Barred from the Barroom: Second wave feminists and public accommodations in U.S. Cities

Feminist Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 382-408

  Hickey, Georgina ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61349095298     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Carol Brooks Gardner, Passing By: Gender and Public Harassment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 43.
2. Elizabeth Stanko, Everyday Violence: How Women and Men Experience Sexual and Physical Danger (London: Pandora, 1990); and Esther Madriz, Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls: Fear of Crime in Women's Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chap. 6.
3. Perry R. Duis, The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 186-87. The Oak Room declared itself "Splendidly Stag until 3 p.m."
4. Howard Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), 108, 113.
5. Madelon Powers, Paces Along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 27-35;
6. Duis, The Saloon, 276-77;
7. and Paul Groth, Living Downtown: The History of Residential Hotels in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 115-19.
8. Georgina Hickey, Hope and Danger in the New South City: Working-Class Women and Urban Development in Atlanta, 1890-1940 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 122;
9. and Amanda Littauer, "V-Girls, B-Girls, and Vagrants: Commercialized Female Sexuality in the Wartime and Postwar Urban West" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2007).
10. Mary Murphy, Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914-1941 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997), chap. 2.
11. quot;Men-Only Boston Bars Carry on Tradition," Wall Street Journal, 4 Sept. 1970. Women's Ephemera Folders, McCormick Library, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. (Hereafter WEF).
12. Susan Brownmiller, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (New York: Random House, 1999), 208-9.
13. Dolores Alexander, "Her Pause for Refreshment Leads to Fight for Equality," Newsday, 13 June 1968.
14. Karen DeCrow, interview by author, digital video recording, 20-21 July 2004, Jamesville, N.Y.; and "Public Accommodations," unpub. manu., Frances Arick Kolb Papers, Collection Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
15. quot;People," Time, 21 Feb. 1969, 33; Parade, 6 April 1969;
16. Betty Friedan, "Up from the Kitchen Floor," New York Times, 4 Mar. 1973;
17. and "Memo to Aileen Hernandez," 6 Mar. 1971, National Organization for Women Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. (Hereafter NOW).
18. NOW ACTS 3, no. 2 (July 1970): 7.
19. DeCrow interview.
20. quot;Libs Lose Stein Room Battle," Los Angeles Herald Examiner, 21 Nov. 1970, WEF; and "NOW Gals Liberate a Lounge," Reporter Dispatch (White Plains, N.Y.), 22 May 1971.
21. Susan Brownmiller, interview by author, digital video recording, 10 Aug. 2004, New York.
22. Andrew Tully, "Libbers Silly about Bars," 13 Oct. 19[71], uncited clipping, WEF.
23. DeCrow, "Memo to Aileen Hernandez," 6 Mar. 1971, NOW.
24. Naomi Weisstein, interview by author, digital video recording, 11 Aug. 2004, New York.
25. Karen DeCrow to Frances Kolb, 6 Mar. 1981;
26. and DeCrow, "Memo to Aileen Hernandez," 6 Mar. 1971, NOW.
27. See Jurgen Habermas, "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article," New German Critique 5, no. 2 (1974): 49-55;
28. Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Joan B. Landes, "The Public and the Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration," in Johanna Meehan, ed., Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1995), 91-116;
29. and Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York : Knopf, 2003), quote on 167.
30. Setdenberg and DeCrow v. McSorely's Old Ale House, Inc., No. 69 Civ. 2728 (1970).
31. Brownmiller interview.
32. DeCrow to Kolb.
33. Brownmiller interview; Betty Friedan and Nita Ladewig to Richard Swig (President of Fairmont Hotel), 1 July 1969, Carabillo/Meuli Files, Feminist History E-mail Archives ; NOW press release, n.d., NOW; "They'd Make Public Bars Coed," New London Day, n.d., Karen DeCrow's personal papers, in DeCrow's possession, Jamesville, N.Y.
34. Brownmiller interview.
35. Meuli quoted in Nancy Baltad, "Women Stage Protest," B-7; DeCrow to "A Woman (Syracuse)," 8 Nov. 1968, DeCrow's personal papers.
36. Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modem Women's Movement Changed America (New York: Viking, 2000), 188-89.
37. Anne Enke, Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Action (Durham, N.C.: Duke Unievsity Press, 2007), 27-29;
38. Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 72-73, 95;
39. Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 161-67.
40. Rosen, The World Split Open, 83, 166, 171-72, 174, 294. Noting feminists' tendency to avoid discussions of difference in the early years, Alice Echols, in Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1969-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), concluded "the issues of class and sexual preference would undoubtedly have proven less explosive had the movement from the outset been less nervous about exploring women's differences," see, 204; also 221-41.
41. Grace Lichtenstein, "McSorley's Admits Women under a New City Law," New York Times, 11 Aug. 1970.
42. Michelle Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman (1978; repr. New York: Verso Classic, 1990); Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, and Some of Us Are Brave (New York: Feminist Press, 1982); Alma M. Garcia, Chicano Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings (New York: Routledge, 1997); and Matha Cotera, The Chicana Feminist (Austin, Tex.: Information Systems Development, 1977).
43. Pauli Murray, Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 183.
44. Siobahn Somerville, Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000), 3-4, 8.
45. quot;New York City Goals," NOW [1969], NOW.
46. quot;Two Women Storm Sanctum Reserved for Men-and Lose," Cleveland Press, 22 Apr. 1971, WEF.
