Women as participants in the Pakistan movement: Modernization and the promise of a moral state

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 573-590

  Willmer, David ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6144250940     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00016607     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada (ed.), Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947, vol. II, 1924-1947 (Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co., 1982) p. 328.
2. Dawn, 29 December 1945.
3. Struggle for Independence, 1857-1947: A Pictorial Record (Karachi: Pakistan Publications, 1958) pp. 92-8.
4. Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz, Father and Daughter: A Political Autobiography (Lahore: Nigarishat, 1971) pp. 220-1.
5. Begum G. A. Khan, 'Emancipation of Women' in Quaid-I-Azam and Muslim Women (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 1976) p. 45.
6. Most studies of the period ignore women's experiences entirely. Sarfaraz Hussain Mirza, Muslim Women's Role in the Pakistan Movement (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1969) focuses on women's participation but portrays this participation as the culmination of a narrative of modernization which has the attainment of Pakistan as its point of closure. Thus, Mirza's study also conforms to the 'grand narrative' in historiographic terms.
7. Faisal Fatehali Devji, 'Gender and the Politics of Space: The Movement for Women's Reform in Muslim India, 1857-1900' in South Asia, vol. xiv, no. 1 (1991) pp. 141-53.
8. Harcourt Butler to Chelmsford, 20 April 1919, Chelmsford Papers (22), India Office Library, quoted by Francis Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces Muslims, 1860-1923 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974) p. 294.
9. Sandria B. Freitag, 'Ambiguous Public Arenas and Coherent Public Practice: Kanpur Muslims, 1913-1931' in Katherine P. Ewing (ed.), Shari'at and Ambiguity in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) pp. 147-53.
10. Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims, pp. 292-6.
11. Gait Minault, 'Purdah Politics: The Role of Muslim Women in Indian National-ism, 1911-1924' in Hanna Papanek and Minault (eds), Separate Worlds: Studies of Purdah in South Asia (Delhi: Chanakya, 1982) pp. 245-61.
12. Mohamed Ali, My Life, A Fragment: An Autobiographical Sketch of Maulana Mohamed Ali, edited by Afzal Iqbal (Delhi: Seema, 1979) p. 151.
13. District Gazetteer of United Provinces and Oudh, vol. xxxvii (Lucknow, 1904) p. 69.
14. Violet R. Jones and L. Bevan Jones, Women in Islam (Lucknow: Lucknow Publishing House, 1941) pp. 211-32.
15. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1963 [rev. ed.]) p. 182.
16. See editions of Muslim University Gazette (Aligarh) between 1939 and 1942 for an ongoing debate on the problem of how to admit women to the university while still preserving the boundaries between male and female space, especially the article 'Education of Girls in the Muslim University', 15 July 1940.
17. See editions of Muslim University Gazette (Aligarh) between 1939 and 1942 for an ongoing debate on the problem of how to admit women to the university while still preserving the boundaries between male and female space, especially the article 'Education of Girls in the Muslim University', 15 July 1940.
18. The University Convocation last year demonstrated the most impressive feature of the women candidates in Burqahs being conducted to the dais by their Lady Provost and taking their respective degrees and diplomas.' Muslim University Gazette, 15 July 1940.
19. See David Lelyveld, Aligarh's First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) for this and other aspects of the Aligarh ethos.
20. Pirzada (ed.), Foundations of Pakistan, p. 319.
21. Dawn, 15 December 1945.
22. Dawn, 7 September 1946.
23. Eastern Times, 28 May 1946.
24. Eastern Times, 14 June 1946.
25. Dawn, 6 September 1946.
26. That is, in a state ruled by Islam or one in which Islam was in conflict with its enemies.
27. Dawn, 11 December 1945 and Eastern Times, 6 January 1946.
28. Dawn, 11 December 1945 and Eastern Times, 6 January 1946.
29. Jinnah expressed similar sentiments to the female students at Aligarh when he advised them 'to shed superstition and undesirable social customs but at the same time to steer clear of the evils of western civilization.' Muslim University Gazette, 15 November 1942.
30. Halide Edib, Inside India (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1937).
31. Mumtaz Shah Nawaz, The Heart Divided (Lahore: Mumtaz Publications, 1957).
32. See Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz (Mumtaz's mother), Father and Daughter, for correlations between Mumtaz's life and the narrative contained in her novel.
33. Mumtaz Shah Nawaz, The Heart Divided, pp. 10-11.
34. Ibid., p. 336.
35. Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society (London: Al Saqi, 1985).
36. The state in Pakistan has, of course, frequently become embroiled in controversies centred on gender in Pakistani society. See the many examples provided by Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? (Lahore: Vanguard, 1987). But it must be argued that the state's role in these cases was essentially reactive rather than proactive.
37. See Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz, Father and Daughter, Ch. 4, as well as the frequent allusions made by the contributors to Quaid-I-Azam and Muslim Women to the sense of disillusion these women felt regarding the position of women in post-Independence (and post-Jinnah) Pakistan.
38. See Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz, Father and Daughter, Ch. 4, as well as the frequent allusions made by the contributors to Quaid-I-Azam and Muslim Women to the sense of disillusion these women felt regarding the position of women in post-Independence (and post-Jinnah) Pakistan.
39. See, for instance, David Gilmartin, 'Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in Punjab' in Modern Asian Studies, 13, 3 (1979), pp. 485-517 and Empire and Islam: Punjab' and the Making of Pakistan (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988) for an illustration of how the Muslim League was able to appropriate the concerns of a very different constituency, the sufis of rural West Punjab.
40. See, for instance, David Gilmartin, 'Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in Punjab' in Modern Asian Studies, 13, 3 (1979), pp. 485-517 and Empire and Islam: Punjab' and the Making of Pakistan (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988) for an illustration of how the Muslim League was able to appropriate the concerns of a very different constituency, the sufis of rural West Punjab.