The college social fraternity antidiscrimination debate, 1945-1949

Historian

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 303-324

  James, Anthony W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249718616     PISSN: 00182370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.2000.tb01442.x     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Marcia G. Synnott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (Westport, Conn., 1979), 199-231
2. Dan A. Oren, Joining The Club: A History Of Jews and Yale (New Haven, 1985)
3. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, 1944), 60-61
4. see also Alfred McClung Lee, Fraternities Without Brotherhood: A Study of Prejudice on the American Campus (Boston, 1955)
5. Address of Honorable J. Howard McGrath, National Interfraternity Conference Program, 24-26 November 1949, 56-63. University of Illinois Archives (hereafter, UIA), Champaign-Urbana
6. John Robson, ed., Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 19th ed. (Menasha, Wis., 1977), 391, 401
7. Morris Bishop, A History of Cornell (Ithaca, 1962), 404
8. Marianne Sanua, "The Non-Recognition of Jewish College Fraternities: The Cases of Columbia and Brown Universities," American Jewish Archives 45 (1993): 125-45
9. Johnson, Fraternities in Our Colleges, 40-44
10. Noel P. Gist, "Fraternal Membership Policies and Minority Groups: The Case of Missouri University," Social Problems 2 (January 1955): 165-72
11. Charles R. Lawrence, "Movements for the Abolition of Fraternity Segregation at Thirty-Three Colleges," Social Problems 2 (January 1955): 140-52
12. Gist, "Fraternal Membership Policies and Minority Groups," 165-72
13. Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 54
14. Clyde S. Johnson, "Fraternity Men Of The 'Forties,'" in National Interfraternity Conference Program, 28-29 November 1947, 171
15. Wilber Jerger, "The Negro, The Jew, The Gentile and The Fraternity," C. S. Johnson Papers (hereafter CSJP), 41/2/50, box 1, UIA
16. Albert Latham to anonymous, n.d., The Negro, The Jew, The Gentile and The Fraternity, ibid
17. Robert L. Tyler, "The American Veterans Committee: Out of a Hot War and Into the Cold," American Quarterly 18 (Fall 1966): 419-36
18. Bill Mauldin, "Bill Mauldin Tells Why He Joined AVC," AVC Bulletin, 1 February 1946, 1
19. "The Growth of AVC," ibid., 2
20. Leonard H. Nelson, "The Student Veteran," AVC Bulletin, 1 May 1946, 7
21. Barney Taylor, "Dixie AVC Chapters Dent Jim Crowism," AVC Bulletin, March 1947, 3
22. John Egerton, Speak Now against the Day: The Generation before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (New York, 1995), 328, 377, 385, 457, 468
23. Junius Irving Scales and Richard Nickson, Cause at Heart: A Former Communist Remembers (Athens, 1987), 53-54, 160-61
24. Amy Pfeiffenberger, "Democracy At Home: The Struggle to Desegregate Washington University in the Postwar Era," Gateway Heritage 10 (Winter 1989): 18
25. Ellen W. Schrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York, 1986), 84-85
26. Quoted in David M. Stameshkin, The Strength of the Hills: Middlebury College, 1915-1990 (Hanover, 1996), 219-22
27. see also "Group Charges Bias, Leaves Fraternity," New York Times, 23 May 1947, sec. 1, p. 19
28. Orville H. Read, Challenges, Conflict and Change: The First 150 Years of Delta Upsilon Fraternity (Fulton, Mo., 1983),235-47
29. "Bowdoin," Delta Upsilon Quarterly, April 1947, 112
30. Read, Challenges, Conflict and Change, 235-47
31. David Embury, "'Discrimination' in Membership Clauses," National Interfraternity Conference Program, 28-29 November 1947, 122-26, 101
32. Gail Kennedy, ed., Education at Amherst: The New Program (New York, 1955), 278-88
33. Rorty, "Greek Letter Discrimination," 21 February 1956, 118-25
34. Morris Kaplan, "Rumblings In the Fraternities," New York Times, 23 January 1949, sec. 6, p. 24
35. Alfred S. Romer, "The Color Line In Fraternities," Atlantic Monthly, June 1949, 27-31
36. "Chapter Charter Revoked," The Shield, January 1949, 109-11
37. Romer, "The Color Line In Fraternities," 27-31
38. Kaplan, "Rumblings In the Fraternities," "Amherst Frat To Admit Negro, Defy National Rule," Boston Globe, 7 November 1948, pp. 1, 3
39. "Phi Kappa Psi Sends Letter To National, Will Initiate Gibbs," Amherst Student, 8 November 1948, pp. 1, 3
40. "White Frat To Take In Colored Lad," Baltimore Afro-American, 20 November 1948, pp. 1, 5
41. "Negro Case Wins Fraternity Action," New York Times, 22 November 1948, sec. 1, p. 23
42. Harry W. Gorgas and J. Duncan Campbell, The Centennial History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, 1952-1952 (Binghamton, New York, 1952), 697, 705-706, 719
43. "Final Fraternity Ban Imposed Over Negro," New York Times, 9 January 1949, sec. 1, p. 76
