Krishnamurthy N. Effect of pranayam training on cardiac function in normal young volunteers. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 47 1 (2003) 27-33
105. Udupa K., Sathyaprabha T.N., Thirthalli J., Kishore K.R., Lavekar G.S., Raju T.R., and Gangadhar B.N. Alteration of cardiac autonomic functions in patients with major depression: a study using heart rate variability measures. J. Affect. Disord. 100 1-3 (2007) 137-141
106. Vahia N.S., Doongaji D.R., Jeste D.V., Kapoor S.N., Ardhapurkar I., and Ravindranath S. Further experience with the therapy based upon concepts of Patanjali in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Indian J. Psychiatry 15 1 (1973) 32-37
107. Vahia N.S., Doongaji D.R., Jeste D.V., Ravindranath S., Kapoor S.N., and Ardhapurkar I. Psychophysiologic therapy based on the concepts of Patanjail: a new approach to the treatment of neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. Am. J. Psychother. 27 4 (1973) 557-565
108. Vito N.L. The effects of a yoga intervention on physical and psychological functioning for breast cancer survivors. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 68 9-B (2008) 6341
109. Wein J., Andersson J.P., and Erdéus J. Cardiac and ventilatory responses to apneic exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 100 6 (2007) 637-644
110. West J., Otte C., Geher K., Johnson J., and Mohr D.C. Effects of hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann. Behav. Med. 28 2 (2004) 114-118
111. Williams S., Dale J., Glucksman E., and Wellesley A. Senior house officers' work related stressors, psychological distress, and confidence in performing clinical tasks in accident and emergency: a questionnaire study. BMJ 314 7082 (1997) 713-718
112. Wittchen H.-U., Nelson C.B., and Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med. 28 1 (1998) 109-126
113. Woolery A., Myers H., Sternlieb B., and Zeltzer L. A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 10 2 (2004) 60-63
114. Yatham L.N., Kennedy S.H., O'Donovan C., Parikh S., MacQueen G., McIntyre R., Sharma V., Silverstone P., Alda M., Baruch P., Beaulieu S., Daigneault A., Milev R., Young T., Ravindran A., Schaffer A., Connolly M., and Gorman C.P. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies. Bipolar Disord. 7 Suppl. 3 (2005) 5-69
115. Yorston G.A. Mania precipitated by meditation: a case report and literature review. Ment. Health Rel. Cult. 4 2 (2001) 209-213