From Afghanistan to Chechnya: News coverage by Izvestia and the New York Times

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-49

  Malinkina, Olga V ^a   McLeod, Douglas M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6144258862     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700104     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. David R. Jones, "Domestic and Economic Aspects of Gorbachev's Foreign Policy," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 32-53; David Lane, Soviet Society Under Perestroika (London: Routledge, 1992).
2. David R. Jones, "Domestic and Economic Aspects of Gorbachev's Foreign Policy," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 32-53; David Lane, Soviet Society Under Perestroika (London: Routledge, 1992).
3. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
4. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
5. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
6. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
7. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
8. Elena Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Jon Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 11-20; James F. Hoge Jr., "The End of Predictability," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 1-9; Alexander Shalnev, "On to Vegas - Glasnost for the Russian Press," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 81-86; Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
9. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
10. Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message.
11. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
12. Miles Hudson and John Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Search-light (Sutton Publishing, 1998); Peter Young and Peter Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike (NewYork: St. Martin's Press).
13. Miles Hudson and John Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Search-light (Sutton Publishing, 1998); Peter Young and Peter Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike (NewYork: St. Martin's Press).
14. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Hudson and Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Searchlight; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Young and Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike; Alan Jay Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics: A Case Study of Press Reactions to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1988).
15. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Hudson and Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Searchlight; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Young and Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike; Alan Jay Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics: A Case Study of Press Reactions to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1988).
16. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Hudson and Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Searchlight; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Young and Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike; Alan Jay Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics: A Case Study of Press Reactions to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1988).
17. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Hudson and Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Searchlight; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Young and Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike; Alan Jay Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics: A Case Study of Press Reactions to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1988).
18. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent; Hudson and Stanier, War and the Media: A Random Searchlight; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message; Young and Jesser, The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike; Alan Jay Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics: A Case Study of Press Reactions to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1988).
19. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
20. Zaremba, Mass Communication and International Politics.
21. David L. Paletz and C. Danielle Vinson, "Constructing Content and Delimiting Choice: International Coverage of KAL Flight 007," Argumentation 8 (November 1994): 357-66.
22. John D. H. Downing, "Trouble in the Backyard: Soviet Media Reporting on the Afghanistan Conflict," Journal of Communication 38 (spring 1988): 5-32.
23. Downing, "Trouble in the Backyard," 25.
24. M. Hasan Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995).
25. Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion.
26. Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion.
27. Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War (London: Pan Books, 1997); Moshe Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict in the Northern Caucusus," in Moslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, ed. Yaacov Ro'I (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 163-86.
28. Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War (London: Pan Books, 1997); Moshe Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict in the Northern Caucusus," in Moslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, ed. Yaacov Ro'I (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 163-86.
29. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya; Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict"; Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Bulent Gokay, "The Long Standing Russian and Soviet Debate Over Sheikh Shamil: Anti-Imperialist hero or Counter-Revolutionary Cleric?" in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 25-64.
30. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya; Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict"; Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Bulent Gokay, "The Long Standing Russian and Soviet Debate Over Sheikh Shamil: Anti-Imperialist hero or Counter-Revolutionary Cleric?" in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 25-64.
31. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya; Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict"; Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Bulent Gokay, "The Long Standing Russian and Soviet Debate Over Sheikh Shamil: Anti-Imperialist hero or Counter-Revolutionary Cleric?" in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 25-64.
32. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya; Gammer, "Unity, Diversity and Conflict"; Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Bulent Gokay, "The Long Standing Russian and Soviet Debate Over Sheikh Shamil: Anti-Imperialist hero or Counter-Revolutionary Cleric?" in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 25-64.
33. Lieven, Chechnya; William Flemming, "The Deportation of Chechen and Ingush Peoples: A Critical Examination," in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 65-86.
34. Lieven, Chechnya; William Flemming, "The Deportation of Chechen and Ingush Peoples: A Critical Examination," in Russia and Chechnia: The Permanent Crisis, ed. Ben Fowkes (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 65-86.
35. Gall and de Waal, Chechnya.
36. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Linda Jensen, "The Press and Power in the Russian Federation," Journal of International Affairs 47 (summer 1993): 97-122; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
37. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Linda Jensen, "The Press and Power in the Russian Federation," Journal of International Affairs 47 (summer 1993): 97-122; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
38. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Linda Jensen, "The Press and Power in the Russian Federation," Journal of International Affairs 47 (summer 1993): 97-122; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
39. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Alexei Izyumov, "After Communism, the Shock of Independence," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 87-93.
40. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Alexei Izyumov, "After Communism, the Shock of Independence," Media Studies Journal 7 (fall 1993): 87-93.
41. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition.
42. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Izyumov, "After Communism."
43. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Izyumov, "After Communism."
44. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Jensen, "The Press and Power"; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
45. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Jensen, "The Press and Power"; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
46. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition; Jensen, "The Press and Power"; Shalnev, "On to Vegas."
47. Androunas, Soviet Media in Transition.
48. Jerry F. Hough, "The Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 3-18; Jones, "Domestic and Economic Aspects"; Paul Marantz, "Gorbachev's 'New Thinking' About East-West Relations: Causes and Consequences," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press), 1989,18-32.
49. Jerry F. Hough, "The Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 3-18; Jones, "Domestic and Economic Aspects"; Paul Marantz, "Gorbachev's 'New Thinking' About East-West Relations: Causes and Consequences," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press), 1989,18-32.
50. Jerry F. Hough, "The Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 3-18; Jones, "Domestic and Economic Aspects"; Paul Marantz, "Gorbachev's 'New Thinking' About East-West Relations: Causes and Consequences," in Soviet Foreign Policy, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin's Press), 1989,18-32.
51. Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media"; Hoge, "The End of Predictability."
52. Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media"; Hoge, "The End of Predictability."
53. Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media"; Jack Matlock, "The Diplomat's View of the Press and Foreign Policy," Media Studies Journal 7(fall 1993): 49-57.
54. Vanden Heuvel, "For the Media"; Jack Matlock, "The Diplomat's View of the Press and Foreign Policy," Media Studies Journal 7(fall 1993): 49-57.
55. Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, The Media and Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 31.
56. Ellen Mickiewicz, "Transition and Democratization: The Role of Journalists in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union," in The Politics of News, ed. Doris Graber, Denis McQuail, and Pippa Norris (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1998), 33-56.
57. The other influential Soviet newspaper, Pravda, was abolished by Russian President Yeltsin in 1991, and though it has since resumed operation, its influence is negligible. Moreover, "Pravda practically did not write about the war [in Chechnya] at all," according to Statys Knezys and Romanas Sedlickas, The War in Chechnya (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 189.
58. George Vachnadze, Secrets of Journalism in Russia (Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 1992).
59. Abbas Malek, News Media and Foreign Relations (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1997), 228.
60. Marius Aleksas Lukosiunas, "Enemy, Friend or Competitor? A Content Analysis of the Christian Science Monitor and Izvestia," in Beyond the Cold War: Soviet and American Media Images, ed. Everett E. Dennis, George Gerbner, and Yassen N. Zassoursky (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).
61. Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980).
62. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacfuring Consent; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message.
63. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacfuring Consent; Shoemaker and Reese, Mediating the Message.
64. Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, The Media and Foreign Policy, 24.
65. As this paper was being prepared for publication, the fighting between the Russian military and the Chechen rebels has erupted once again. The situation has continued to escalate, and the outcome remains uncertain.