47. Joanne Undercoffler, "NOW Gals Liberate a Lounge," Reporter-Dispatch (White Plains, N.Y.), 22 May 1971.
48. quot;Sutter Club Bars Assemblywoman," Sacramento Bee (Calif.), 20 July 1972.
49. Brownmiller interview, and Brownmiller, In Our Time, 209.
50. Nancy Ballard, "Women Stage Protest Demonstration in Bar," Hollywood Citizen-News, 21 Feb. 1969.
51. DeCrow interview.
52. quot;Lib Wins Another Round," Sacramento Union (Calif.), 17 Feb. 1971.
53. quot;Two Beers, Please," Manhattan Tribune, 2 May 1970, WEF.
54. John R. Coyne Jr., "Ale, Cheese, Onions, and Women," National Review, 22 Sept. 1970, 997.
55. Uncited clipping, 20 July 1971, WEF.
56. DeCrow interview.
57. Sookie Stambler, "Liberating McSorley's: Return to the Scene of the Crime," Manhattan Tribune, 22 Aug. 1970.
58. quot;Gals Rapping Restaurants over Men-Only Policies," Nation's Restaurant News, 3 Mar. 1969, 3.
59. Quotations in Nancy Ballard, "Women Stage Protest Demonstration in Bar."
60. Sookie Stambler, "Liberating McSorley's."
61. quot;Council Approves Bill Barring Discrimination Against Women," New York Times, 22 July 1970, WEF.
62. Syracuse Herald Journal, 30 June 1970.
63. DeCrow interview.
64. Debra Millenson v. The New Hotel Monteleone, Inc., No. 72-3131 (U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 1973); Village Voice, 26 Aug. 1971, 3; "News Release, Commission on Human Rights: '21' Club and the Biltmore Hotel are Charged with Sex Discrimination," 20 May 1971, WEF; Karen DeCrow, "Task Force on Public Accommodations," 16 Mar. 1970, and Jean Witter, "Pittsburgh Chapter-NOW, 11-70 to 9-71 Report," NOW; DeCrow, "Task Force on Public Accommodations."
65. Andrew Tully, "Libbers Silly about Bars," 13 Oct. 1971, uncited clipping, WEF; "Is the Absurd Now Treated Seriously?" Miami Herald, 16 Aug. 1970; "Gals Rapping Restaurants over Men-Only Policies"; "NOW Girls" from "People" Time, 21 Feb. 1969, 33; "Spokesgal" from "Gals Rapping," 3; "Let's Do It," Newsweek, 13 July 1970, 34;
66. Karen DeCrow, "Memo to NOW Board of Directors Re; Public Accommodations Week, Feb. 9-15, 1969," 21 Mar. 1969, and Minutes of the Southern California Chapter, 8 Apr. 1969, NOW. Alice Echols (Daring to Be Bad, chap. 3) reminds us that contempt for the women's movement also came from men on the left.
67. Gallagher v. The City of Bayonne, N.J., No. C1956-65 (1968), discussed in E.J. Farians, "Memorandum to All Stout-Hearted Women and Their Friends," WEF; Faith Seidenberg, "The Federal Bar v. the Ale House Bar: Women and Public Accommodations," Valparaiso University Law Review 5 (1971): 318-25, 320; DeCrow v. Hotel Syracuse Corp., 59 Misc. 2d 383, 386, 298 N.Y.S. 2d 859, 862-63 (Sup. Ct. 1969). The law Seidenberg referenced is New York Civil Rights Law, 40-e (Supp. 1970).
68. Faith Seidenberg, interviewed by Francis Kolb, audio recording, Tully-Crenshaw Feminist Oral History Project, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
69. Joseph Mitchell, Up in the Old Hotel (New York: Vintage, 1993), 4, 11.
70. Lucy Komisar, interview by author, digital video recording, 9 Aug. 2004, New York. Carol Greitzer, interview by author, digital video recording, 10 Aug. 2004, New York.
71. Brownmiller interview.
72. quot;Notice of Motion for Summary Judgment," Seidenberby v. McSorley's, 69 Civil 2728, 9; Tenny quoted in Seidenberg, "The Federal Bar," 321. Also, Leo Kanowitz, Sex Roles in Law and Society: Cases and Materials (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973), chap. 7.
73. This legal track for racial discrimination was made obsolete by the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act that specifically outlawed discrimination in public accommodations on the basis of race. See Thomas P. Lewis, "The Sit-in Cases: Great Expectations," in 1963: The Supreme Court Review, ed. Philip B. Kurland (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 101-51.
74. Interestingly, some outside of the movement did. In New York, a bill banning gender discrimination in public accommodations moved quickly through the state legislature after the conclusion of the case under the nickname, the "McSorley's Law." See "In Pursuit of Civil Liberties," Post-Standard (Syracuse), 12 Aug. 1985; and Seidenberg interview.
75. Millenson v. The New Hotel Monteleone, Inc., No. 72-3131 Summary Calendar, 475 F. 2d 736; (U.S. App., 1973).
76. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 209; New York [NOW] Extra [1970], NOW; DeCrow interview; Greitzer interview.
77. Joseph P. Fried, "Following UP," New York Times, 23 June 2002; "Male Bastion Falls," Post-Standard (Syracuse) 16 June 1970.
78. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975).