44. Henry N. McCraken, "Fraternity Action Commended," New York Times, 30 November 1948, sec. 1, p. 26
45. "The College Spirit," Chicago Defender, 11 December 1948, 6
46. "Unfraternal Fraternities," The Reconstructionist, 24 December 1948, pp. 1, 4, in Amherst College Archives and Special Collections
47. "Let Other Colleges Back Amherst Trustees," Christian Century, January 1949, 100-101
48. Johnson, Fraternities In Our Colleges, 230-33
49. "Friendship by Force?" Banta's Greek Exchange, January 1949, 22
50. Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (Middletown, 1989), 63-71, 108-16
51. Graham White and John Maze, Henry A. Wallace: His Search for a New World Order (Chapel Hill, 1995)
52. Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy In The New Deal Era (Chapel Hill, 1996), 249-75
53. John Patrick Diggins, The Proud Decades: America in War and in Peace, 1941-1960 (New York, 1988), 102-10
54. National Interfraternity Conference Program, 25-27 November 1948, 85-89
55. George Starr Lasher, "N. I. C. Airs Racial Question," Banta's Greek Exchange, January 1949, pp. 5-8, 12
56. 39'Howard Whitman, "The College Fraternity Crisis," Colliers, 8 January 1949, 9, 65
57. Frank H. Myers, "Judge Myers' Point Of View," Banta's Greek Exchange, April 1949, 88-92
58. Donald R. Richberg, My Hero: The Indiscreet Memoirs of an Eventful but Unheroic Life (New York, 1954), 302-4, 322-23
59. Richberg, "Discrimination Is Good Sense," Banta's Greek Exchange, July 1949,167
60. Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York, 1973), 170-72
61. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II (New York, 1986), 97-101
62. "Subversive Influences," Banta's Greek Exchange, April 1947, 102
63. "Racial 'Discrimination,'" Banta's Greek Exchange, January 1948, 30
64. "Slovenly Peter at College," Banta's Greek Exchange, July 1950, 212
65. "Fraternity Council Asks For 'Real Step,'" The Dartmouth, 16 November 1949, p. 1
66. Louis Krapin, "Actions Regarding Elimination Of Restrictive Membership Clauses In Fraternity And Sorority Constitutions," CSJP, 41/2/50, box 1, UIA
67. Whitman, "The College Fraternity Crisis," Colliers, 15 January 1949, 34-35
68. Donald L. Wad, "A Fraternity Is Born," Phi Lambda Theta Data, June 1947,1; Bucknell University Archives (hereafter BUA), Lewisburg, Penn.; Donald L. Ward, " 1946 - That Was the Year That Was," 6 June 1964, Phi Lambda Theta Symposium Banquet, BUA; "Background to Phi Lambda Theta," BUA
69. Philip Roth, "Joe College: Memories of a Fifties Education," Atlantic Monthly, December 1987, 46
70. Donald L. Ward, "A Fraternity Is Born," Phi Lambda Theta Data, June 1947,1; BUA
71. Louis Krapin, "Actions Regarding Elimination," CSJP, 41/2/50, box 1, UIA; Herbert Ross Brown, Sills of Bowdoin: The Life of Kenneth Charles Morton Sills, 1879-1954 (New York, 1964), 396
72. "13 Colleges Form New Greek-Letter Sorority Without Racial Bars," Afro-American, 17 September 1949, p. 19
73. Carey McWilliams, "Toward Real Fraternity," Nation, 12 August 1950,144-45. The seven chapters in 1948 included the University of California at Santa Barbara, Ohio Wesleyan University, Hobart College, Ohio State University, Baldwin-Wallace College, Roosevelt College, and the University of Buffalo
74. Glenn Ferguson, "Fraternities on the Spot," Cornell Daily Sun, 19 November 1949
75. "Stop Discrimination by Own Discretion, College Fraternities Urged by Council," The Washington Post, 27 November 1949
76. "The Fight Goes On," Chicago Defender, 3 December 1949, p. 6
77. National lnterfraternity Conference Program, 24-26 November 1949, 120-25
78. "White Fraternity Council Acts to Drop Racial Bars," Pittsburgh Courier, 3 December 1949, p. 3
79. William M. Scott III, "Interfraternity Meeting Gives Anti-Bias Forces Some Gains," The Dartmouth, 29 November 1949, p. 1
80. "Sterling F. Green, "End Bias, Frats Ask By 36-3 Vote," New Orleans Times-Picayune, 27 November 1949, p. 31
81. "Fraternity Backs Negro," New York Times, 28 September 1950, sec. 1, p. 33
82. "Bannon Calls Phi Ep-Rogers Story 'A Publicity Stunt,'" Connecticut Campus, 29 September 1950, p. 1
83. Louis D. Traurig to the Dean of Men of all Universities or Colleges at which Phi Epsilon Pi is represented, 29 December 1950, and "Formal Statement of Phi Epsilon Pi Fraternity," 28 December 1950, CSJP, 41/2/50, box 1, UIA
84. "Unit Quits Fraternity," New York Times, 11 October 1951, sec. 1, p. 46
85. see also Richard P. McCormick, Rutgers: A Bicentennial History (New Brunswick, 1966), 274
86. "Blackball Change In Fraternity Urged," New York Times, 14 January 1952, sec. 1, p. 14
87. Kaplan, "Students Win Anti-Bias Battle," 1
88. Benjamin Fine, "Fraternity Council Votes Against Restrictions, But Action Is Left to the Units Themselves," New York Times, 4 December 1949, sec. 4, p. 13